British Rail Class 20

English Electric Type 1 British Rail Class 20
Nos. 20132 & 20118 working nose-to-nose.
Type and origin Power type Diesel-electric Builder English Electric at Vulcan Foundry and Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns Build date 1957-1968 Total produced 228
Specifications Configuration: ​  • Whyte Bo-Bo  • UIC Bo-Bo Gauge 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge Wheel diameter 3 ft 7 in (1.092 m) Minimum curve 3.5 chains (70 m) Wheelbase 32 ft 6 in (9.91 m) Length 46 ft 9+3⁄8 in (14.259 m) Width 8 ft 9 in (2.67 m) Height 12 ft 8 in (3.86 m) Loco weight 72 long tons (73.2 t; 80.6 short tons) Fuel capacity 380 imp gal (1,700 L; 460 US gal) Prime mover English Electric 8 SVT Mk.II Generator DC Traction motors D8000–D8049: EE 526/5D Remainder: EE 526/8D Transmission Diesel electric MU working ★ Blue Star Train heating None Train brakes Vacuum, Dual or Air
Performance figures Maximum speed 75 mph (121 km/h) Power output Engine: 1,000 hp (746 kW) Tractive effort Maximum: 42,000 lbf (186.8 kN) Continuous: 25,000 lbf (111.2 kN)@ 11 mph (17.7 km/h) Brakeforce 35 long tons-force (349 kN)
Career Operators Direct Rail Services HNRC Numbers D8000–D8199, D8300–D8327; later 20001–20228 Axle load class Route availability 5

The British Rail (BR) Class 20, otherwise known as an English Electric Type 1, is a class of diesel-electric locomotive. In total, 228 locomotives in the class were built by English Electric between 1957 and 1968, the large number being in part because of the failure of other early designs in the same power range to provide reliable locomotives.

The locomotives were originally numbered D8000–D8199 and D8300–D8327. They are known by railway enthusiasts as "Choppers", a name derived from the distinctive beat that the engine produced when under load which resembles the sound of a helicopter.

Overview

Designed around relatively basic technology, the 73-tonne locomotives produce 1,000 horsepower (750 kW) and can operate at up to 75 mph (121 km/h). Designed to work light mixed freight traffic, they have no train heating facilities. Locomotives up to D8127 were fitted with disc indicators in the style of the steam era; when headcodes were introduced in 1960 the locomotive’s design was changed to incorporate headcode boxes. Although older locomotives were not retro-fitted with headcode boxes, a few of the earlier batch acquired headcode boxes as a result of repairs. Unusually for British designs, the locomotive had a single cab. This caused serious problems with visibility when travelling nose first, though in these circumstances the driver's view is comparable to that on the steam locomotives that the Class 20s replaced. It was common however to find Class 20s paired together at the nose, with their cabs at opposite ends, ensuring that the driver could quite clearly see the road ahead.

Two Class 20s coupled nose to nose hauling a freight train in 1986

The Class 20 saw only limited service on passenger trains. A small number were fitted with a through pipe for steam heating, primarily for use in conjunction with a Class 37 locomotive on the West Highland Line. Otherwise their use was limited to summer relief services, particularly to Skegness often under the adopted title of The Jolly Fisherman starting from various places including Burton-on-Trent, Stoke-on-Trent, Derby and Leicester. Also occasionally other holiday resorts on the east coast of England, occasional duties as a pilot, and short distance diversions of electric-hauled trains over non-electrified lines.

The shift of light mixed freight to the road network left British Rail with an oversupply of small locomotives. The Class 20s, however, could work in multiple and so handle heavier traffic. Most spent the majority of their working lives coupled nose to nose in pairs to provide a more useful 2,000 hp (1,500 kW) unit and to solve the visibility problems.

Most have now been withdrawn but a few remain with DRS and other minor and industrial operators. Several that are usually operated singly have been fitted with nose-mounted video cameras in order to solve the visibility problems.

The Série 1400 locomotives of Portuguese Railways (CP) are based on the BR Class 20s.

Operation

British Rail

The first batch of Class 20s were allocated to Devons Road depot in Bow, London to work cross-London transfer freights, with the following eight locos allocated to Hornsey depot. After a trial with D8006, D8028–D8034 were allocated for work in highland Scotland, and had tablet catcher recesses built into the cabsides. D8035–D8044 were originally to be allocated to Norwich, but were actually used for empty coaching stock (ECS) workings in and out of London Euston. D8050–D8069 were allocated to the new Tinsley TMD in Sheffield, from where they regularly worked into Lincolnshire and Humberside. D8070–D8127 were sent to operate in the Scottish lowlands, particularly in the Forth-Clyde area, and the Fife coalfield. This completed the original orders for 128 locos, the last being delivered in August 1962.

Two Class 20s working a passenger train

With the subsequent order for a further 100 Class 20 locos, deliveries recommenced with D8128 in January 1966. Tests in 1967 using D8179 and D8317 resulted in locos from D8316 being delivered from the manufacturer with the new electronic control system for working merry-go-round (MGR) coal trains. Trains to Longannet Power Station sometimes required locos to triple-head trains.

After privatisation

Class 20/3 No.20 311 of HNRC at Derby in 2014

Some Class 20s were used on the construction of the Channel Tunnel and High Speed 1 and some even made their way to France to work for the Compagnie des chemins de Fer Départementaux (CFD) in industry there, although these have since been repatriated. Some locos have in the past been hired by Hunslet-Barclay to provide motive power for weedkilling trains.

Direct Rail Services' (DRS) fleet of Class 20/3s has at times seen frequent work across Britain in pairs, or with Class 37s, on nuclear flask trains, the company's speciality. DRS supply class 20s for use with the Rail Head Treatment Train during the winter. Perhaps the most unusual train hauled by a Class 20 was the Kosovo Train for Life charter train in Autumn 1999 which carried 800 tonnes of aid. Leaving London's Kensington Olympia station on 17 September 1999, the train was hauled by 20901, 20902 and 20903 throughout, reaching Prague by 20 September and arrived at Pristina station at 10:00 on 25 September 1999.

DRS initially had a fleet of 15 operational Class 20/3 locomotives. Three of these have subsequently been disposed of for scrap, after stripping for spares, whilst a further two have been sold on to HNRC.

In 2005, Harry Needle Railroad Company (HNRC) acquired a large number of 20/0s and 20/9s from the DRS stored fleet. By May 2008 HNRC had 16 Class 20s in storage and 8 operational of which two were on hire at Corus Scunthorpe (nos 81 and 82).

A number of class 20s from HNRC are currently being employed to deliver new S-Stock to London Underground. at Neasden depot, for commissioning.

Sub-classes

Class 20/9 No.20 901 of HNRC on long term hire to GBRf.

Sub-Class	Description
20/0	Standard as-built locos.
20/3 (BR)	A small fleet of standard Class 20/0's modified for Peak Forest aggregate workings.
20/3 (DRS)	DRS-owned/operated locos fitted with modified cab equipment and fully refurbished, use of electronics and various other modifications. A pair of these locomotives, 20311 & 20314, have subsequently been sold to HNRC.
20/9	Modified from Class 20/0 after withdrawal and sold to Hunslet-Barclay for contract freight use and remote-control trialing. Few technical differences from standard locos. Subsequently sold to DRS, and latterly to HNRC (of which 20901, 903-906 remain - 20902 has been scrapped).

Liveries

British Rail

D8000 was delivered in June 1957 in overall green livery, with grey footplate, red bufferbeams and a grey roof extending down the bodyside to the edge of the roof panels. The original batch of 10 locos bore the BR crest facing towards the nose on both sides, used yellow sans serif numerals, and had green cab roofs; locos from D8010 had the correct pattern BR crest, white numerals and grey cab roof. This was adjusted after D8103 to include a small yellow warning panel, although the precise size and detail of such panels varied somewhat.

In 1966, D8048 was selected by the BR design panel for livery experiments and was painted in the prototype standard blue, including the bufferbeams and roof. The exceptions were the full yellow front ends and a black underframe. After the adoption of Rail Blue as the BR livery, D8178 became one of the first locomotives to be delivered in this livery (along with Class 25 D7660 and Class 47 D1953) and all subsequent locomotives were delivered in this livery. Despite this, some locos continued to be returned to traffic in green livery, although often with the later BR "double arrow" logo and data panel; thus 20141 was the final main line loco to carry BR green livery.

Some locomotives, including 20227, were repainted in the Railfreight grey livery with red sole bars, yellow ends and large double arrows on the sides.

At least four of the class were painted in the British Rail Telecommunications livery:

• 20075 - Sir William Cooke - rebuilt as 20309 and in service with DRS
• 20128 - Guglielmo Marconi - rebuilt as 20307 and has been scrapped
• 20131 - Almon B. Strowger - rebuilt as 20306 and has been scrapped
• 20187 - Sir Charles Wheatstone - rebuilt as 20308 and in service with DRS

Privatisation

Corus 81 (ex-BR 20056) at Barrow Hill Engine Shed, 9 July 2006

Class 20/3 locomotives operated by DRS have all been painted in DRS Oxford Blue livery, with red bufferbeams and full yellow ends. There have been small variations in the shade of yellow used on these locos, and the penetration of blue from the sides onto the ends.

Class 20 locomotives operated by the Harry Needle Railroad Company (HNRC) are painted into house colours of orange and black, with yellow nose ends (20121, 20166, 20311 and 20314). Some other locomotives owned by HNRC, of subclasses 20/0 and 20/9, have been painted in a variation of two-tone Railfreight grey livery. These have dark grey roof, mid-grey upper body and light grey lower body, black underframe and buffer beam. The nose ends are painted yellow, with the lower part of the cab end in yellow and the upper part black, this continuing around the cab sides but with the light grey instead of yellow. Others are in BR Blue or Railfreight Red-stripe livery. HNRC Class 20's on long-term hire to Corus were painted in Corus livery; previously silver but currently a bright yellow with red solebar (No.81 - 20056). Since the Corus business was bought by the Indian Tata Steel group, some of these locomotives have been repainted into Tata Blue livery (No.82 - 20066). Two HNRC Class 20's have been painted into GBRf Europorte's blue and gold livery (20901 and 20905), while two other HNRC Class 20's have been painted in the White livery of Hope Construction Materials, with a purple solebar (No.2 - 20168) and a black solebar (No.3 - 20906).

Four locomotives carried the orange and white livery of the CFD (Compagnie de Chemins de Fer Départementaux') whilst working in France, these were 20035, 20063, 20139 and 20228.

Two locomotives, numbers 20142 and 20189, were painted into a Blue and White Balfour Beatty livery during 2013.

The last built class 20, number 20227, has been used extensively on the London Underground network. In the mid-2000s it was painted in Metropolitan maroon livery and named "Sir John Betjeman" by the Class 20 Locomotive Society as acknowledgement of this work. It is now in a special 'modern taste' LUL-based livery, to mark the London Underground 150 celebrations.

Mainline registered class 20s are:

Sub-Class	Description
20/0	20096, 20107, 20118, 20132, 20142, 20168, 20189, 20205, 20227
20/3	20301, 20302, 20303, 20304, 20305, 20308, 20309, 20311, 20312, 20314
20/9	20901, 20905, 20906

In popular culture

In the 1995 James Bond film GoldenEye, 20188 was used as the locomotive of an escape train on the Nene Valley Railway, with the addition of armour plating to give the impression of a Russian armoured locomotive.

Preservation

A total of 22 Class 20 locomotives are preserved, including the first of the class built, D8000, which is part of the National Railway Collection at the National Railway Museum in York.

Class 20s in preservation

TOPS number	Current number	Photo	Preserved by	Location	Notes
20001	D8001		Class 20 Locomotive Society	Midland Railway – Butterley
20020	20020		Scottish Railway Preservation Society	Bo'ness and Kinneil Railway
20031	20031		Privately owned	Keighley & Worth Valley Railway
20035	20035		ex-CFD	Sutton Coldfield
20048	20048		Midland Class 20 Association	Midland Railway, Butterley
20050	D8000		National Collection	National Railway Museum
20059	D8059		Somerset & Dorset Loco Company	Severn Valley Railway
20069	D8069		Privately owned	Mid-Norfolk Railway
20098	D8098		Type One Locomotive Company	Great Central Railway, Loughborough
20137	D8137		Privately owned	Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway
20142	20142		20189 Ltd	Mainline operational
20154	20154		English Electric Preservation	Great Central Railway, Nottingham
20169	D8169		Privately owned	Wensleydale Railway
20177	20177		Somerset & Dorset Loco Company	Severn Valley Railway	Stored, being used as a source of spare parts for other S&D Class 20 locomotives
20188	D8188		Somerset & Dorset Loco Company	Severn Valley Railway
20189	L189		20189 Ltd	Mainline operational
20205	20205		Class 20 Locomotive Society	Mainline operational
20214	20214		Privately owned	Lakeside and Haverthwaite Railway
20227	20227		Class 20 Locomotive Society	Mainline operational
20228	2004		Privately owned	Vale of Glamorgan Railway

Models

Hornby Dublo, later Wrenn, made an 00-gauge plastic-bodied model class 20 from 1958 until the 1970s. In 2008, Hornby produced several of the Class 20 in various liveries in 00 gauge, which were all based on the old Lima tooling. Bachmann Branchline (00) has its own version of the model in various liveries. Also with DCC sound-fitted locomotives. Bachmann (Graham Farish) has also produced a model in various liveries in N gauge. A new Resin bodied kit is produced by 3mm Scale Model Railways (TT gauge)

References and sources

Sources

• Marsden, Colin J. (1981). Motive power recognition:1 Locomotives. Shepperton: Ian Allan Ltd. ISBN 0-7110-1109-5.

Further reading

• Cole, Andrew (2016). Class 20 Locomotives. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 9781445658919. OCLC 934603402.
• Dunn, Pip (2016). British Rail Class 20 Locomotives. The Crowood Press UK. ISBN 9781785000980. OCLC 930829335.
• Dunn, Pip; Loader, Martin (2003). Class 20 Photo File. Vanguard Publications. ISBN 9781900872058. OCLC 867918624.
• Fell, Andrew (1994). Class 20s in Colour. Leicester: Midland Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9781857800203. OCLC 31287783.
• McManus, Michael. Ultimate Allocations, British Railways Locomotives 1948 - 1968. Wirral. Michael McManus.
• Oakley, Michael (1981). BR Class 20 Diesels. Truro: Bradford Barton. ISBN 9780851534190. OCLC 16542512.
• Vaughan, John (1984). Profile of the class 20s. Poole: OPC. ISBN 9780860932444. OCLC 13666530.

External links

• Preserved locomotive database
• Class 20 Locomotive Society
• Disposal details for Class 20s at WNXX (subscription required)
• Class 20 locomotive fleet at Railblue.com
• BRT Locos
• Images of Class 20s from various periods of UK operation