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m Robot - Moving category Folklore by nationality to Category:Folklore by country per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2016 October 18.
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:*''[[Khar polis]]'' "Donkey-Cop"
:*''[[Khar polis]]'' "Donkey-Cop"
:*''Aftaab Mahtab'' "Sunshine Moonlight"
:*''Aftaab Mahtab'' "Sunshine Moonlight"
:*''[[Hopscotch#Laylay|Laylay]]'' or ''Ganiyeh'' <ref>[http://www.r-azar.com/bazi/ley-ley.htm Iranian folklore games ( In Persian)]</ref>
:*''[[Hopscotch#Laylay|Laylay]]'' or ''Ganiyeh'' <ref>[http://www.r-azar.com/bazi/ley-ley.htm Iranian folklore games ( In Persian)] {{wayback|url=http://www.r-azar.com/bazi/ley-ley.htm |date=20090225170204 }}</ref>
::'''folklore Card games'''
::'''folklore Card games'''
:*''[[Hokm]]'' and ''[[Shelem]]'':Games for four players.<ref>[http://www.pagat.com/whist/hokm.html How to play Hokm]</ref>
:*''[[Hokm]]'' and ''[[Shelem]]'':Games for four players.<ref>[http://www.pagat.com/whist/hokm.html How to play Hokm]</ref>
:*''[[Ganjifa|Ganjafa]]'' <ref>[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/card-games-ganjafa-bazi-waraq-bazi Encyclopedia Iranica, "CARD GAMES(ganjafa-bāzī, waraq-bāzī)" by Mahdi Roschanzamir]</ref><ref>[http://www.mibosearch.com/word.aspx?wName=%da%af%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%81%d9%87 Ganjafa(In Persian)]</ref>
:*''[[Ganjifa|Ganjafa]]'' <ref>[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/card-games-ganjafa-bazi-waraq-bazi Encyclopedia Iranica, "CARD GAMES(ganjafa-bāzī, waraq-bāzī)" by Mahdi Roschanzamir]</ref><ref>[http://www.mibosearch.com/word.aspx?wName=%da%af%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%81%d9%87 Ganjafa(In Persian)]</ref>
:*''[[Chahâr barg]]'' (4 cards) is another fishing game,also sometimes known as [[Pâsur]],Haft Khâj(seven clubs)or Haft va chahâr, yâzdah(7+4=11).
:*''[[Chahâr barg]]'' (4 cards) is another fishing game,also sometimes known as [[Pâsur]],Haft Khâj(seven clubs)or Haft va chahâr, yâzdah(7+4=11).
:*''[[As-Nas|Âs Nas]]'': Perhaps Âs Nas is the game from which modern [[Poker#History|Poker]] may have sprung <ref>[http://playingcards.freewebpages.org/cards79.htm About Âs Nas]</ref><ref name="Jacoby">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Jacoby,Morehead|first=Oswald,Albert|title=poker Origin and spread|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=2008-01-18|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-253968/poker}}:<blockquote>Poker is virtually indistinguishable from an older Persian game called ''as nas'', a four-hand game played with a 20-card pack, five cards dealt to each player. This coincidence led some students of games to call poker a derivative of as nas, but this theory has been discredited.</blockquote>.</ref>
:*''[[As-Nas|Âs Nas]]'': Perhaps Âs Nas is the game from which modern [[Poker#History|Poker]] may have sprung <ref>[http://playingcards.freewebpages.org/cards79.htm About Âs Nas] {{wayback|url=http://playingcards.freewebpages.org/cards79.htm |date=20071215012759 }}</ref><ref name="Jacoby">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Jacoby,Morehead|first=Oswald,Albert|title=poker Origin and spread|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=2008-01-18|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-253968/poker}}:<blockquote>Poker is virtually indistinguishable from an older Persian game called ''as nas'', a four-hand game played with a 20-card pack, five cards dealt to each player. This coincidence led some students of games to call poker a derivative of as nas, but this theory has been discredited.</blockquote>.</ref>
::'''folklore Verbal games'''
::'''folklore Verbal games'''
:*''[[Moshereh]]'' (Poetry Game):Every side has to answer the other side with a poem beginning with the last word of the previous poem (Compare with [[Urdu]] [[Mushaira]]).
:*''[[Moshereh]]'' (Poetry Game):Every side has to answer the other side with a poem beginning with the last word of the previous poem (Compare with [[Urdu]] [[Mushaira]]).
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==Beliefs==
==Beliefs==
[[Image:Cheshm-Nazar.JPG|thumb|200px|left|''Cheshm Nazar'']]
[[Image:Cheshm-Nazar.JPG|thumb|200px|left|''Cheshm Nazar'']]
*''[[Ajîl-e Moshkel-goshâ]]'' "The problem-solving nuts" of [[Chaharshanbe Suri]]<ref>Serving different kinds of pastry and nuts known as Ajîleh Moshkel Goshâ (lit. The problem-solving nuts) is the Chahârshanbe Sûrî way of giving thanks for the previous year's health and happiness, while exchanging any remaining paleness and evil for the warmth and vibrancy of the fire. [http://fz-az.fotopages.com/?entry=1105809]</ref><ref>[http://openlearningcenter.blogfa.com/post-177.aspx دنیای مجازی یا فاجعه مجازی در ایران - قاشق زنی، آجيل مشکل گشا، پريدن از روی آتش، فالگوش ايستادن<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*''[[Ajîl-e Moshkel-goshâ]]'' "The problem-solving nuts" of [[Chaharshanbe Suri]]<ref>Serving different kinds of pastry and nuts known as Ajîleh Moshkel Goshâ (lit. The problem-solving nuts) is the Chahârshanbe Sûrî way of giving thanks for the previous year's health and happiness, while exchanging any remaining paleness and evil for the warmth and vibrancy of the fire. [http://fz-az.fotopages.com/?entry=1105809]</ref><ref>[http://openlearningcenter.blogfa.com/post-177.aspx دنیای مجازی یا فاجعه مجازی در ایران - قاشق زنی، آجيل مشکل گشا، پريدن از روی آتش، فالگوش ايستادن<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{wayback|url=http://openlearningcenter.blogfa.com/post-177.aspx |date=20070304092913 }}</ref>
*''Cheshm Nazar'' (چشم نظر)and ''Nazar Ghorboni'' (نظرقربونی): That is a [[pendant]] or [[gemstone]] or likewise that is used as necklace to protect its owner from [[Evil eye#Names in various languages|Evil eye]].<ref>M.Moin:A Persian Dictionary, 3rd edition, Page 4752(In Persian)</ref> Compare with [[Nazar (amulet)]].
*''Cheshm Nazar'' (چشم نظر)and ''Nazar Ghorboni'' (نظرقربونی): That is a [[pendant]] or [[gemstone]] or likewise that is used as necklace to protect its owner from [[Evil eye#Names in various languages|Evil eye]].<ref>M.Moin:A Persian Dictionary, 3rd edition, Page 4752(In Persian)</ref> Compare with [[Nazar (amulet)]].
* ''Cheshm-Zakhm'' (lit. "a blow by the eye"), the evil eye (Chashm also occurs alone with the same meaning; cf. Chashm-e bad, Chashm-e Shūr, Chashm-e hasūd "envious eye"; nazar zadan or chashm zadan "to inflict with the evil eye"; Middle Persian duščašmīh or sūr-čašmīh), the supposed power of an individual to cause harm, even illness or death, to another person (or animals and other possessions) merely by looking at him or complimenting him.<ref name=IranicaZakhm>{{cite encyclopedia |last= Šakūrzāda, Omidsalar|first= Ebrāhīm ,Mahmoud | title=ČAŠM-ZAḴM | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica | accessdate=2009-06-30|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/casm-zakm-lit}}</ref> Dried capsules of [[Harmal|Esfand]] (Peganum harmala)(known in Persian as اسپند espænd or اسفنددانه esfænd-dāneh) mixed with other ingredients are placed onto red hot charcoal, where they explode with little popping noises, releasing a fragrant smoke that is wafted around the head of those afflicted by or exposed to the gaze of strangers. As this is done, an ancient prayer is recited. This prayer is said by Muslims as well as by Zoroastrians.<ref name="IranicaZakhm" /><ref>[http://www.cgie.org.ir/shavad.asp?id=123&avaid=3410 اسفند] Great Islamic Encyclopedia (In Persian)</ref>
* ''Cheshm-Zakhm'' (lit. "a blow by the eye"), the evil eye (Chashm also occurs alone with the same meaning; cf. Chashm-e bad, Chashm-e Shūr, Chashm-e hasūd "envious eye"; nazar zadan or chashm zadan "to inflict with the evil eye"; Middle Persian duščašmīh or sūr-čašmīh), the supposed power of an individual to cause harm, even illness or death, to another person (or animals and other possessions) merely by looking at him or complimenting him.<ref name=IranicaZakhm>{{cite encyclopedia |last= Šakūrzāda, Omidsalar|first= Ebrāhīm ,Mahmoud | title=ČAŠM-ZAḴM | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica | accessdate=2009-06-30|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/casm-zakm-lit}}</ref> Dried capsules of [[Harmal|Esfand]] (Peganum harmala)(known in Persian as اسپند espænd or اسفنددانه esfænd-dāneh) mixed with other ingredients are placed onto red hot charcoal, where they explode with little popping noises, releasing a fragrant smoke that is wafted around the head of those afflicted by or exposed to the gaze of strangers. As this is done, an ancient prayer is recited. This prayer is said by Muslims as well as by Zoroastrians.<ref name="IranicaZakhm" /><ref>[http://www.cgie.org.ir/shavad.asp?id=123&avaid=3410 اسفند] {{wayback|url=http://www.cgie.org.ir/shavad.asp?id=123&avaid=3410 |date=20101218100703 }} Great Islamic Encyclopedia (In Persian)</ref>
*''fāl gereftan'' ([[Divination]]),Many varieties of divination are attested in Persian folk practice. They include interpretation of objects which appear haphazardly, interpretation of involuntary bodily actions (sneezing, twitching, itches, etc.), observing animal behavior, divining by playing cards (fāl-e waraq) or chick-peas (fāl-e noḵod), [[bibliomancy]] (e.g., fāl-e [[Hafiz Shirazi|Hafez]]), divination by means of mirrors and lenses (āʾīna-bīnī), observation of the liver of a slain animal (jegar-bīnī), divination by means of the flame of a lamp, etc.<ref name="Encyclopædia Iranica DIVINATION" />
*''fāl gereftan'' ([[Divination]]),Many varieties of divination are attested in Persian folk practice. They include interpretation of objects which appear haphazardly, interpretation of involuntary bodily actions (sneezing, twitching, itches, etc.), observing animal behavior, divining by playing cards (fāl-e waraq) or chick-peas (fāl-e noḵod), [[bibliomancy]] (e.g., fāl-e [[Hafiz Shirazi|Hafez]]), divination by means of mirrors and lenses (āʾīna-bīnī), observation of the liver of a slain animal (jegar-bīnī), divination by means of the flame of a lamp, etc.<ref name="Encyclopædia Iranica DIVINATION" />
[[Image:Iranian Wedding Ceremony.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Mirror and Candles in Iranian Wedding Ceremony'']]
[[Image:Iranian Wedding Ceremony.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Mirror and Candles in Iranian Wedding Ceremony'']]
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*[http://www.mibosearch.com/word.aspx?wName=%da%af%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%81%d9%87 Ganjafeh (In Persian)]
*[http://www.mibosearch.com/word.aspx?wName=%da%af%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%81%d9%87 Ganjafeh (In Persian)]
*[http://www.jadidonline.com/images/stories/flash_multimedia/Gord56/gordafarid_low.html Iranian women performing '''Naqqhali''' ]
*[http://www.jadidonline.com/images/stories/flash_multimedia/Gord56/gordafarid_low.html Iranian women performing '''Naqqhali''' ]
*[http://www.homasarshar.com/ArticlesEnglish.cfm?Num=4 Lee Lee Hozak] (Homa Sarshar's article about Iranian folkloric songs in [[Iranian-Americans]])
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110712214427/http://www.homasarshar.com/ArticlesEnglish.cfm?Num=4 Lee Lee Hozak] (Homa Sarshar's article about Iranian folkloric songs in [[Iranian-Americans]])


{{DEFAULTSORT:Iranian Folklore}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Iranian Folklore}}

Revision as of 00:53, 13 January 2017

Iranian folklore, including jokes, folktales, games, folklore heroes and beliefs, is sophisticated and complex.

Talisman for warding off co-wife, undated. Harvard Library
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Culture of Iran
Iran Iran portal

Heroes

Dastans

"Dāstān" in Persian means "fable, fiction, story, tale". The genre to which they refer may go back to ancient Iran. It was a widely popular and folkloric form of story-telling: Dastan-tellers (narrators) tend to tell their tile in coffee houses. They told tales of heroic romance and adventure, stories about gallant princes and their encounters with evil kings, enemy champions, demons, magicians,Jinns, divine creatures, tricky Robin Hood-like persons (called ayyārs), and beautiful princesses who might be human or of the Pari ("fairy") race.

Oral legends and tales

  • Boz boz Gandhi "Suger goat" or Shangol o Mangol o Habeh-e-Angur , compare to The Wolf and the Seven Young Kids
  • Maah pishoni "(the girl with)Moon(sign)in her brow"
  • Sarma Pirezan "the old woman’s cold" :A ten- or seven-day period in the month of Esfand, that is believed that there was an old woman whose camels were not impregnated by the end of the winter, and as camels only mate during the cold, she went to Moses or, according to other versions, to the Prophet Moḥammad and asked for an extension of the cold winter days so that her camels might be covered. Her wish was granted, and that is why this period is called sarmā-ye pīr zan or bard al-ʿajūz.[13]
  • Nāranj o toranj (The bitter orange and the bergamot)
  • Auntie Cockroach and Mr. Mouse;
  • Kadu qelqelehzan, Rolling pumpkin ;

Creatures

  • Karkadann
    The Nightmare in European folklore is similar to Iranian "Bakhtak"
  • Davaal paa (Persian: دووال پا) "lasso-leg creature"
  • Aal [14]
  • Bakhtak (Persian: بختک)"Nightmare" A ghost or an evil creature that cause Sleep paralysis[15]
  • Genie " elf, goblin"
  • Div, "Daeva", demon, monster,fiend, often confused with Ghoul(ogre, ghoul) and jinn in both folk and literary traditions, expresses not only the idea of demon, but also that of ogre, giant, and even Satan.[16]
  • Ghoul, Ghoul-e-biabani (Monster of desert),designation of a frightening creature in the Perso-Arabic lore. It is a hideous monster with a feline head, forked tongue, hairy skin, and deformed legs that resemble the limp and skinny legs of a prematurely born infant.[17]
  • Martyaxwar A legendary creature similar to the sphinx.
  • Peri
  • Zār (Persian: زآر) A ritual in some of the south coastal Iranian provinces that is a kind of spiritual "trance" dance. In some cases it can go for a long time,until the dancer drops down of exhaustion [18]
  • Takam "The king of goats", a male goat, in the folklore of Azarbaijan.
  • Shahmaran ,shah (king) of the snakes .

Folklore games

Physical games
  • Amo Zangirbaff (Uncle chain-weaver)
  • Attal Mattal Totuleh
  • Ghayyem Moshak
  • Gorgam be Hava
  • Alak Dolak
  • Ye Ghol Do Ghol
  • Bikh divari
  • Ghapp bazi "knucklebone Playing"
  • Khar polis "Donkey-Cop"
  • Aftaab Mahtab "Sunshine Moonlight"
  • Laylay or Ganiyeh [19]
folklore Card games
folklore Verbal games
  • Moshereh (Poetry Game):Every side has to answer the other side with a poem beginning with the last word of the previous poem (Compare with Urdu Mushaira).
  • Ye Morgh Darm ("I have a hen" game)
other folklore games

Traditional ceremonies

folklore Nowruz traditional characters
folklore religious ceremonies
other folklore traditions
  • Taarof
  • Nāz-O-Niyāz, (lit.coquetry and supplication), An Iranian tradition in love, that is a game between lover and beloved which the beloved hurts her lover by coquetry (Naz) and the lover's response is (Niyaz) that is supplication and insistence in love.[31][32]

Characters in jokes

A depiction of Molla Nasr al din

Beliefs

Cheshm Nazar
  • Ajîl-e Moshkel-goshâ "The problem-solving nuts" of Chaharshanbe Suri[33][34]
  • Cheshm Nazar (چشم نظر)and Nazar Ghorboni (نظرقربونی): That is a pendant or gemstone or likewise that is used as necklace to protect its owner from Evil eye.[35] Compare with Nazar (amulet).
  • Cheshm-Zakhm (lit. "a blow by the eye"), the evil eye (Chashm also occurs alone with the same meaning; cf. Chashm-e bad, Chashm-e Shūr, Chashm-e hasūd "envious eye"; nazar zadan or chashm zadan "to inflict with the evil eye"; Middle Persian duščašmīh or sūr-čašmīh), the supposed power of an individual to cause harm, even illness or death, to another person (or animals and other possessions) merely by looking at him or complimenting him.[36] Dried capsules of Esfand (Peganum harmala)(known in Persian as اسپند espænd or اسفنددانه esfænd-dāneh) mixed with other ingredients are placed onto red hot charcoal, where they explode with little popping noises, releasing a fragrant smoke that is wafted around the head of those afflicted by or exposed to the gaze of strangers. As this is done, an ancient prayer is recited. This prayer is said by Muslims as well as by Zoroastrians.[36][37]
  • fāl gereftan (Divination),Many varieties of divination are attested in Persian folk practice. They include interpretation of objects which appear haphazardly, interpretation of involuntary bodily actions (sneezing, twitching, itches, etc.), observing animal behavior, divining by playing cards (fāl-e waraq) or chick-peas (fāl-e noḵod), bibliomancy (e.g., fāl-e Hafez), divination by means of mirrors and lenses (āʾīna-bīnī), observation of the liver of a slain animal (jegar-bīnī), divination by means of the flame of a lamp, etc.[27]
Mirror and Candles in Iranian Wedding Ceremony
  • Mirror and Candles, in Iranian wedding tradition, it is customary to buy a silver mirror and two candles and place it in the wedding Sofra (a piece of cloth that is spread on the floor, and on which dishes of food and the traditional items of wedding such as Quran are placed ) and the first thing that the bridegroom sees in the mirror should be the reflection of his wife-to-be.Not only Muslims, but also Iranian Jews and Zoroastrians observe the custom of offering sofras to various holy figures.[38]
  • "Mirror and Quran", when buying a new home, it is customary to place a mirror and a Quran in front of it as the first thing that enters the new house.[39]
  • "Patience Stone", is a Persian popular folktale. In the tale, a patient stone, the most empathetic of listeners, absorbs the sorrows and pains of the person who confides in it.[40] It is said that when the stone can no longer contain the pain it harbors, it bursts into pieces.[40]

Music, Dance and Performing Arts

Main article: Persian dance
See also: Kurdish dance and Azerbaijani dances
  • Naghali and Pardeh dari, That is narrating of important stories from the Iranian fables, myths and epics which have remained from ancient times with special tone, feelings and expression. In this play, one person both narrates and plays all the roles.Pardeh dari is a special kind of Naghali which is done mostly in the streets.There is a hanging picture on which some scenes of a story are printed. The pardeh dar (story-teller) narrates the story with a demonstration of the scenes. This kind of narration is used for epics as well as religious stories.[41] Many naqhāls in the Safavid period specialized in single, though extensive stories; they were accordingly known as Shahname khan, Amīr Ḥamze khan, and the like.[42]

See also

Further reading

  • Naqib-al-Mamalek, Mohammad-Ali (1961). Mahjub, M. J. (ed.). Amir Arsalan-e Rumi. Tehran.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Gelpke, R. (1965). Amir Arsalan: Liebe und Abenteuer des Amir Arsalan. Zurich. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Pritchett, Frances W., ed. (1991). The romance tradition in Urdu: Adventures from the Dastan of Amir Hamzah. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Daniel, Elton L. (2006). Culture and customs of Iran. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32053-5. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Omidsalar, Mahmud (2005). "Magic in literature and folklore in the Islamic period".

References

  1. ^ Encyclopedia Iranica, "SAMAK-E ʿAYYĀR" by Marina Gaillard
  2. ^ Encyclopaedia Iranica (article by M. Omidsalar)
  3. ^ "Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2007-07-15.
  4. ^ Download the book in Persian
  5. ^ http://www.geocities.com/pieterderideaux/tarsusi.html[dead link] tarsusi]
  6. ^ HANAWAY, WILLIAM L. "ĀBĀN DOKHT". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
  7. ^ Dastan-e Amir Hamzah or Amir Hamza, extended version
  8. ^ The Adventures Of Amir Hamza
  9. ^ HANAWAY, WILLIAM L. "ESKANDAR-NĀMA". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
  10. ^ Yūsofī, Ḡolām-Ḥosayn. "ČEHEL ṬŪṬĪ". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
  11. ^ Davis, Richard. "Greece ix. Greek and Persian Romances". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2015-09-07.
  12. ^ T. Hägg and B. Utas, The Virgin and her Lover: Fragments of an Ancient Greek Novel and a Persian Epic Poem (Leiden: Brill, 2003).
  13. ^ Omidsalar, Mahmoud. "ČELLA In Persian Folklore". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2011-12-21.
  14. ^ The placenta was cut and immediately it was poked with a pin or a needle to frighten bad spirits such as ‘Al’. These spirits were closely associated with death of the baby or the mother or anything else that could go wrong at this time. Zoroastrians believed in a number of such dark spirits attacking the mother and the newborn and ‘Al’ resembles the ancient spirits [1].
  15. ^ see also Persian Wikipedia page about Bakhtak
  16. ^ Omidsalar, Mahmoud. "DĪV". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2011-04-22.
  17. ^ Omidsalar, Mahmoud and Teresa P. "ḠUL". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2011-04-22.
  18. ^ See also Persian Wikipedia page about Zaar ritual in Iran
  19. ^ Iranian folklore games ( In Persian) Template:Wayback
  20. ^ How to play Hokm
  21. ^ Encyclopedia Iranica, "CARD GAMES(ganjafa-bāzī, waraq-bāzī)" by Mahdi Roschanzamir
  22. ^ Ganjafa(In Persian)
  23. ^ About Âs Nas Template:Wayback
  24. ^ Jacoby,Morehead, Oswald,Albert. "poker Origin and spread". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-01-18.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link):

    Poker is virtually indistinguishable from an older Persian game called as nas, a four-hand game played with a 20-card pack, five cards dealt to each player. This coincidence led some students of games to call poker a derivative of as nas, but this theory has been discredited.

    .
  25. ^ Krasnowolska, Anna. "KUSA". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2009-03-19.
  26. ^ HITCHINS, KEITH. "Part v. KURDISH (SUNNI)". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2009-03-19.
  27. ^ a b OMIDSALAR, MAHMOUD. "DIVINATION". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
  28. ^ Chelkowski, Peter. "THE PASSION (TA'ZIA) OF HOSAYN". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
  29. ^ Calmard, J. "'AZAÚDAÚRÈ". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
  30. ^ MARZOLPH, ULRICH. "FOLKLORE STUDIES". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2008-01-18.:

    "As a result, some topics, especially those of religious relevance (such as the Ta'zieh; see Homayun, 1989; Idem, 1976; Idem, 1998; cf. Waklian, 1991) are prioritized"
  31. ^ Orsatti, Paola. "ḴOSROW O ŠIRIN". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
  32. ^ C.-H. de Fouchécour, “Nâz o niyâz, ou l’amour et l’Orient,” Luqmân 5/2, 1989, pp. 77-86
  33. ^ Serving different kinds of pastry and nuts known as Ajîleh Moshkel Goshâ (lit. The problem-solving nuts) is the Chahârshanbe Sûrî way of giving thanks for the previous year's health and happiness, while exchanging any remaining paleness and evil for the warmth and vibrancy of the fire. [2]
  34. ^ دنیای مجازی یا فاجعه مجازی در ایران - قاشق زنی، آجيل مشکل گشا، پريدن از روی آتش، فالگوش ايستادن Template:Wayback
  35. ^ M.Moin:A Persian Dictionary, 3rd edition, Page 4752(In Persian)
  36. ^ a b Šakūrzāda, Omidsalar, Ebrāhīm ,Mahmoud. "ČAŠM-ZAḴM". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2009-06-30.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  37. ^ اسفند Template:Wayback Great Islamic Encyclopedia (In Persian)
  38. ^ Omidsalar, Mahmoud. "SOFRA". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved November 15, 2006.
  39. ^ "Quran in Iranian traditions (In Persian)". Retrieved 2011-03-12.
  40. ^ a b HABIBI, FARANGUIS. "SYNGUÉ SABUR: PIERRE DE PATIENCE". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  41. ^ http://www.timsheppard.co.uk/story/dir/traditions/asiamiddleeast.html
  42. ^ HANAWAY, WILLIAM L. "DĀSTĀN-SARĀʾĪ (storytelling)". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2009-01-25.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Folklore of Iran.
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