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[[File:Electronic Cigarette - BT808-Lambo.jpg|thumb|upright|A later-generation PV with a refillable tank.]]
[[File:Electronic Cigarette - BT808-Lambo.jpg|thumb|upright|A later-generation PV with a refillable tank.]]
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An '''electronic cigarette''' ('''e-cig''' or '''e-cigarette'''), '''personal vaporizer''' ('''PV''') or '''electronic nicotine delivery system''' ('''ENDS''') is a [[battery (electricity)|battery]]-powered [[Vaporizer (inhalation device)|vaporizer]] that feels similar to [[tobacco smoking]].<ref name=Caponnetto2012>{{cite journal|last1=Caponnetto|first1=Pasquale|last2=Campagna|first2=Davide|last3=Papale|first3=Gabriella|last4=Russo|first4=Cristina|last5=Polosa|first5=Riccardo|title=The emerging phenomenon of electronic cigarettes|journal=Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine|volume=6|issue=1|year=2012|pages=63–74|issn=1747-6348|doi=10.1586/ers.11.92|pmid=22283580}}</ref> They are often cylindrical, with many variations.<ref name=Grana2014/> Some e-cigarettes look like traditional cigarettes, but others do not.<ref name=Pepper2013/> There are disposable or reusable versions.<ref name=EbbertAgunwamba2015/> The user inhales an [[aerosol]], commonly called [[vapor]], rather than [[cigarette smoke]].<ref name=Cheng2014>{{cite journal|last1=Cheng|first1=T.|title=Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=23|issue=Supplement 2|year=2014|pages=ii11–ii17|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482|pmc=3995255|pmid=24732157}}</ref> E-cigarettes typically have a [[heating element]] that atomizes a [[solution#Liquid solutions|liquid solution]] known as e-liquid.<ref name=Weaver2014>{{cite journal|last1=Weaver|first1=Michael|last2=Breland|first2=Alison|last3=Spindle|first3=Tory|last4=Eissenberg|first4=Thomas|title=Electronic Cigarettes|journal=Journal of Addiction Medicine|volume=8|issue=4|year=2014|pages=234–240|issn=1932-0620|doi=10.1097/ADM.0000000000000043|pmid=25089953}}</ref> E-liquids usually contain [[propylene glycol]], [[Glycerol|glycerin]], [[nicotine]], and [[Flavor#Flavorants or flavorings|flavorings]].<ref name=Grana2014/> E-liquids are also sold without propylene glycol, without nicotine, or without flavors.<ref name=Kacker2014>{{cite journal|last1=Oh|first1=Anne Y.|last2=Kacker|first2=Ashutosh|title=Do electronic cigarettes impart a lower potential disease burden than conventional tobacco cigarettes?: Review on e-cigarette vapor versus tobacco smoke|journal=The Laryngoscope|date=December 2014|volume=124|issue=12|pages=2702–2706|doi=10.1002/lary.24750|pmid=25302452}}</ref><ref name=Brandon2015/><ref name=Cochrane2014/>
An '''electronic cigarette''' ('''e-cig''' or '''e-cigarette'''), '''personal vaporizer''' ('''PV''') or '''electronic nicotine delivery system''' ('''ENDS''') is a [[battery (electricity)|battery]]-powered [[Vaporizer (inhalation device)|vaporizer]] that simulates the feeling of [[tobacco smoking|smoking]].<ref name=Caponnetto2012>{{cite journal|last1=Caponnetto|first1=Pasquale|last2=Campagna|first2=Davide|last3=Papale|first3=Gabriella|last4=Russo|first4=Cristina|last5=Polosa|first5=Riccardo|title=The emerging phenomenon of electronic cigarettes|journal=Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine|volume=6|issue=1|year=2012|pages=63–74|issn=1747-6348|doi=10.1586/ers.11.92|pmid=22283580}}</ref> They are often cylindrical, with many variations.<ref name=Grana2014/> Some e-cigarettes look like traditional cigarettes, but others do not.<ref name=Pepper2013/> There are disposable or reusable versions.<ref name=EbbertAgunwamba2015/> The user inhales an [[aerosol]], commonly called [[vapor]], rather than [[cigarette smoke]].<ref name=Cheng2014>{{cite journal|last1=Cheng|first1=T.|title=Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=23|issue=Supplement 2|year=2014|pages=ii11–ii17|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482|pmc=3995255|pmid=24732157}}</ref> E-cigarettes typically have a [[heating element]] that atomizes a [[solution#Liquid solutions|liquid solution]] known as e-liquid.<ref name=Weaver2014>{{cite journal|last1=Weaver|first1=Michael|last2=Breland|first2=Alison|last3=Spindle|first3=Tory|last4=Eissenberg|first4=Thomas|title=Electronic Cigarettes|journal=Journal of Addiction Medicine|volume=8|issue=4|year=2014|pages=234–240|issn=1932-0620|doi=10.1097/ADM.0000000000000043|pmid=25089953}}</ref> E-liquids usually contain [[propylene glycol]], [[Glycerol|glycerin]], [[nicotine]], and [[Flavor#Flavorants or flavorings|flavorings]].<ref name=Grana2014/> E-liquids are also sold without propylene glycol, without nicotine, or without flavors.<ref name=Kacker2014>{{cite journal|last1=Oh|first1=Anne Y.|last2=Kacker|first2=Ashutosh|title=Do electronic cigarettes impart a lower potential disease burden than conventional tobacco cigarettes?: Review on e-cigarette vapor versus tobacco smoke|journal=The Laryngoscope|date=December 2014|volume=124|issue=12|pages=2702–2706|doi=10.1002/lary.24750|pmid=25302452}}</ref><ref name=Brandon2015/><ref name=Cochrane2014/>


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Revision as of 11:57, 9 June 2015

A first generation electronic cigarette resembling a tobacco cigarette.
A later-generation PV with a refillable tank.

An electronic cigarette (e-cig or e-cigarette), personal vaporizer (PV) or electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) is a battery-powered vaporizer that simulates the feeling of smoking.[1] They are often cylindrical, with many variations.[2] Some e-cigarettes look like traditional cigarettes, but others do not.[3] There are disposable or reusable versions.[4] The user inhales an aerosol, commonly called vapor, rather than cigarette smoke.[5] E-cigarettes typically have a heating element that atomizes a liquid solution known as e-liquid.[6] E-liquids usually contain propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine, and flavorings.[2] E-liquids are also sold without propylene glycol, without nicotine, or without flavors.[7][8][9]

The benefits and health risks of electronic cigarettes are uncertain.[4][10] One review found limited evidence of a benefit as a smoking cessation aid,[9] but there is no evidence they are better than regulated medication for quitting smoking.[10] Their usefulness in tobacco harm reduction is unclear.[11] One review found their safety risk is similar to that of smokeless tobacco.[12] Another found US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved products, such as nicotine inhalers, are probably safer than e-cigarettes.[11]

Limited evidence suggests e-cigarettes are safer than traditional cigarettes.[13] People who do not already smoke can become addicted to them.[14] There is no evidence e-cigarettes are regularly used by those who have never smoked.[15] E-cigarette use may delay or deter quitting smoking.[2] E-cigarettes create vapor that consists of ultrafine particles.[2] The vapor contains similar chemicals to the e-liquid, together with tiny amounts of toxicants and heavy metals.[2][15] E-cigarette vapor contains fewer toxic substances than cigarette smoke,[2] and is likely to be less harmful to users and bystanders.[2][15] No serious adverse effects from e-cigarettes have been reported in trials.[9] Less serious adverse effects include throat and mouth inflammation, vomiting, nausea, and cough.[2] The long-term effects of e-cigarette use are unknown.[16][17]

Since their introduction to the market in 2004, global usage has risen.[18] As of 2012, up to 10% of American high school students had used them at least once, and around 3.4% of American adults as of 2011.[19] In the UK user numbers have increased from 700,000 in 2012 to 2.1 million in 2013. About 60% of UK users are smokers and most others are ex-smokers.[20] Most e-cigarette users still smoke traditional cigarettes.[2] Most peoples' reason for using e-cigarettes is related to quitting, but a considerable proportion use them recreationally.[17] The modern e-cigarette arose from a 2003 invention by Hon Lik in China[21] and as of 2014 most devices are made there.[2] As of 2014 there were 466 brands with sale of around $7 billion.[22][23] They have increased their advertising, using marketing techniques like those used to sell cigarettes in the 1950s and 1960s.[2] Because of the potential relationship with tobacco laws and medical drug policies, electronic cigarette legislation is being debated in many countries.[24][25] The European Parliament passed regulations in February 2014 standardizing liquids and personal vaporizers, listing ingredients, and child-proofing liquid containers.[26] The US FDA published proposed regulations in April 2014 with some similar measures.[27]

Use

Frequency

Since their introduction to the market in 2004, global usage has risen exponentially.[18] As of 2013, there are several million e-cigarette users globally.[28] Awareness and use of e-cigarettes greatly increased over the few years to 2014, particularly among young people and women in some countries.[29] Vaping among young people exceeds smoking.[30] People with higher incomes are more likely to have heard of e-cigarettes, but those with lower incomes are more likely to have tried them.[19] Trying e-cigarettes was common among less educated people.[29] Whites are more likely to use them than non-whites.[19] Most users have a history of smoking normal cigarettes.[19]

The majority of e-cigarette users use them every day.[3] E-cigarette users mostly keep smoking traditional cigarettes.[2] Many say e-cigarettes help them cut down or quit smoking.[15] Adults often use e-cigarettes to replace tobacco, but not always to quit.[19] Most e-cigarette users are middle-aged men who also smoke traditional cigarettes, either to help them quit or for recreational use.[17] Among young adults e-cigarette use is not regularly associated with trying to quit smoking.[19] E-cigarette use is also rising among women, including women of childbearing age, but the rate of use during pregnancy is unknown.[31][32] Dual use of e-cigarettes and traditional tobacco is still a definite concern.[4] Many worry that vaping may be a "gateway" to smoking.[33] A 2014 review raised ethical concerns about minors' e-cigarette use and the potential to weaken cigarette smoking reduction efforts.[33]

In the US, the recent noticeable drop in cigarette use, has been accompanied by a rapid growth in use of alternative nicotine products among young people and young adults.[34] In the US, as of 2011, one in five adults who smoke have tried e-cigarettes and 3.3% are still using them.[19][35] Among grade 6 to 12 students in the US, those who have tried them rose from 3.3% in 2011 to 6.8% in 2012[19] and those still vaping rose from 0.6% to 1.1%. Over the same period the percentage of grade 6 to 12 students who regularly smoke tobacco cigarettes fell from 7.5% to 6.7%.[36] Use frequency has risen: as of 2012, up to 10% of American high school students have ever used them.[19] In 2013 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found around 160,000 students between 2011 to 2012 that had tried vaping had never smoked.[34] Between 2013 and 2014, vaping among students tripled.[37] The majority of young people who vape also smoke.[38] E-cigarette use among never-smoking youth in the US correlates with an elevated wish to use traditional cigarettes.[4]

In the UK in 2014, 18% of regular smokers said they used e-cigarettes and 51% said they had used them in the past.[39] Among those who had never smoked, 1.1% said they had tried them and 0.2% still uses them.[39] In 2013, among those under 18, 7% have used e-cigarettes at least once.[39] Among non-smokers' children, 1% reported having tried e-cigarettes "once or twice", and there was no evidence of continued use.[39] Sustained use was mostly confined to children who smoke or have smoked.[39] In 2014 child regular users was at 1.8%, children who have ever used e-cigarettes was at 10%, and occasional or greater use among never-smoking children was at 0.18%.[40] About 60% are smokers and most of the rest are ex-smokers.[20]

A February 2014 survey in France estimated that between 7.7 and 9.2 million people have tried e-cigarettes, with 1.1 to 1.9 million using them on a daily basis. 67% of tobacco smokers in the survey used e-cigarettes to reduce or quit tobacco smoking. 9% of those who tried e-cigarettes had never smoked tobacco. Of the 1.2% that had recently stopped tobacco smoking at the time of the survey, 84% (or 1% of the population surveyed) credited e-cigarettes for stopping tobacco use.[41]

Many young people who use e-cigarettes also smoke traditional cigarettes. Some youths who have tried an e-cigarette have never smoked a traditional cigarette; this indicates they can be a starting point for nicotine use. There are high levels of dual use with e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes.[2] Some young people who have never smoked normal cigarettes have tried e-cigarettes at least once.[19] Most young people are not using e-cigarettes to help them quit tobacco.[19] Teenagers who used an e-cigarette were more inclined than those who had not used them to become traditional cigarette users.[42]

Motivation

There are varied reasons for e-cigarette use. Most users' motivation is related to quitting, but a fair proportion of use is recreational.[17] Some users vape for relaxation.[3] Many users vape because they believe it is healthier than smoking for themselves or bystanders although some are concerned about the possible adverse health effects.[3] Millions of dollars spent on marketing aimed at smokers suggests e-cigarettes are "newer, healthier, cheaper and easier to use in smoke-free situations, all reasons that e-cigarette users claim motivate their use".[43] Exposure to e-cigarette advertising influenced people to try them.[42]

A 2015 review said that if tobacco businesses persuade women that e-cigarettes are a small risk, non-smoking women of reproductive age might start using them and women smoking during pregnancy might switch to their use or use these devices to reduce smoking, instead of quitting smoking altogether.[31] Another 2015 review said that the belief that e-cigarettes are safer than traditional cigarettes could widen their use among pregnant women.[4] Traditional cigarette users who have not used e-cigarettes had mixed ideas about their possible satisfaction and around a third thought that e-cigarettes might taste bad.[3] They feel or taste similar to traditional cigarettes, and vapers disagreed about whether this was a benefit or a drawback.[3] Some users liked that e-cigarettes resembled traditional cigarettes, but others did not.[3] E-cigarettes users' views about saving money from using e-cigarettes compared to traditional cigarettes are inconsistent.[3] The majority of committed e-cigarette users interviewed at an e-cigarette convention found them cheaper than traditional cigarettes.[3]

Some users stopped vaping due to issues with the devices.[3] Not having odor from smoke on clothes on some occasions prompted interest in or use of e-cigarettes.[3] Although some people want to quit smoking using e-cigarettes, others use them to circumvent smoke-free laws and policies, or to cut back on normal cigarette smoking.[2] E-cigarette users have contradictory views about using them to get around smoking bans.[3] Some surveys found that a small percentage of users' motives were to avoid the bans, but other surveys found that over 40% of users said they used the device for this reason.[3] The extent to which traditional cigarette users vape to avoid smoking bans is unclear.[3]

A 2014 review found "Health-related and lifestyle appeals may also encourage initiation among young non-smokers, as they may convey that trying e-cigarettes is less risky and more socially appealing, which may ameliorate negative beliefs or concerns about nicotine addiction."[44] Adolescent experimenting with e-cigarettes may be related to sensation seeking behavior, and is not likely to be associated with tobacco reduction or quitting smoking.[4] Young people and children are tempted by flavored e-cigarettes.[45] The main reasons young people experimented with e-cigarettes were due to curiosity, flavors, and peer influences.[46] E-cigarettes can appeal to youth because of their high-tech design, assortment of flavors, and accessibility online.[47] E-cigarettes could be more appealing to non-smoking youths than traditional cigarettes.[48] In the US, the North West of England and Paris, vaping by children may be due to experimentation.[49][50][51] In North Wales, girls who use e-cigarettes consider them appealing.[52] Infants and toddlers could ingest the e-liquid from an e-cigarette device out of curiosity.[53]

Many users might begin by using a disposable e-cigarette.[8] E-cigarette users often start with an e-cigarette resembling a normal cigarette and eventually most of them switch to a later-generation device.[54] Most users of later-generation e-cigarettes shifted to their present model to get a "more satisfying hit".[54] Many users enjoy adjusting their devices to provide more vapor for better throat hits.[55]

Construction

Main article: Construction of electronic cigarettes
Disassembled cigarette-styled electronic cigarette.
A. LED light cover
B. battery (also houses circuitry)
C. atomizer (heating element)
D. cartridge (mouthpiece)
An ordinary cigarette compared to an e-cigarette.

An electronic cigarette is a battery-powered vaporizer which provides a flavor and feel similar to tobacco smoking, but there are differences.[1] A noticeable difference between the traditional cigarette and the e-cigarette is sense of touch.[1] The user inhales an aerosol, commonly called vapor, rather than cigarette smoke.[5] Once the user inhales, the airflow passes through a pressure sensor which activates the heating element that atomizes the liquid solution inside the cartridge into vapor.[17] Other e-cigarettes have a push-button switch to turn on the device manually.[56] E-cigarettes are generally cylindrical, with many variations.[2] Some e-cigarettes look like traditional cigarettes, but others do not.[3] There are three main categories of e-cigarettes: cigalikes, looking like cigarettes; eGos, bigger than cigalikes with refillable liquid tanks; and mods, assembled from basic parts or by altering existing products.[4] There are disposable or reusable versions.[4] E-cigarettes that resemble pens or USB memory sticks are also sold for those who may want to use the device unobtrusively.[29]

First generation e-cigarettes tend to look like tobacco cigarettes and so are called "cigalikes".[57] Second generation devices tend to be used by more experienced users.[18] Third generation devices include mechanical mods and variable voltage devices.[57] A fourth generation digital e-cigarette became available in the U.S. in 2014.[8] As the e-cigarette industry is growing, new products are quickly developed and brought to market.[58] The devices contain a rechargeable battery, which tends to be the largest component of an e-cigarette.[18]

The main parts of an e-cigarette are an atomizer, a cartridge, a vaporization chamber, and a power source.[59] An atomizer comprises a small heating element that vaporizes e-liquid and a wicking material that draws liquid onto the coil.[60] A "cartomizer" (a portmanteau of cartridge and atomizer) or "carto" consists of an atomizer surrounded by a liquid-soaked poly-foam that acts as an e-liquid holder.[60] Clearomizers or "clearos", not unlike cartotanks, use a clear tank in which an atomizer is inserted.[61] A rebuildable atomizer or an RBA is an atomizer that allows the user to assemble or "build" the wick and coil themselves instead of replacing them with off-the-shelf atomizer "heads".[57]

The main ingredients in the e-liquid usually are propylene glycol, glycerin, water, nicotine, and flavorings.[12] There is a vast array of e-liquids available.[62] The liquid typically contains 95% propylene glycol and glycerin.[63] E-liquids are also sold without propylene glycol, or without nicotine.[7][8] Surveys demonstrate that 97% of e-cigarette users use products that contain nicotine.[8] Some are sold without flavors.[9] The flavorings may be natural or artificial.[64] About 8,000 flavors exist as of 2014.[23]

Health effects

Positions of medical organizations

Main article: Positions of medical organizations regarding electronic cigarettes

As of 2014 electronic cigarettes had not been approved as a smoking cessation device by any government.[65] In July 2014, a report produced by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, found there was not enough evidence to determine if electronic cigarettes can help people quit smoking.[65] It suggested that smokers should be encouraged to use approved methods for help with quitting.[65] But the same report also mentioned expert opinions in scientific papers that suggested e-cigarettes may have a role helping people quit who have failed using other methods.[65] A previous WHO statement from July 2013 said that e-cigarettes have not been shown to help people quit smoking.[14] It also recommended that "consumers should be strongly advised not to use" e-cigarettes unless a reputable national regulatory body has found them safe and effective.[14] The World Lung Foundation applauded the WHO report's recommendation for tighter regulation of e-cigarettes due to concerns about the safety of e-cigarettes and the risk of increased nicotine or tobacco addiction among youth.[66] In August 2014, the American Heart Association released a policy statement in which they support "effective FDA regulation of e-cigarettes that addresses marketing, youth access, labeling, quality control over manufacturing, free sampling, and standards for contaminants."[67] In 2015 the California Department of Public Health issued a report that stated the "aerosol has been found to contain at least ten chemicals that are on California’s Proposition 65 list of chemicals known to cause cancer, birth defects, or other reproductive harm."[68]

The UK National Health Service concluded that "While e-cigarettes may be safer than conventional cigarettes, we don't yet know the long-term effects of vaping on the body. There are clinical trials in progress to test the quality, safety and effectiveness of e-cigarettes, but until these are complete and the government can't give any advice on them or recommend their use."[69]

In 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) said "E-cigarettes have not been fully studied, so consumers currently don't know: the potential risks of e-cigarettes when used as intended, how much nicotine or other potentially harmful chemicals are being inhaled during use, or whether there are any benefits associated with using these products. Additionally, it is not known whether e-cigarettes may lead young people to try other tobacco products, including conventional cigarettes, which are known to cause disease and lead to premature death."[70]

Smoking cessation

As of 2014, research on the safety and efficacy of e-cigarette use for smoking cessation is limited.[33][71] They are unproven as quit-smoking aids.[31] Their benefit for quitting smoking is uncertain.[10] The evidence suggests that e-cigarettes can supply nicotine at concentrations that are enough to substitute for traditional cigarettes.[72] While there are some reports of improved smoking cessation, especially with intensive e-cigarette users, there are also several studies showing a decline in cessation in dual users.[16] A 2014 Cochrane review found limited evidence of a benefit as a smoking cessation aid from a small number of studies.[9] A 2015 review found that e-cigarettes for quitting smoking were generally similar to a placebo.[42] The same review concluded that while they may have a benefit for decreasing cigarette use in smokers, they have a limited benefit in quitting smoking.[42] A 2014 review found e-cigarettes may have some potential for reducing smoking.[17]

A 2015 review found variable evidence that e-cigarette users had higher cessation rates than users of nicotine replacement products.[73] A 2014 review found limited evidence that e-cigarettes do not seem to improve cessation rates compared to regulated FDA nicotine replacement products.[71] Two 2014 reviews found no evidence that e-cigarettes are more effective than existing nicotine replacement products for smoking cessation.[9][11] They may be as effective, but not more, compared to nicotine patches for short-term smoking cessation.[19] However, a randomized trial found 29% of e-cigarette users maintained e-cigarette use at 6 months while 8% for patch users, indicating the use of e-cigarettes could continue after other quit methods.[19] Studies have not shown that e-cigarettes are better than regulated medication for smoking cessation.[10] A 2014 review found four experimental studies and six cohort studies that indicated that electronic cigarettes reduced the desire to smoke and withdrawal symptoms.[74] This review also noted that two cohort studies found that electronic cigarettes led to a reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked per day.[74] Nicotine-containing e-cigarettes were associated with greater effectiveness for quitting smoking than e-cigarettes without nicotine.[73] A 2014 review concluded that the adverse public health effects resulting from the widespread use of e-cigarettes could be significant, in part due to the possibility that they could undermine smoking cessation.[75] This review therefore called for their use to be limited to smokers who are unwilling or unable to quit.[75] A 2014 review found that the research suggested that personal e-cigarette use may reduce overall health risk in comparison to traditional cigarettes.[18] However, e-cigarettes could have a broad adverse effect for a population by expanding initiation and lowering cessation of smoking.[18] A 2014 review found that the evidence suggests that "e-cigarettes are not associated with successful quitting in general population-based samples of smokers."[2]

Harm reduction

In an effort to decrease tobacco related death and disease, e-cigarettes have a potential to be part of the harm reduction strategy, and are likely to be less harmful than tobacco.[76]

Tobacco harm reduction has been a controversial area of tobacco control.[76] The health community has not endorsed e-cigarettes as a tobacco harm reduction strategy, in part in response to tobacco industry deception.[76] A 2014 review concluded promotion of vaping as a harm reduction aid is premature.[11] Another review found e-cigarettes would likely be less harmful than traditional cigarettes to users and bystanders.[15] The authors warned against the potential harm of excessive regulation and advised health professionals to consider advising smokers who are reluctant to quit by other methods to switch to e-cigarettes as a safer alternative to smoking.[15] A 2014 review argued that regulations for e-cigarettes should be similar to those for dietary supplements or cosmetic products to not limit their potential for harm reduction.[24] Vaping may have potential in harm reduction compared to smoking.[6] When used to quit smoking, they could reduce harm even more if the tobacco user quits but e-cigarettes are not harmless because nicotine has long-term adverse effects, may contain impurities, and nicotine is addictive, which may have serious side effects, particularly if users use unconventional ways to increase the doses of nicotine exposure.[6] A 2012 review found electronic systems appear to generally deliver less nicotine than smoking, raising the question of whether they can effectively substitute for tobacco smoking over a long-term period.[13] A 2012 review found e-cigarettes could considerably reduce traditional cigarettes use and they likely could be used as a lower risk replacement for traditional cigarettes, but there is not enough data on the safety and efficacy to draw definite conclusions.[1] E-cigarette use for risk reduction in high-risk groups such as people with mental disorders is unavailable.[77]

Tobacco smoke has 40 known carcinogens among the many chemicals it contains.[76] None of these has been found in more than trace quantities in the cartridges or aerosol of e-cigarettes.[76] A 2011 review stated that while e-cigarettes cannot be considered "safe" because there is no safe level for carcinogens, they are doubtless safer compared to tobacco cigarettes.[76] Any residual risk of e-cigarette use should be weighed relative to the risk of continuing or returning to smoking, taking account of the low success rate of currently-approved smoking cessation medications.[78] Adults most frequently use electronic cigarettes as a replacement for tobacco, but not always to quit.[19] Although some people have a desire to quit smoking by using e-cigarettes, another common explanation for the use of these products is to cut back on traditional cigarettes.[2]

In 2014 a report commissioned by Public Health England concluded that there is large potential for health benefits when switching from tobacco use to other nicotine delivery devices such as electronic cigarettes, but realizing their full potential requires regulation and monitoring to minimize possible risks.[79] They found that the evidence suggests that a considerable number of smokers want to reduce harm from smoking by using these products.[79] The British Medical Association encourages health professionals to recommend conventional nicotine replacement therapies, but for patients unwilling to use or continue using such methods, health professionals may present e-cigarettes as a lower-risk option than tobacco smoking.[80] The American Association of Public Health Physicians (AAPHP) suggests those who are unwilling to quit tobacco smoking or unable to quit with medical advice and pharmaceutical methods should consider other nicotine containing products such as electronic cigarettes and smokeless tobacco for long term use instead of smoking.[81] In an interview, the director of the Office on Smoking and Health for the U.S. federal agency Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) believes that there is enough evidence to say that using e-cigarettes is likely less harmful than smoking a pack of conventional cigarettes. However, due to the lack of regulation of the contents of the numerous different brands of electronic cigarettes and the presence of nicotine, which is not a benign substance, the CDC has issued warnings.[82] A 2014 WHO report concluded that some smokers will switch completely to e-cigarettes from traditional tobacco but a "sizeable" number will use both tobacco cigarettes and electronic cigarettes. This report found that such "dual use" of e-cigarettes and tobacco "will have much smaller beneficial effects on overall survival compared with quitting smoking completely."[65]

Safety

Main article: Safety of electronic cigarettes

The risks of electronic cigarette use are uncertain.[4][10] There is little data about their health effects,[83] and considerable variability between vaporizers and the contents of the aerosol delivered to the user.[2][13][84] The limited evidence suggests that e-cigarettes are probably safer than traditional cigarettes.[13] One review found, from limited data, their safety risk is similar to that of smokeless tobacco, which has about 1% of the mortality risk of traditional cigarettes.[12] Another concluded that regulated FDA products such as a nicotine inhaler are probably a safer way to supply nicotine than e-cigarettes.[11] E-cigarettes create vapor that consists of ultrafine particles.[2] The vapor has been found to contain flavors, propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine, tiny amounts of toxicants and heavy metals, and other chemicals.[2][15] E-cigarette vapor contains fewer toxic substances than cigarette smoke.[2] Various methodological issues, conflicts of interest, and inconsistent research has been identified in the research regarding e-cigarettes.[75] However, e-cigarettes cannot be regarded as simply harmless.[75] As well as toxicity there are also risks from misuse or accidents (e.g., accidental fires caused by vaporizer malfunction, other vaporizer design issues, or accidental contact with liquid nicotine).[2][78][85]

Aerosol (vapor) exhaled by a first generation e-cigarette user.

A July 2014 WHO report cautioned about potential risks of using e-cigarettes. The report concluded that "the existing evidence shows that ENDS aerosol is not merely "water vapour" as is often claimed in the marketing for these products. ENDS use poses serious threats to adolescents and fetuses."[65] A 2014 systematic review concluded that the risks of e-cigarettes have been exaggerated by health authorities and stated that there may be some remaining risk, though the risk of e-cigarette use is likely small compared to smoking tobacco.[78] A 2014 Cochrane review found no serious adverse effects reported in trials.[9] Less serious adverse effects from e-cigarette use can include throat and mouth inflammation, vomiting, nausea, and cough.[2] The long-term effects of e-cigarette use are unknown.[16][17] The risk is probably low from the inhalation of propylene glycol and glycerin.[15] E-cigarette users are exposed to potentially harmful nicotine.[5] A 2014 review recommended that e-cigarettes should be regulated for consumer safety.[24]

Addiction

A number of organizations are concerned that e-cigarettes might increase addiction to and use of nicotine and tobacco products among young people.[86][87][88] These include the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Food and Drug Administration.[82][89][90][91] The World Health Organization raised concern about addiction for non-smokers from their use in July 2013.[14] The National Institute on Drug Abuse said they could maintain addiction to nicotine in those who are attempting to quit.[87]

The nicotine molecule.

It is not clear whether using e-cigarettes will decrease or increase overall nicotine addiction.[83] Information about the drug action of the nicotine in e-cigarettes is limited.[72] The evidence suggests that the nicotine in e-cigarettes is adequate to sustain nicotine dependence.[72] The limited data suggests that the likelihood of abuse from e-cigarettes could be smaller than traditional cigarettes.[92] A 2014 systematic review found that the concerns that e-cigarettes could cause non-smokers to start smoking are unsubstantiated.[78] No long-term studies have been done on the effectiveness of e-cigarettes in treating tobacco addiction.[11] Some evidence suggests that dual use of e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes may be associated with greater nicotine dependence.[16] Like tobacco companies did in the last century, there is a chance that e-cigarettes could result in a new nicotine-dependent planet.[42]

A 2014 review found no evidence that they are used regularly by those who have never smoked,[15] while another 2014 review has found that in some populations nearly up to a third of youth who have ever used e-cigarettes have never smoked traditional cigarettes.[2] The degree to which teens are using e-cigarettes in ways the manufacturers did not intend, such as increasing the nicotine delivery, is unknown.[85] The extent to which e-cigarette use will lead to abuse in youth is unknown.[85] The impact of e-cigarette use by children on substance dependence is unknown.[85] Youthful experimentation with e-cigarettes could lead to a lifelong addiction.[42]

History

The earliest electronic cigarette can be traced to American Herbert A. Gilbert,[93] who in 1963 patented a device described as "a smokeless non-tobacco cigarette" that involved "replacing burning tobacco and paper with heated, moist, flavored air".[94][95] This device was designed to produce flavored steam without nicotine.[95] The patent was granted in 1965.[96] Gilbert’s invention was ahead of its time.[97] There were prototypes, but it received little attention.[98] It was never commercialized.[95] This was because smoking was still generally fashionable during that era.[99] Gilbert said in 2013 that today's electric cigarettes follow the basic design set forth in his original patent.[96]

Hon Lik, a Chinese pharmacist and inventor, who worked as a research pharmacist for a company producing ginseng products, is credited with the invention of the modern electronic cigarette.[21] Lik quit smoking after his father, also a heavy smoker, died of lung cancer.[21] In 2003,[95] he came up with the idea of using a high frequency, piezoelectric ultrasound-emitting element to vaporize a pressurized jet of liquid containing nicotine.[100] This design creates a smoke-like vapor that delivers nicotine.[21] Lik said that using resistance heating obtained better results and he said the difficulty was to scale down the device to a small enough size.[101] Lik’s invention was intended to be an alternative to smoking.[102]

The Ruyan e-cigar was first launched in China in 2004.

Hon Lik patented the modern e-cigarette design in 2003.[1] Lik is credited with developing the first commercially successful electronic cigarette.[103] The electronic cigarette was first introduced to the Chinese domestic market in 2004.[21] Many versions made their way to the U.S., sold mostly over the Internet by small marketing firms.[21] The company that Lik worked for, Golden Dragon Holdings, changed its name to Ruyan (如烟, literally "Resembling smoking"), and started exporting its products in 2005–2006[21] before receiving its first international patent in 2007.[100] Lik said in 2013 that "I really hope that the large international pharmaceutical groups get into manufacturing electronic cigarettes and that authorities like the FDA in the United States will continue to impose stricter and stricter standards so that the product will be as safe as possible."[101] Most e-cigarettes today use a battery-powered heating element rather than the ultrasonic technology patented design from 2003.[67]

The e-cigarette continued to evolve from the first generation three-part device. In 2006 British entrepreneurs Umer and Tariq Sheikh of XL Distributors invented the cartomizer.[104] This is a mechanism that integrates the heating coil into the liquid chamber. They launched this new device in the UK in 2008 under their Gamucci brand and the design is now widely adopted by most 'cigalike' brands.[104] The grant of the UK patent for the "cartomizer" was made to XL Distributors in February 2013 and published by the UK Intellectual Property Office.[105] E-cigarettes entered the European market and the US market in 2006 and 2007.[3]

International tobacco companies, recognizing the development of a potential new market sector that could render traditional tobacco products obsolete,[106] are increasingly involved in the production and marketing of their own brands of e-cigarettes and in acquiring existing e-cigarette companies.[107] Blu, a prominent US e-cigarette manufacturer, was acquired by Lorillard Inc. in 2012.[108] British American Tobacco launched Vype in 2013, while Imperial Tobacco's Fontem Ventures acquired the intellectual property owned by Hon Lik through Dragonite for $US 75 million in 2013 and launched Puritane in partnership with Boots UK.[109] On 1 October 2013 Lorillard Inc. acquired another e-cigarette company, this time the UK based company SKYCIG.[110] On 3 February 2014, Altria Group, Inc. acquired popular electronic cigarette brand Green Smoke for $110 million. The deal was finalized in April 2014 for $110 million with $20 million in incentive payments.[111] Altria also markets its own e-cigarette, the MarkTen, while Reynolds American has entered the sector with its Vuse product.[107] As of March 2015, 74% of all e-cigarette sales in convenience stores in the U.S. were products made by tobacco companies.[112] As of 2014 the number of e-cigarettes sold has increased every year.[67] As of 2014 there are at least 466 e-cigarette companies.[113]

Society and culture

Consumers of e-cigarettes, sometimes called "vapers", have shown passionate support for the device that other nicotine replacement therapy did not receive.[114][79] This suggests e-cigarettes have potential mass appeal that could challenge combustible tobacco's market position.[79]

As the electronic cigarette industry grows, a subculture has emerged which calls itself "the vaping community".[114][115] The online forum E-Cig-Reviews.com was one of the first major communities.[116] Another online forum known as UKVaper.org was the origin of the hobby of modding.[116] There are also groups on Facebook and Reddit.[117] Members of this emerging subculture often see e-cigarettes as a safer alternative to smoking[15] and some view it as a hobby.[118] These groups tend to use highly customized devices that do not resemble the earlier "cig-a-likes".[119] Online forums based around modding have grown in the vaping community.[120] Vapers energetically embrace activities associated with e-cigarettes and sometimes act as evangelicals according to a 2014 review.[55] A 2014 Postgraduate Medical Journal editorial stated that e-cigarette companies have a substantial online presence, as well as many individual vapers who blog and tweet about e-cigarette related products.[121] The editorial stated that a few vapers "engage in grossly offensive online attacks on anyone who has the temerity to suggest that ENDS are anything other than an innovation that can save thousands of lives with no risks".[121] A 2014 review stated that tobacco and e-cigarette companies interact with consumers for their policy agenda. The companies use websites, social media, and marketing to get consumers involved in opposing bills that include e-cigarettes in smoke-free laws. This is similar to tobacco industry activity going back to the 1980s. These approaches were used in Europe to minimize the EU Tobacco Product Directive in October 2013.[2]

File:Electronic Cigarette Cloud Chasing.jpg
E-cigarette user blowing a cloud of aerosol (vapor). The activity is known as cloud-chasing.[122]

Large gatherings of vapers, called vape meets, take place around the US. They focus on e-cig devices, accessories, and the lifestyle that accompanies them.[114] Vapefest, which started in 2010, is an annual show hosted by different cities.[117] People attending these meetings are usually enthusiasts that use specialized, community-made products not found in convenience stores or gas stations.[114] These products are mostly available online or in dedicated "vape" storefronts where mainstream e-cigarettes brands from the tobacco industry and larger e-cig manufacturers are not as popular.[123] As of 2014, e-cigarette availability in US stores is increasing, especially in places with low taxes and smoking bans.[124]

A growing subclass of vapers called "cloud-chasers" configure their atomizers to produce large amounts of vapor by using low-resistance heating coils.[125] This practice is known as "cloud-chasing"[126] and is growing more popular.[127] By using a coil with very low resistance, the batteries are stressed to a potentially unsafe extent.[126] This could present a risk of dangerous battery failures.[126] As vaping comes under increased scrutiny, some members of the vaping community have voiced their concerns about cloud-chasing, claiming the practice gives vapers a bad reputation when doing it in public.[128] The Oxford Dictionaries' word of the year for 2014 is 'vape'.[129]

Main article: Legal status of electronic cigarettes

Because of the novelty of the technology and the possible relationship to tobacco laws and medical drug policies, electronic cigarette legislation is pending in many countries.[25] As of 2015, around two thirds of major nations have regulated e-cigarettes in some way.[130] Regulations vary from regions with no regulation to others banning them entirely.[25] For example, Brazil, Singapore, the Seychelles, and Uruguay have banned e-cigarettes.[2] In Canada, they are legal to sell, but nicotine-containing e-fluid is not approved by Health Canada, making vaping technically illegal, although this is not enforced and e-cigarettes are commonly marketed.[131] As of December 2014, e-cigarettes are legal for minors to buy in ten states in the U.S.[132] and since they do not contain tobacco, television advertising is not restricted.[133] In the US, as of 2014 some states tax e-cigarettes as tobacco products, and some state and regional governments have broadened their indoor smoking bans to include e-cigarettes.[43]

In August 2014, attorneys general from over two dozen states advised the FDA to enact restrictions on e-cigarettes, including banning flavors.[134] E-cigarettes have been classified as "drug delivery devices" in several countries because they can contain nicotine, and their advertising has been restricted until safety and efficacy trials are conclusive.[135] A 2014 review said these products should be considered for regulation in view of the "reported adverse health effects".[62] In some countries, e-cigarettes are regulated as a medical product even though they are not approved as a smoking cessation aid.[62] E-cigarettes are not approved by the FDA as a smoking cessation product.[72][136]

In the fall of 2013, the electronic cigarette industry ran "a determined lobbying campaign" to defeat proposed European legislation to regulate e-cigarettes like medical devices.[137] Pharmaceutical manufacturers GlaxoSmithKline and Johnson & Johnson have lobbied the US government, the FDA, and the EU parliament for stricter regulation of e-cigarettes which compete with their products Nicorette gum and nicotine patches.[138] In February 2014 the European Parliament passed regulations requiring standardization and quality control for liquids and vaporizers, disclosure of ingredients in liquids, and child-proofing and tamper-proofing for liquid packaging.[26][139] In April 2014 the US FDA published proposed regulations for e-cigarettes along similar lines.[140][141]

In March 2014 Western Australia banned sale of electronic cigarettes.[142]

In October 2014 the UK's Advertising Standards Authority changed the regulations on e-cigarette advertising, allowing the devices to appear in television ads from 10 November.[143] The first advert to take advantage of the change, promoting KiK Electronic Cigarettes, aired on the day it came into force.[144]

Economics

Hon Lik, the inventor of the modern e-cigarette sees the e-cigarette as comparable to the "digital camera taking over from the analogue camera." He has said: "My fame will follow the development of the e-cigarette industry. Maybe in 20 or 30 years I will be very famous."[145] Many US and Chinese e-cig makers copied his designs illegally, so Hon Lik was not paid for his invention (although some US manufacturers have compensated him through out of court settlements).[145] Europe's second largest tobacco manufacturer Imperial Tobacco bought Hon Lik's 2003 patents in 2013, for $75 million.[145]

Worldwide e-cigarette sales in 2014 were around $7 billion.[22] E-cigarette brands have been increasing advertising quickly; the aggressive marketing used is like that used to sell cigarettes in the 1950s and 1960s. While advertising of tobacco products was banned long ago, television and radio e-cigarette advertising in some countries may be indirectly encouraging traditional cigarette smoking. There is no evidence that the cigarette brands are selling e-cigarettes as part of a plan to phase out traditional cigarettes, despite some claiming to want to cooperate in "harm reduction".[2] E-cigarettes and nicotine are regularly promoted as safe and beneficial in the media and on brand websites.[31] E-cigarette retail websites often make unscientific health claims to consumers in order to sell them products.[44] The majority of advertisers also emphasize that the product can be used "anywhere" especially where smoking bans apply.[44] A 2014 review found "only a small percentage of sites had an age restriction, which was only to click a box to state that the user is over a certain age. This easily-circumvented age verification leaves open room for youth access and marketing exposure."[44]

Tobacco manufacturers dismissed e-cigarettes as a fad at first; but the purchase of the US brand blu eCigs by US tobacco manufacturer Lorillard for $135 million in April 2012 signaled their entry into the market.[146] A national US advertising campaign starred Steven Dorff exhaling a "thick flume" of what the ad describes as 'vapor, not tobacco smoke', exhorting smokers with the message "We are all adults here, it's time to take our freedom back."[146] Jason Healy, founder of blu, called the product "a lifestyle brand for smokers".[146] The ads, occurring against the backdrop of longstanding prohibition of tobacco advertising on television, were criticized by organizations such as Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids as undermining anti-tobacco efforts.[146] Cynthia Hallett of Americans for Non-Smokers' Rights described the US advertising campaign as attempting to "re-establish a norm that smoking is okay, that smoking is glamorous and acceptable".[146] The blu brand was purchased by Imperial Tobacco in July 2014.[147] Big tobacco companies have purchased some e-cigarette businesses and greatly increased their marketing efforts.[11] As of 2014 e-cigarette devices are mostly manufactured in China.[2] US e-cigarette sales were forecast to increase to about 5 million units in 2012 compared to 50,000 in 2008.[148] Sales in the U.S. were close to $2 billion in 2014.[43] Big tobacco has a significant share of the e-cigarette market,[149] and they are the major producers.[42]

In the US there are more than a hundred small e-cigarette businesses, with about 70% of the market held by 10 businesses.[16] A sizable share of the e-cigarette business is done on the internet.[18] The majority of e-cigarette businesses have their own homepage and approximately 30–50% of total e-cigarettes sales are handled on the internet in respect to English-language websites.[18] A 2014 review said e-cigarettes are aggressively promoted, mostly via the internet, as a healthy alternative to smoking in the US.[18] According to Nielsen Holdings, convenience store e-cigarette sales in the US went down for the first time during the four-week period ending on 10 May 2014. This decline is attributed by Wells Fargo analyst Bonnie Herzog to a shift in consumers' behavior, buying more specialized devices or what she calls "vapor/tank/mods (VTMs)" that are not tracked by Neilsen.[150] According to Herzog these products, produced and sold by stand alone makers are now (2014) growing twice as fast as traditional electronic cigarettes marketed by the major players (Lorillard, Logic Technology, NJOY etc...) and account for a third of the 2.2 billion dollar market in the US for vapor products.[151]

The main e-cigarette businesses in the UK are British American Tobacco, Imperial Tobacco, Nicocigs, and Vivid Vapours.[152] British American Tobacco was the first tobacco business to sell e-cigarettes in the UK.[153] They launched the e-cigarette Vype in July 2013.[153] Philip Morris, the world’s largest tobacco manufacturer, purchased UK’s Nicocigs in June 2014.[154] As of March 2014 the top selling e-cigarette brands in the UK at independent convenience stores are Nicolites and Vivid Vapours.[155]

France is a growing market for e-cigarettes,[156] which is said to be about €100 million (£85 million) in sales as of 2013.[157] There are about 150 e-cigarette retail shops in France.[157]

Other devices to deliver inhaled nicotine are being developed. They aim to mimic the ritual and behavioral aspects of traditional cigarettes.

British American Tobacco, through their subsidiary Nicoventures Limited, licensed a nicotine delivery system based on existing asthma inhaler technology from UK-based healthcare company Kind Consumer Limited.[158] In September 2014 a product based on this - named Voke - obtained approval from the United Kingdom's Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency.[159]

Philip Morris International (PMI) bought the rights to a nicotine pyruvate technology developed by Jed Rose at Duke University.[160] The technology is based on the chemical reaction between nicotine acid and a base, which produces an inhalable nicotine pyruvate vapor.[161]

HeatSticks is a heated tobacco product marketed under the brand Marlboro by PMI.[162]

Hon Lik, who is working with Dragonite International Limited, said in 2013 that he is developing a new concept called e-hookah for the Middle Eastern and North African markets.[101]

Medical Cannabis Management introduced an e-cigarette containing THC rather than nicotine.[163]

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