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===Kevin Martin collaborations and electronic music (1994–1999)===
===Kevin Martin collaborations and electronic music (1994–1999)===
[[File:JK Flesh at Roadburn festival.png|thumb|left|The debut live performance of JK Flesh at [[Roadburn Festival]] in Tilburg, Holland on 12 April 2012.]]
[[File:JK Flesh at Roadburn festival.png|thumb|left|The debut live performance of JK Flesh at [[Roadburn Festival]] in Tilburg, Holland on 12 April 2012.]]
In 1994, Godflesh released their album ''[[Selfless (album)|Selfless]]'' on [[Columbia Records]] and sold approximately 180,000 copies. Justin joined Kevin Martin's band [[God (British band)|GOD]] as a guitarist for their second and final album ''[[The Anatomy of Addiction]]''. The duo recorded the second Techno Animal album, ''[[Re-Entry (Techno Animal album)|Re-Entry]]'', which was released as a two-disc CD through [[Virgin Records]] in 1995. Broadrick was more influenced by hip-hop and [[dub music]] when Godflesh recorded the fourth album, ''[[Songs of Love and Hate (Godflesh album)|Songs of Love and Hate]]'', with live drummer [[Bryan Mantia]]. Justin also recorded the second Final full-length that was released on [[Rawkus Records]]. In 1997, Godflesh released the electronic remix record ''[[Love and Hate in Dub]]''. "What Kevin and I were doing with Techno Animal then began to rub off on Godflesh, and vice versa", Broadrick says. From 1997 to 1999, Kevin and Justin released two Techno Animal compilations, ''Versus Reality'' and ''Radio Hades'', a split album with Porter Ricks. They also start a new project titled [[Curse of the Golden Vampire]] with [[Alec Empire]]. Justin also had recorded tracks as ''JK Flesh'' during this time but they were released in 2009 in the compilation album ''From Hell''.<ref name="blogspot1">{{cite web|url=http://justinkbroadrick.blogspot.com/2009/01/avalanche-recs-new-digital-download.html |title=Justin K Broadrick: Avalanche Recs new Digital Download only releases |publisher=Justinkbroadrick.blogspot.com |date=2009-01-11 |accessdate=2012-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Nasrallah |first=Dimitri |url=http://exclaim.ca/Features/Timeline/JUSTIN_BROADRICK-Napalm_Death-Godflesh-Techno_Animal-Jesu-Pale_Sketcher/Page/7 |title=Interview with Exclaim!, page 7 |publisher=Exclaim.ca |date= |accessdate=2012-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Nasrallah |first=Dimitri |url=http://exclaim.ca/Features/Timeline/JUSTIN_BROADRICK-Napalm_Death-Godflesh-Techno_Animal-Jesu-Pale_Sketcher/Page/8 |title=Interview with Exclaim!, page 8 |publisher=Exclaim.ca |date= |accessdate=2012-07-21}}</ref> He turned down offers to join both [[Faith No More]] and [[Danzig (band)|Danzig]].<ref>[http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features/jan2007/glenndanzig.aspx Interview with Glenn Danzig]{{dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> Broadrick released [[drum and bass]] music under numerous pseudonyms such as Cylon, Tech Level 2 and Youpho. He also recorded such music with Kevin Martin under the names White Viper and Eraser. At that time, they were influenced by acts like [[Ed Rush]] and [[Dillinja]], and labels like No U-Turn and [[Renegade Hardware]].<ref name="thequietus1"/>
In 1994, Godflesh released their album ''[[Selfless (album)|Selfless]]'' on [[Columbia Records]] and sold approximately 180,000 copies. Justin joined Kevin Martin's band [[God (British band)|GOD]] as a guitarist for their second and final album ''[[The Anatomy of Addiction]]''. The duo recorded the second Techno Animal album, ''[[Re-Entry (Techno Animal album)|Re-Entry]]'', which was released as a two-disc CD through [[Virgin Records]] in 1995. Broadrick was more influenced by hip-hop and [[dub music]] when Godflesh recorded the fourth album, ''[[Songs of Love and Hate (Godflesh album)|Songs of Love and Hate]]'', with live drummer [[Bryan Mantia]]. Justin also recorded the second Final full-length that was released on [[Rawkus Records]]. In 1997, Godflesh released the electronic remix record ''[[Love and Hate in Dub]]''. "What Kevin and I were doing with Techno Animal then began to rub off on Godflesh, and vice versa", Broadrick says. From 1997 to 1999, Kevin and Justin released two Techno Animal compilations, ''Versus Reality'' and ''Radio Hades'', a split album with Porter Ricks. They also start a new project titled [[Curse of the Golden Vampire]] with [[Alec Empire]]. Justin also had recorded tracks as ''JK Flesh'' during this time but they were released in 2009 in the compilation album ''From Hell''.<ref name="blogspot1">{{cite web|url=http://justinkbroadrick.blogspot.com/2009/01/avalanche-recs-new-digital-download.html |title=Justin K Broadrick: Avalanche Recs new Digital Download only releases |publisher=Justinkbroadrick.blogspot.com |date=2009-01-11 |accessdate=2012-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Nasrallah |first=Dimitri |url=http://exclaim.ca/Features/Timeline/JUSTIN_BROADRICK-Napalm_Death-Godflesh-Techno_Animal-Jesu-Pale_Sketcher/Page/7 |title=Interview with Exclaim!, page 7 |publisher=Exclaim.ca |date= |accessdate=2012-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Nasrallah |first=Dimitri |url=http://exclaim.ca/Features/Timeline/JUSTIN_BROADRICK-Napalm_Death-Godflesh-Techno_Animal-Jesu-Pale_Sketcher/Page/8 |title=Interview with Exclaim!, page 8 |publisher=Exclaim.ca |date= |accessdate=2012-07-21}}</ref> He turned down offers to join both [[Faith No More]] and [[Danzig (band)|Danzig]].<ref>[http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features/jan2007/glenndanzig.aspx Interview with Glenn Danzig] {{wayback|url=http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features/jan2007/glenndanzig.aspx |date=20070318044752 |df=y }}</ref> Broadrick released [[drum and bass]] music under numerous pseudonyms such as Cylon, Tech Level 2 and Youpho. He also recorded such music with Kevin Martin under the names White Viper and Eraser. At that time, they were influenced by acts like [[Ed Rush]] and [[Dillinja]], and labels like No U-Turn and [[Renegade Hardware]].<ref name="thequietus1"/>


===End of Godflesh and Techno Animal (2000–2003)===
===End of Godflesh and Techno Animal (2000–2003)===

Revision as of 11:23, 10 January 2016

Justin Broadrick
Justin Broadrick performing with Jesu at Primavera Sound in 2009
Justin Broadrick performing with Jesu at Primavera Sound in 2009
Background information
Birth nameJustin Karl Michael Broadrick
Also known asJustin K. Broadrick, JKB, JK Flesh
Born (1969-08-15) 15 August 1969 (age 55)
OriginBirmingham, England
GenresIndustrial metal, post-metal, drone metal, shoegazing, grindcore, experimental, electronica, ambient, noise
Occupation(s)Singer-songwriter, musician, record producer
Instrument(s)Vocals, guitar, programming, bass guitar, drums
Years active1982–present
LabelsAvalanche Recordings, Hydra Head, Ghostly International
Websiteavalancheinc.co.uk

Justin Karl Michael Broadrick[1] (born 15 August 1969, Birmingham, England) is a British singer, songwriter, guitarist and drummer. He was briefly in the English grindcore band Napalm Death when he was a teenager in the mid-80s, writing and recording guitar for Side One of the Napalm Death's debut album, Scum.[2] He is best known as a founding member of the band Godflesh, one of the first bands to combine elements of extreme metal and industrial music.[3] Broadrick has also maintained a parallel career as a producer, producing records and remixes for groups such as Pantera, Isis, Mogwai, and Hydra Head labelmates Pelican. Broadrick has set up record labels such as HeadDirt, Avalanche Recordings, Post Mortem Productions (briefly renamed Uprising Productions), Lo Fibre and Heartache.[4][5]

Biography

Childhood and first recordings (1969–1983)

Broadrick was born on 15 August 1969, in the council estates of inner Birmingham.[6] His mother is of German descent and was born in Bielefeld, to a British father who was a soldier in World War II and a native German mother. Her family moved to England in 1953.[7] For the first four years of his life, Broadrick was raised by his mother and stepfather in a hippie commune in Shard End.[8] During a period of heroin addiction, Justin's biological father was mostly absent from the family home.[9][10] By the age of ten, Broadrick was surrounded by the punk-rock that his parents listened to. "There was Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath, but it was always the stuff that wasn't so standard that grabbed me. I was always playing things like Lou Reed's Metal Machine Music when I was about eight! Stuff like Can, the weirdest parts of Pink Floyd, Hendrix", says Broadrick. "The first thing I probably heard out of the house, when I was about 11 years old, was Crass", says Broadrick. "By the age of 12 I fell into early industrial music, stuff like Throbbing Gristle, Whitehouse". Broadrick began to play with his stepfather's guitar, who was then into Roxy Music and Brian Eno.[11]

In 1982, he started his first musical project, the band Final with his friend Andy Swan, who had a synthesizer. The first name they went under was Atrocity Exhibition, named after a Joy Division track (which, itself, takes its name from a book by J. G. Ballard). Their first recording was titled Live in the Studio, and was the first catalogued release on their cassette label Post Mortem Rekordings. Shortly after, the project was named Smear Campaign, after a Nocturnal Emissions track. This was the name they went under at their first live performance on 7 July 1984 in The Mermaid in Birmingham. Promptly after the show they settled on the name Final.[12] "We were pretty heavily into the whole industrial tape culture and fanzines of the very early '80s", Broadrick says. The project developed to embrace the power electronics subgenre of industrial music in 1983, releasing material on Post Mortem. "I had about 50 Final releases over about a year and a half", he says.[13] Other project names Broadrick recorded under included Last Exit, Crusade and Dead Pulp.[14]

Fall of Because and Napalm Death (1984–1986)

In 1984 Broadrick joined the group Fall of Because (founded by G. Christian Green and Paul Neville in 1982) as a drummer and additional vocalist. The group recorded the Extirpate demo cassette in 1986, which contained a number of songs which were later re-worked as songs for Godflesh (including "Life is Easy", "Mighty Trust Krusher", and "Merciless"). The group disbanded in 1988. The Life is Easy compilation album of demo and live recordings was released in 1999.

Broadrick met Nicholas Bullen in 1985 at the flea market where he met Andy. Justin gave Final tapes to Bullen and they recorded some material together. "Then I played him some of the stuff I did with guitar, which he then played to another guy in Napalm Death. Basically, they were impressed with what I was doing with guitar, and so I joined Napalm Death", Broadrick says. Soon Mick Harris (then member of a psychobilly band) joined the lineup and they shifted from metal to grindcore. "Nick and I left Napalm Death after we recorded the first side of Scum. I'd had enough of Napalm Death very, very quickly", he says. Lee Dorrian and Jim Whitely joined to replace Bullen and Broadrick. Justin gave the first side to Earache Records founder Digby Pearson, who then contacted the new Napalm Death that had recorded the second side.[15]

Head of David and the forming of Godflesh (1987–1990)

Justin Broadrick performing with Godflesh at Wetlands Preserve in New York City on 11 November 1996.

The industrial metal band Head of David had played live with Napalm Death before. Their drummer left and Broadrick was invited to take his place. "I was in Head of David literally six weeks, and we did a John Peel session for Radio One. That was the first highlight of my life", Justin says. He had been writing more brutal songs for the band, but due to artistic differences, he was kicked out in 1988. "When I first got exposed in '89 to the early acid house movement, I was an instant convert. The first time I heard early Aphex Twin, when Digeridoo first came out, I knew that this was where I wanted to go", Justin says.

He formed Godflesh with his friend G. C. Green. They started with working on existing Fall of Because songs and Justin was influenced by the hip-hop sound at the time – artists like Public Enemy, Beastie Boys, Run-D.M.C..[16] Godflesh released their debut self-titled EP on Swordfish Records and in 1989 Earache Records put out their first album Streetcleaner.

Justin met Kevin Martin of the band GOD. Kevin had a club in Brixton and he promoted the first Godflesh show in London. Godflesh was met with derision on their first tour. However, Godflesh was well received in the United States. "To this day, I still sell the majority of my records in America. Of any music I make, it mostly goes to America", Justin says.[17]

Broadrick also played guitar for Sweet Tooth with Scott Kiehl (of GOD) and Dave Cochrane (of Head of David), who released the album Soft White Underbelly on Earache Records in 1990. He is credited as co-writer for all songs. The band also contributed "Fat City" to the compilation Grindcrusher – The Ultimate Earache, which was also on Earache Records.

Side projects (1991–1993)

In 1991 Broadrick and Martin recorded their debut album Ghosts as Techno Animal and it was released on Kevin's label Pathological Records. In the end of 1991 Godflesh recorded the experimental Slavestate EP. In 1992, Godflesh released their second studio album Pure. Justin and Kevin created a new project called Ice in 1993, where they experimented with industrial and dub music as well as hip-hop beat patterns. Broadrick also revived his Final project along with his ambient guitar experiments.[18] During this period, Broadrick produced records for Pram, Terminal Power Company, Lull and Cable Regime.[19]

Kevin Martin collaborations and electronic music (1994–1999)

The debut live performance of JK Flesh at Roadburn Festival in Tilburg, Holland on 12 April 2012.

In 1994, Godflesh released their album Selfless on Columbia Records and sold approximately 180,000 copies. Justin joined Kevin Martin's band GOD as a guitarist for their second and final album The Anatomy of Addiction. The duo recorded the second Techno Animal album, Re-Entry, which was released as a two-disc CD through Virgin Records in 1995. Broadrick was more influenced by hip-hop and dub music when Godflesh recorded the fourth album, Songs of Love and Hate, with live drummer Bryan Mantia. Justin also recorded the second Final full-length that was released on Rawkus Records. In 1997, Godflesh released the electronic remix record Love and Hate in Dub. "What Kevin and I were doing with Techno Animal then began to rub off on Godflesh, and vice versa", Broadrick says. From 1997 to 1999, Kevin and Justin released two Techno Animal compilations, Versus Reality and Radio Hades, a split album with Porter Ricks. They also start a new project titled Curse of the Golden Vampire with Alec Empire. Justin also had recorded tracks as JK Flesh during this time but they were released in 2009 in the compilation album From Hell.[20][21][22] He turned down offers to join both Faith No More and Danzig.[23] Broadrick released drum and bass music under numerous pseudonyms such as Cylon, Tech Level 2 and Youpho. He also recorded such music with Kevin Martin under the names White Viper and Eraser. At that time, they were influenced by acts like Ed Rush and Dillinja, and labels like No U-Turn and Renegade Hardware.[16]

End of Godflesh and Techno Animal (2000–2003)

In 2000, Broadrick, Green and drummer Ted Parsons began work on the Godflesh album, Hymns. "I was already aware of Godflesh's mortality. Though I enjoyed a good amount of the album, I still felt a bit restricted. I started doing a lot of stuff during the recording of that album where I was really trying to get past the limitations of Godflesh, which were self-created".[24] After the album was released, G. C. Green left due to not wanting to tour any longer. Godflesh was booked for a European tour to open for Fear Factory, so Broadrick invited Paul Raven to replace Ben. A week into the tour Broadrick told "Raven is a fantastic bass player, but it just wasn't Benny, who I had been playing with for 13 years and was a whole part of what Godflesh was". A North American tour was also planned without Justin's input. Soon after, Broadrick and his girlfriend of thirteen years broke up. Justin slipped into a mental breakdown, fled back to Birmingham and hid at a friend's house. Bands, equipment companies, and promoters moved to recoup the lost money and Broadrick lost his house and other valuable assets in his name. Kevin Martin moved on to record alone as The Bug and Techno Animal was ended.[25][26]

Jesu and Final (2004–09)

In August 2004, Broadrick's new project, Jesu, released the Heart Ache EP. In December, the self-titled debut LP was released. This release featured Ted Parsons on drums, Diarmuid Dalton on bass and a guest appearance from Paul Neville. The album was less brutal and more melodic than his previous work. "I was still making low-tuned, heavy, guttural music, at the heart of this there was something quite pretty and beautiful, just being construed in an almost ugly fashion", said Justin. In November 2005 Broadrick played live as Final for the first time in 20 years and supported Jarboe.[27] Final's two-disc release 3 had been in making for nearly 5 years and was put out in 2006. Justin toured Europe as Final in March 2006.[28][29] In April 2006 the Silver EP was released through Hydra Head Records. The second full-length album, Conqueror, was released in February 2007. Jesu toured with Sunn O))) and Isis and Broadrick played as a guest with both bands. On 30 April 2007 Jesu released a 12" called Sun Down/Sun Rise.[30] Broadrick began to release limited runs of material on his Avalanche Recordings label, including new material by Final and a Jesu full-length compilation of electronic tracks titled Pale Sketches.[31] In 2008, Broadrick collaborated with former Swans vocalist Jarboe for an album titled J². In May 2008,' Justin released the first download-only Final full-length, Fade Away, and the second, Afar, in October.[32][33] In 2009, Broadrick released the album Disconnected with his new band, Greymachine.

In January 2009, he released two new digital releases via his label Avalanche Recordings: the Krackhead album and Kitsland. Kitsland was a recording as Council Estate Recordings with Diarmuid Dalton. The project was influenced by Justin's old 80's cassette material.[20] In November 2009, Broadrick announced that Godflesh were reforming for a few shows in the summer 2010.

Godflesh performing at Tavastia Club in Helsinki, Finland on 24 September 2011.

Pale Sketcher and solo album (2010 – present)

In March, 2010, Broadrick announced that he felt Jesu had strayed further away from the guitar driven music that he intended it to be and more into electronica. As a resolution, although Jesu would still contain electronic elements, it would return to a guitar driven sound and a new project, titled Pale Sketcher, would allow Broadrick to explore the electronica oriented sound further without interfering with Jesu.[34] "It's more 4/4-based – shoegazy dream-pop that's almost techno, somewhat in the area of Gas and some of the early Kompakt stuff like Dettinger". On 24 August 2010, he released Jesu: Pale Sketches Demixed on Ghostly International.[35] Broadrick contributed guitar soundscapes to Alan Moore's audiobook Unearthing.[36]

Broadrick released the album Posthuman under the JK Flesh project name on 30 April 2012.[37] Although many of Broadrick's projects feature him performing all instrumentation anyway, the album is considered to be Broadrick's first solo album. In April 2012, Valley of Fear, a new project of Justin Broadrick, Matthew Bower and Samantha Davies released an album of noise rock and black metal experiments on Legion Blotan Records.[38] On 11 December, a split release between JK Flesh and Prurient called Worship is the Cleansing of the Imagination was released on Hydra Head Records.[39] On 17 June 2013, he released the free digital single Warm Sunday / Mogadon as Pale Sketcher on his new record label Heartache Records.[5]

Personal life

Broadrick resides in Abergele, North Wales with his partner and son, Benjamin.[40][41]

Discography

Main article: Justin Broadrick discography

References

  1. ^ "Outbox: Justin K. Broadrick". XLR8R. 30 May 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  2. ^ "Scum - Napalm Death". Allmusic.com. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  3. ^ "Godflesh - Music Biography, Credits and Discography : AllMusic". Allmusic.com. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  4. ^ "Record Labels". Godflesh.com. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  5. ^ a b http://palesketcher.bandcamp.com/
  6. ^ "Godflesh.com". Godflesh.com. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  7. ^ Bennett, J. "Justin Broadrick On The Secret History Of Godflesh". Vice. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  8. ^ "Longmeadow | Council Estate Electronics". Councilestateelectronics.bandcamp.com. 11 June 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  9. ^ "Propaganda magazine, 1992". Godflesh.com. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  10. ^ "Rip magazine, June 1992". Godflesh.com. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  11. ^ Nasrallah, Dimitri. "Interview, September 2010". Exclaim.ca. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  12. ^ "Andy Swan, November 2007". Avalanchers.co.uk. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  13. ^ Nasrallah, Dimitri. "Interview, September 2010". Exclaim.ca. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  14. ^ "Nicholas Bullen, September 2009". Avalanchers.co.uk. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  15. ^ Nasrallah, Dimitri. "Interview, September 2010". Exclaim.ca. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  16. ^ a b "Features | In Extremis | Extreme Language: An Interview With Justin K. Broadrick". The Quietus. 9 May 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  17. ^ Nasrallah, Dimitri. "Interview with Exclaim!". Exclaim.ca. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  18. ^ Nasrallah, Dimitri. "Interview with Exclaim!, page 6". Exclaim.ca. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  19. ^ "Related Project Discography". Godflesh.com. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  20. ^ a b "Justin K Broadrick: Avalanche Recs new Digital Download only releases". Justinkbroadrick.blogspot.com. 11 January 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  21. ^ Nasrallah, Dimitri. "Interview with Exclaim!, page 7". Exclaim.ca. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  22. ^ Nasrallah, Dimitri. "Interview with Exclaim!, page 8". Exclaim.ca. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  23. ^ Interview with Glenn Danzig Archived 2007-03-18 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ [Interview with Magnet magazine]
  25. ^ [Interview with Decibel magazine, 2005]
  26. ^ Nasrallah, Dimitri. "Exclaim!, September 2010, page 9". Exclaim.ca. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  27. ^ "Justin K Broadrick: Final – live supporting The Living Jarboe Nov 7th 2005". Justinkbroadrick.blogspot.com. 16 December 2005. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  28. ^ "Justin K Broadrick: Final – '3' front sleeve". Justinkbroadrick.blogspot.com. 14 December 2005. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  29. ^ "Justin K Broadrick: FINAL European Tour March 2006". Justinkbroadrick.blogspot.com. 20 February 2006. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  30. ^ "Justin K Broadrick: jesu 'Sundown'/'Sunrise' and 'Conqueror' on Vinyl". Justinkbroadrick.blogspot.com. 26 April 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  31. ^ "Justin K Broadrick: Jesu – 'Pale Sketches' Ltd Album Of Unreleased Material – Available Now From New Webshop !". Justinkbroadrick.blogspot.com. 28 August 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  32. ^ "Justin K Broadrick: FINAL – 'AFAR' Digital Download Available". Justinkbroadrick.blogspot.com. 29 October 2008. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  33. ^ "Justin K Broadrick: Final download only LP, Vinyl update". Justinkbroadrick.blogspot.com. 29 May 2008. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  34. ^ "Justin K Broadrick Blog". Justin K Broadrick. Retrieved 16 April 2010.
  35. ^ Nasrallah, Dimitri. "Exclaim!, September 2010, page 10". Exclaim.ca. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  36. ^ "Alan Moore & Mitch Jenkins 'Unearthing' Box Set on Sale Now – Pre-Order Only – Lex Records". Lexrecords.com. 27 April 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  37. ^ "Justin Broadrick readies first album as JK Flesh". Residentadvisor.net. 17 April 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  38. ^ Sherman, Maria (24 May 2012). "Trembling in the Valley of Fear | Anxiety Block". Impose Magazine. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  39. ^ http://hydraheadlines.blogspot.fi/2012/10/jk-fleshprurient-pre-order-pitchfork.html
  40. ^ "Features | In Extremis | Greymachine: Justin Broadrick and Aaron Turner United". The Quietus. 18 November 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  41. ^ "jk flesh interview – Bleep.com – High Quality Music And Media – Buy MP3, WAV, FLAC, Vinyl, CDs". Bleep.com. Retrieved 21 July 2012.

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