List of military occupations: Difference between revisions
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Gilgit–Baltistan, Azad Kashmir, and Asai Chin are all apart of a territorial dispute between Pakistan, India, and China. The intention of neither is to be an occupying power but a sovereign power of said land. |
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==Current== |
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* Occupation of the [[Hawaiian Kingdom]] by the [[United States]], 1898–present {{#tag:ref|On November 23rd, 1993, the United States formally acknowledged that The Hawaiian Kingdom and its citizens "never directly relinquished their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people or over their national lands to the United States, either through their monarchy or through a plebiscite or referendum." This substantiates the fact that Hawaiʻi is the only U.S. state that is not secured by a treaty of cession. Texas is secured by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, for example.|group=lower-alpha}} <ref>U.S. Public Law 103-150, 11/23/1993, online at: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-107/pdf/STATUTE-107-Pg1510.pdf</ref> {{#tag:ref|It is a constitutional rule of American jurisprudence that its legislative branch, the Congress, is not part of the treaty making power, only the Senate when in executive session. In other words, without proper ratification there can be no cession of territorial sovereignty recognizable under international law, and the joint resolution is but a mere example of the legislative branch attempting to assert its authority beyond its constitutional capacity.|group=lower-alpha}} <ref>Article by David Keanu Sai, PhD, "A Slippery Path towards Hawaiian Indigeneity: An Analysis and Comparison between Hawaiian State Sovereignty and Hawaiian Indigeneity and its Use and Practice in Hawaiʻi Today," Journal of Law and Social Challenges (San Francisco School of Law), Vol. 10 (Fall 2008), online at: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~anu/pdf/Indigeneity.pdf</ref> {{#tag:ref|Since 1900, Hawaiʻi has played a role in every U.S. armed conflict. Because of this, it has been used as the headquarters, since 1947, of the single largest combined U.S. military presence in the world, the U.S. Pacific Command.|group=lower-alpha}} <ref>Article by David Keanu Sai, PhD, "American Occupation of the Hawaiian State: A Century Unchecked," Hawaiian Journal of Law and Politics, vol. 1 (Summer 2004), online at: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~hslp/journal.html</ref> |
* Occupation of the [[Hawaiian Kingdom]] by the [[United States]], 1898–present {{#tag:ref|On November 23rd, 1993, the United States formally acknowledged that The Hawaiian Kingdom and its citizens "never directly relinquished their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people or over their national lands to the United States, either through their monarchy or through a plebiscite or referendum." This substantiates the fact that Hawaiʻi is the only U.S. state that is not secured by a treaty of cession. Texas is secured by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, for example.|group=lower-alpha}} <ref>U.S. Public Law 103-150, 11/23/1993, online at: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-107/pdf/STATUTE-107-Pg1510.pdf</ref> {{#tag:ref|It is a constitutional rule of American jurisprudence that its legislative branch, the Congress, is not part of the treaty making power, only the Senate when in executive session. In other words, without proper ratification there can be no cession of territorial sovereignty recognizable under international law, and the joint resolution is but a mere example of the legislative branch attempting to assert its authority beyond its constitutional capacity.|group=lower-alpha}} <ref>Article by David Keanu Sai, PhD, "A Slippery Path towards Hawaiian Indigeneity: An Analysis and Comparison between Hawaiian State Sovereignty and Hawaiian Indigeneity and its Use and Practice in Hawaiʻi Today," Journal of Law and Social Challenges (San Francisco School of Law), Vol. 10 (Fall 2008), online at: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~anu/pdf/Indigeneity.pdf</ref> {{#tag:ref|Since 1900, Hawaiʻi has played a role in every U.S. armed conflict. Because of this, it has been used as the headquarters, since 1947, of the single largest combined U.S. military presence in the world, the U.S. Pacific Command.|group=lower-alpha}} <ref>Article by David Keanu Sai, PhD, "American Occupation of the Hawaiian State: A Century Unchecked," Hawaiian Journal of Law and Politics, vol. 1 (Summer 2004), online at: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~hslp/journal.html</ref> |
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* Occupation of [[Gilgit–Baltistan]] and [[Azad Kashmir]] by [[Pakistan]] 1948-present <ref>http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/pakistan-occupied-kashmir-the-future-trajectory/</ref> |
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* Occupation of [[Aksai Chin]] by [[People's Republic of China|China]] 1962-present |
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* Occupation of the [[Gaza Strip]] by [[Israel]] (1967–present) {{#tag:ref|In 2005, Israel disengaged its military forces from the Gaza Strip and no longer considers itself to be occupying the territory. However, in a [http://www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2012/db120119.doc.htm Spokesperson's Noon Briefing]" on 19 January 2012, Martin Nesirky, Spokesperson for the Secretary-General, stated "under resolutions adopted by both the Security Council and the General Assembly on the Middle East peace process, the Gaza Strip continues to be regarded as part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory. The United Nations will accordingly continue to refer to the Gaza Strip as part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory until such time as either the General Assembly or the Security Council take a different view."|group = lower-alpha}} |
* Occupation of the [[Gaza Strip]] by [[Israel]] (1967–present) {{#tag:ref|In 2005, Israel disengaged its military forces from the Gaza Strip and no longer considers itself to be occupying the territory. However, in a [http://www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2012/db120119.doc.htm Spokesperson's Noon Briefing]" on 19 January 2012, Martin Nesirky, Spokesperson for the Secretary-General, stated "under resolutions adopted by both the Security Council and the General Assembly on the Middle East peace process, the Gaza Strip continues to be regarded as part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory. The United Nations will accordingly continue to refer to the Gaza Strip as part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory until such time as either the General Assembly or the Security Council take a different view."|group = lower-alpha}} |
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* Occupation of the [[Golan Heights]] region of [[Syria]] by [[Israel]] (1967–present). {{#tag:ref|Israel applied civilian law to the Golan Heights in an act of ''de facto'' annexation. That action was ruled null and void by the United Nations Security Council in [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 497|UNSC Resolution 497]], and the international community continues to regard the Golan Heights as Syrian territory held under Israeli occupation.|group=lower-alpha}} |
* Occupation of the [[Golan Heights]] region of [[Syria]] by [[Israel]] (1967–present). {{#tag:ref|Israel applied civilian law to the Golan Heights in an act of ''de facto'' annexation. That action was ruled null and void by the United Nations Security Council in [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 497|UNSC Resolution 497]], and the international community continues to regard the Golan Heights as Syrian territory held under Israeli occupation.|group=lower-alpha}} |
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Revision as of 08:00, 19 January 2014
In most wars, some territory is placed under the martial law of a hostile army. Most belligerent military occupations end with the cessation of hostilities. In some cases, the occupied territory is returned and in other cases, the land remains under the control of the occupying power, but usually not as militarily-occupied territory.
For the purpose of selectivity, only military occupations since the customary laws of belligerent military occupation were first clarified and supplemented by the Hague Convention of 1907 Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); October 18, 1907 are included in this article.
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1907 to World War I
- Serbian occupation of Albania, 1912–1913
- United States occupation of Nicaragua, 1912–1933
World War I
- Occupation of Belgium, Luxembourg, and Northeastern France by German Empire, 1914–1918 during World War I
- Austria-Hungarian occupation of Lublin, Serbia, Montenegro,[1] Albania,[1] and Northeastern Italy, 1914–1918.
- Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia, 1914–1915
- Bulgarian occupation of Albania, 1915–1917
- Occupation of parts of the Russian Empire by German Empire in World War I
- Occupation of large parts of Turkish Empire by the Allies during World War I
- Occupation of German colonies by the Allies during World War I
- Occupation by South Africa of German South-West Africa (Namibia) from 1915–1994
Contemporaneous occupations
- United States occupation of Veracruz, 1914
- United States occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934
- United States occupation of the Dominican Republic, 1916–1924
- United States occupation of Cuba, 1917–1922
Interbellum (1918–1939)
- Occupation of various parts of Turkey (1919–1922), by Greece, France, Italy and the United Kingdom[2]
- Occupation of the Ruhr (1923–1924) by France and Belgium.
- Occupation of Manchuria (1931–1945) by Japan from Japanese invasion of Manchuria until the end of World War II.
- Occupation of Ethiopia (1935–1941) by Italy during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War until the East African Campaign (World War II)
- Occupation of eastern China (1937–1945) by Japan during the Sino-Japanese War.
- Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945) by Germany, 1938 Sudeten Land, 1939–1945 all of Czechoslovakia.
- Occupation of Albania (April 4–12, 1939) by Italy, it ended when the Albanian parliament voted to unite with Italy.
World War II
- Occupation of European countries by Germany during World War II, 1939–1945
- Military-led administrations in occupied territories
- Occupation of Poland[3]
- Occupation of Denmark
- Occupation of Norway
- Occupation of Belgium
- Occupation of Greece by the Axis Powers
- Occupation of Belarus
- Occupation of the Netherlands
- Occupation of Luxembourg
- Occupation of Northern France
- Occupation of the Channel Islands
- Axis occupation of Yugoslavia
- Italian occupation of Albania
- Axis occupation of Greece
- Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia
- Occupation of parts of the Soviet Union
- Occupation of parts of Italy (after Italy surrendered in 1943)
- Occupation of Hungary (after change of Government)
- Occupation of parts of south-eastern France by Italy 1940–1943
- Occupation of the Faroe Islands on April 12, 1940 by the United Kingdom for the duration of World War II
- Occupation of Iceland on May 10, 1940 by the United Kingdom, and then subsequently by the United States from July 7, 1941 for the duration of World War II
- Occupation of the Italian colony of Eritrea by the Allies in 1941 until status changed to British protectorate
- Occupation of parts of the Soviet Union and Finland during the Continuation War 1941–1944
- Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran by the Allies in 1941
- Occupation of Libya, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and parts of Italy by the Allies
- Occupation of many parts of Asia and the Pacific by Japan during World War II
- Occupation of south eastern China
- Occupation of Shanghai
- Occupation of Hong Kong
- Occupation of Vietnam
- Occupation of Cambodia
- Occupation of Thailand
- Occupation of Malaya, North Borneo
- Occupation of Singapore
- Occupation of the Philippines
- Occupation of Indonesia
- Occupation of Burma
- Occupation of parts of New Guinea
- Occupation of many parts of Europe and Asia by the Soviet Union during and after World War II
- Eastern bloc
- Occupation of Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania by the Soviet Union, 1940–1941; 1944-1991[a] [b]
- Occupation of eastern Poland in 1939 by the Soviet Union
- Occupation of parts of Finland during the Winter War, 1939–1940 by the Soviet Union
- Occupation of parts of Romania by the Soviet Union, 1940-1941
- Soviet occupation of Romania 1944 followed by the Allied Commission and the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
- Soviet occupation of Bulgaria 1944 followed by the Allied Commission and the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
- Soviet occupation of Hungary 1945 followed by the Allied Commission and the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
- Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia
- Soviet occupation of East Germany
- Soviet occupation of Poland
- Soviet occupation of Afghanistan
- Soviet occupation of Northern Iran
- Soviet occupation of Korea
- Occupation of Allied Occupation Zones in Germany by Allied Control Council, 1945-1990[c]
- Occupation of Austria at the end of World War II in Europe
After World War II
- Occupation of Japan, by the United States, 1945–1951
- Occupation of Korea, by the United States and the Soviet Union, 1945–1948
- Occupation of Taiwan, by the Republic of China, 1945–1952[6][7]
- Occupation of parts of Vietnam by the United Kingdom, 1945-1946
- Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt (1947–October 1956) and March (1957–June 1967)
- Occupation of West Bank by Jordan, 1948–1967[8]
- Occupation of parts of North and South Korea during the Korean War, 1950–1953
- Occupation of Suez by France, Britain, and Israel 1956[9][10]
- Occupation of the Dominican Republic by the United States and the Organization of American States, 1965-1966
- Occupation of South Vietnam, parts of Cambodia and Laos during the Vietnam War by North Vietnam 1959-1976
- Occupation of Sinai peninsula by Israel, 1967-1982
- Occupation of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact in 1968
- Occupation of East Pakistan by India in 1971
- Occupation of East Timor by Indonesia, 1975-1999
- Occupation of Aouzou Strip in Chad by Libya, 1976–1987
- Occupation of various parts of Lebanon by Syria, 1976–2005
- Occupation of parts of Uganda by Tanzania during the Uganda-Tanzania War 1978–1979
- Occupation of various parts of Lebanon by Israel, 1978–2000
- Occupation of Cambodia by Vietnam, 1979–1989
- Occupation of parts of Vietnam by China during the Sino-Vietnamese War of 1979
- Occupation of the Falkland Islands by Argentina during the Falklands War 1982
- Occupation of Northern Sri Lanka by India in 1987-1990
- Occupation of Maldives by India in 1988
- Occupation of Panama by the United States 1989-1990
- Occupation of Kuwait by Iraq during the Gulf War, 1990–1991
- Occupation of parts of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegowina by the Yugoslav Army and Serb paramilitary forces during the Yugoslav Wars 1991-1995
- Occupation of Haiti by the United States, following Operation Uphold Democracy 1994-1995
- Occupation of parts of Eritrea and Ethiopia during the Eritrean–Ethiopian War 1998–2002
- Occupation of Lesotho by South Africa during the South African intervention in Lesotho, (September 1998–May 1999)
- Occupation of parts of Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) by Uganda, Ruanda, Zimbabwe, Angola, Namibia, Chad, and Sudan during and after the Second Congo War of 1998–2002[11]
- Occupation of Kargil by Pakistan in 1999
- Occupation of Iraq by the NATO 2003-2004 (see United Nations Security Council Resolution 1546)
- Occupation of parts of Somalia by Ethiopia. December 2006[12]-January 2009 (Ethiopian intervention in Somalia)
- Occupation of Isla Calero of Costa Rica by Nicaragua (October, 2010 – January, 2011)
Current
- Occupation of the Hawaiian Kingdom by the United States, 1898–present [d] [13] [e] [14] [f] [15]
- Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Israel (1967–present) [g]
- Occupation of the Golan Heights region of Syria by Israel (1967–present). [h]
- Occupation of the West Bank, including East Jerusalem by Israel (1967–present)[16] [i]
- Occupation of northern Cyprus by Turkey and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, 1974–present
- Occupation of Barxudarlı, Karki and Yuxarı Əskipara by Armenia, 1994–present
- Occupation of Artsvashen by Azerbaijan, 1994–present
- Occupation of the area surrounding Nagorno Karabakh of Azerbaijan by Armenia, 1994–present
- Occupation of Kosovo by NATO, 1999–present
- Occupation of Badme by Ethiopia, 2002–present
- Occupation of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by Russia (disputed), 2008–present
Secessionist states and territorial disputes
- For a list of states that have seceded unilaterally see List of states with limited recognition
- For a list of cases where territory is disputed between countries, see List of territorial disputes
See also
- Peacekeeping - military deployments for peace-keeping purposes
- CSDP missions – foreign non-belligerent military missions of the European Union
- Annexation
- Revanchism
Footnotes and references
- Footnotes
- ^ On March 26, 1949, the US department of State issued a circular letter stating that the Baltic countries were still independent nations with their own diplomatic representatives and consuls.[4]
- ^ From Sumner Wells' declaration of July 23, 1940, that we would not recognize the occupation. We housed the exiled Baltic diplomatic delegations. We accredited their diplomats. We flew their flags in the State Department's Hall of Flags. We never recognized in deed or word or symbol the illegal occupation of their lands.[5]
- ^ Berlin remained under formal military occupation until September 12, 1990 when the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany was signed
- ^ On November 23rd, 1993, the United States formally acknowledged that The Hawaiian Kingdom and its citizens "never directly relinquished their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people or over their national lands to the United States, either through their monarchy or through a plebiscite or referendum." This substantiates the fact that Hawaiʻi is the only U.S. state that is not secured by a treaty of cession. Texas is secured by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, for example.
- ^ It is a constitutional rule of American jurisprudence that its legislative branch, the Congress, is not part of the treaty making power, only the Senate when in executive session. In other words, without proper ratification there can be no cession of territorial sovereignty recognizable under international law, and the joint resolution is but a mere example of the legislative branch attempting to assert its authority beyond its constitutional capacity.
- ^ Since 1900, Hawaiʻi has played a role in every U.S. armed conflict. Because of this, it has been used as the headquarters, since 1947, of the single largest combined U.S. military presence in the world, the U.S. Pacific Command.
- ^ In 2005, Israel disengaged its military forces from the Gaza Strip and no longer considers itself to be occupying the territory. However, in a Spokesperson's Noon Briefing" on 19 January 2012, Martin Nesirky, Spokesperson for the Secretary-General, stated "under resolutions adopted by both the Security Council and the General Assembly on the Middle East peace process, the Gaza Strip continues to be regarded as part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory. The United Nations will accordingly continue to refer to the Gaza Strip as part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory until such time as either the General Assembly or the Security Council take a different view."
- ^ Israel applied civilian law to the Golan Heights in an act of de facto annexation. That action was ruled null and void by the United Nations Security Council in UNSC Resolution 497, and the international community continues to regard the Golan Heights as Syrian territory held under Israeli occupation.
- ^ East Jerusalem was placed under Israeli civil law in 1980 in an act of de facto annexation. That action was ruled null and void by the United Nations Security Council in United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 and the international community continues to regard East Jerusalem as being held under Israeli occupation.
- References
- ^ a b Die Militärverwaltung in den von den österreichisch-ungarischen Truppen besetzten Gebieten, Vol. 4
- ^ http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne
- ^ Under the terms of two decrees by Hitler (October 8 and October 12, 1939), large areas of western Poland were annexed by Germany. Much of the rest of Poland was organized into the Generalgouvernement (General Government) of Poland, under German administration, while eastern Poland was annexed by the Soviet Union. The annexations were not recognized by any other State.
- ^ Feldbrugge, Ferdinand (1985). Encyclopedia of Soviet law. BRILL. p. 461. ISBN 90-247-3075-9.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Fried, Daniel (June 14, 2007). "U.S.-Baltic Relations: Celebrating 85 Years of Friendship" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-04-29.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ "Far East (Formosa and the Pescadores)" (Document). U.K. Parliament. May 4, 1955.
The sovereignty was Japanese until 1952. The Japanese Treaty came into force, and at that time Formosa was being administered by the Chinese Nationalists, to whom it was entrusted in 1945, as a military occupation.
{{cite document}}: Unknown parameter|accessdate=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|journal=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|number=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|url=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|volume=ignored (help) - ^ Charney, Jonathan I.; Prescott, J. R. V. (2000). "Resolving Cross-Strait Relations Between China and Taiwan". American Journal of International Law. 94 (3): 453–477. JSTOR 2555319.
After occupying Taiwan in 1945 as a result of Japan's surrender, the Nationalists were defeated on the mainland in 1949, abandoning it to retreat to Taiwan.
- ^ Jordan annexed the West Bank in 1950
- ^ On this Day: 23 December: 1956: Jubilation as allied troops leave Suez, BBC. Retrieved 22 June 2008.
- ^ The occupation of Sinai (1956)
- ^ Congo, Democratic Republic of the CIA Factbook
- ^ Joe De Capua Ethiopia marks yearlong occupation in Somalia, Voice of America, 24 December 2007
- ^ U.S. Public Law 103-150, 11/23/1993, online at: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-107/pdf/STATUTE-107-Pg1510.pdf
- ^ Article by David Keanu Sai, PhD, "A Slippery Path towards Hawaiian Indigeneity: An Analysis and Comparison between Hawaiian State Sovereignty and Hawaiian Indigeneity and its Use and Practice in Hawaiʻi Today," Journal of Law and Social Challenges (San Francisco School of Law), Vol. 10 (Fall 2008), online at: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~anu/pdf/Indigeneity.pdf
- ^ Article by David Keanu Sai, PhD, "American Occupation of the Hawaiian State: A Century Unchecked," Hawaiian Journal of Law and Politics, vol. 1 (Summer 2004), online at: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~hslp/journal.html
- ^ The Golan Heights and East Jerusalem regions have been de facto annexed by Israel. These annexations have not been recognised by the United Nations.