Jambalaya (On the Bayou)

"Jambalaya"
Song
B-side	"Window Shopping"

"Jambalaya (On the Bayou)" is a song written and recorded by American country music singer Hank Williams that was first released in July 1952. Named for a Creole and Cajun dish, jambalaya, it spawned numerous cover versions and has since achieved popularity in several different music genres.

Composition

With a melody based on the Cajun song "Grand Texas", some sources, including Allmusic, claim that the song was co-written by Williams and Moon Mullican, with Williams credited as sole author and Mullican receiving ongoing royalties. Williams' biographer Colin Escott speculates that it is likely Mullican wrote at least some of the song and Hank's music publisher Fred Rose paid him surreptitiously so that he wouldn't have to split the publishing with Moon's label King Records. Williams' song resembles "Grand Texas" in melody only. "Grand Texas" is a song about a lost love, a woman who left the singer to go with another man to "Big Texas"; "Jambalaya", while maintaining a Cajun theme, is about life, parties and stereotypical food of Cajun cuisine. The narrator leaves to pole a pirogue down the shallow water of the bayou, to attend a party with his girlfriend Yvonne and her family. At the feast they have Cajun cuisine, notably Jambalaya, crawfish pie and filé gumbo, and drink liquor from fruit jars. The second line in the verse has had various interpretations. (1) Yvonne is his "ma chaz ami-o", which is Cajun French for "my good girlfriend" (ma chère amie). Williams uses "ma chaz ami" as one word, thus the "my" in front of it. The "o" at the end of "ami" is a poetic/lyrical device making the line match the phrasing of the previous line and rhyme with it. (2) If you listen closely, Hank Williams is singing "I'm gonna see mamma chers amio." referring to seeing the mother he loves and the first line refers to the home cooked food he is used to. This avoids the awkward "my" with "ma cher", which doesn't make sense to someone who is bi-lingual. Mamma in this context can mean either his real mother or can be an affectionate term for his wife/girlfriend.

Recording and release

Williams recorded the song on June 13, 1952, his first recording session in six months, at Castle Studio in Nashville with backing provided by Jerry Rivers (fiddle), Don Helms (steel guitar), Chet Atkins (lead guitar), Chuck Wright (bass) and probably Ernie Newton (bass). Interestingly, the recording Williams made differs significantly from Mullican's. Since the original melody of the song was from "Grand Texas", the song is a staple of Cajun culture. However, although Williams kept a Louisiana theme, the song is not a true cajun song, and it is precisely because of this that song gained such widespread popularity:

"Ethnic music is usually unpalatable for a mass market unless it is diluted in some way (Harry Belafonte's calypsos, Paul Simon's Graceland...the list is endless). The broader audience related to 'Jambalaya' in a way that it could never relate to a true cajun two-step led by an asthmatic accordian and sung in patois."

Released in July 1952, it reached number one on the U.S. country charts for fourteen non-consecutive weeks. After Williams released his version, Cajuns recorded the song again using Cajun instruments. However, they used Williams' lyrics translated into the Cajun French language. "Jambalaya" remains one of Hank Williams' most popular songs today. International, translated or derived versions do exist at least in Chinese, Dutch, Finnish, French, Italian, Polish German, Spanish and Estonian.

A demo version of Williams singing "Jambalaya (On the Bayou)" with just his guitar, likely recorded in 1951, is also available. Williams composed a sequel to the song from the female perspective, "I'm Yvonne (Of the Bayou)", with Jimmy Rule, recorded by Goldie Hill. It was not as popular. As with "Jambalaya" there is speculation that Williams may have purchased this song from Mullican.

Chart performance

Chart (1952)	Peak position
U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles	1
U.S. Billboard Most Played By Jukeboxes	20

Cover versions

"Jambalaya"
Song

• A version of the song was recorded by Jo Stafford in 1952, reaching #3 on the Billboard pop charts (and making the song well known to people other than country music fans). Mitch Miller had originally intended "Jambalaya" to be recorded by Jimmy Boyd for Columbia Records. Boyd turned the song down and Miller recorded it with Jo Stafford.
• Homer and Jethro recorded it for RCA in 1952.
• A recording by The Tanner Sisters with an orchestra and conductor Don Carlos was made in London on September 25, 1952. It was released by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalog number B 10418.
• Kitty Wells recorded it for Decca in 1960.
• Jimmy Boyd recorded it for Dot Records.
• Drifting Cowboy steel guitarist Don Helms released his own instrumental version in 1962.
• Ex-Hong Kong female singer, CHANG Loo (張露), covered this song twice. The first version was covered in Mandarin Chinese entirely, under title name of 小癩痲 in the mid-1950s. The second one was covered, in alternate English and Mandarin Chinese, under the name of Jambalaya/小癩痲 on her album An Evening with Chang Loo in 1963.
• The song was Brenda Lee's first single in 1956.
• Moon Mullican, who likely wrote the song with Williams but could not be credited because he was under contract to king Records, recorded his own version.
• George Jones recorded the song for his 1960 LP George Jones Salutes Hank Williams.
• Fats Domino scored a hit with the song in 1961.
• Elvis Presley cut the song for RCA.
• Gerry and the Pacemakers released a version in 1964.
• Hank's hero Roy Acuff included it on his 1966 LP Sings Hank Williams for the First Time.
• Conway Twitty released it on his 1967 LP Here's Conway Twitty.
• In India, Usha Iyer (now Usha Uthup) recorded a version in 1968 on the HMV label, that became the best selling song until then, by an Indian artist in English.
• Jerry Lee Lewis recorded it at Sun Records and again for his 1969 album Sings the Country Music Hall of Fame Hits, Vol. 1.
• Hoyt Axton cut it for Capitol in 1971.
• The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band's version peaked at #84 in 1972.
• Shocking Blue recorded the song in 1972 for their album Inkpot.

"Jambalaya"
Song

• John Fogerty hit #16 in 1973 under the name of The Blue Ridge Rangers.
• The Carpenters featured the song, in an uptempo MOR version with country flourishes, on their 1973 album Now & Then. Their version was released as a single outside the United States in 1974 and sold well in the UK (peaking at number 12 in the charts) and Japan.
• In 1974, Singapore-based female singer, Ervinna, covered this song, on her LP album Top Hits Vol. 2 with the local White Cloud Records.
• The Meters recorded the song on their 1975 LP Fire on the Bayou.
• Emmylou Harris included it in her 1976 album Elite Hotel
• Teresa Teng performed the song live in Japan in 1976.
• In 1978, Hong Kong female singer, Paula Tsui (徐小鳳), covered the Mandarin Chinese version made by CHANG Loo, on her LP album 風雨同路.
• Lucinda Williams included the composition on her 1979 debut Ramblin'.
• Andy Kaufman performed the song on Late Night with David Letterman in 1983.
• Moe Bandy recorded the song for his 1983 tribute Sings the Songs of Hank Williams.
• Hank's daughter Jett Williams recorded the song in 1996.
• Van Morrison and Linda Gail Lewis on their 2000 album You Win Again
• In 2005, two versions of "Jambalaya" surged in Mexican folk music, one by Banda Limón and the other from the Duranguense group K-Paz de la Sierra. However, in Mexican music, the most famous cover version is by Los Felinos.
• For his 2007 album Oh, My NOLA, Harry Connick, Jr. recorded the song in a big band arrangement. "Jambalaya" was one of many well-known songs on the album associated with New Orleans and Louisiana.
• Jeff Healey on his 2008 album Mess of Blues
• Lacy J. Dalton released it on her 2010 LP Here's to Hank.
• Country star Hunter Hayes made his debut, at the age of four years, covering the song on the accordion with Hank Williams, Jr.
• Garth Brooks recorded the song for the 2013 Country Classics album in the Blame It All on My Roots: Five Decades of Influences compilation.

External links

• Excerpt of Brenda Lee singing "Jambalaya", April 9, 1960 on Ozark Jubilee