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L3 is sub-divided into several clades, two of which spawned the macro-haplogroups [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|M]] and [[Haplogroup N (mtDNA)|N]] that are today carried by most people outside of Africa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=D |last2=Brown |first2=MD |last3=Lott |first3=MT |title=Mitochondrial DNA variation in human evolution and disease |journal=Gene |volume=238 |issue=1 |pages=211–30 |year=1999 |pmid=10570998 |doi=10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00295-4}}</ref> There is at least one relatively deep non-M, non-N clade of L3 outside Africa, L3f1b6, found at 1% in Asturias Spain, which diverged from African L3 lineages at least 10,000 years ago.<ref name="Pardiñas2014">{{cite journal|last1=Pardiñas|first1=AF|last2=Martínez|first2=JL|last3=Roca|first3= A|last4=García-Vazquez|first4= E|last5=López|first5=B|title=Over the sands and far away: Interpreting an Iberian mitochondrial lineage with ancient Western African origins|journal=Am J Hum Biol.|volume=26|issue=6|pages=777–83|year=2014|pmid= 25130626|doi=10.1002/ajhb.22601}}</ref>
L3 is sub-divided into several clades, two of which spawned the macro-haplogroups [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|M]] and [[Haplogroup N (mtDNA)|N]] that are today carried by most people outside of Africa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=D |last2=Brown |first2=MD |last3=Lott |first3=MT |title=Mitochondrial DNA variation in human evolution and disease |journal=Gene |volume=238 |issue=1 |pages=211–30 |year=1999 |pmid=10570998 |doi=10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00295-4}}</ref> There is at least one relatively deep non-M, non-N clade of L3 outside Africa, L3f1b6, found at 1% in Asturias Spain, which diverged from African L3 lineages at least 10,000 years ago.<ref name="Pardiñas2014">{{cite journal|last1=Pardiñas|first1=AF|last2=Martínez|first2=JL|last3=Roca|first3= A|last4=García-Vazquez|first4= E|last5=López|first5=B|title=Over the sands and far away: Interpreting an Iberian mitochondrial lineage with ancient Western African origins|journal=Am J Hum Biol.|volume=26|issue=6|pages=777–83|year=2014|pmid= 25130626|doi=10.1002/ajhb.22601}}</ref>


According to Maca-Meyer et al. (2001), "L3 is more related to [[Eurasia]]n haplogroups than to the most divergent [[Ethnic groups of Africa|African]] clusters [[Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)|L1]] and [[Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)|L2]]".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maca-Meyer |first1=Nicole |last2=González |first2=Ana M |last3=Larruga |first3=José M |last4=Flores |first4=Carlos |last5=Cabrera |first5=Vicente M |title=Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions |journal=BMC Genetics |volume=2 |page=13 |year=2001 |pmid=11553319 |pmc=55343 |doi=10.1186/1471-2156-2-13}}</ref> L3 is the haplogroup from which all modern humans outside of Africa derive.<ref>https://www.cambridgedna.com/genealogy-dna-ancient-migrations-slideshow.php?view=step3</ref>
According to Maca-Meyer et al. (2001), "L3 is more related to [[Eurasia]]n haplogroups than to the most divergent [[Ethnic groups of Africa|African]] clusters [[Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)|L1]] and [[Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)|L2]]".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maca-Meyer |first1=Nicole |last2=González |first2=Ana M |last3=Larruga |first3=José M |last4=Flores |first4=Carlos |last5=Cabrera |first5=Vicente M |title=Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions |journal=BMC Genetics |volume=2 |page=13 |year=2001 |pmid=11553319 |pmc=55343 |doi=10.1186/1471-2156-2-13}}</ref> L3 is the haplogroup from which all modern humans outside of Africa derive.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cambridgedna.com/genealogy-dna-ancient-migrations-slideshow.php?view=step3 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-03-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708112911/https://www.cambridgedna.com/genealogy-dna-ancient-migrations-slideshow.php?view=step3 |archivedate=2011-07-08 |df= }}</ref>


Basal haplogroup L3* is found among [[Nubian people|Nubians]] (13.8%),<ref name="Hassan2009">{{cite web|last1=Mohamed|first1=Hisham Yousif Hassan|title=Genetic Patterns of Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation, with Implications to the Peopling of the Sudan|url=http://khartoumspace.uofk.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/6376/Genetic%20Patterns%20of%20Y-chromosome%20and%20Mitochondrial.pdf?sequence=1|publisher=University of Khartoum|accessdate=14 June 2016}}</ref> as well as [[Socotra|Socotri]] (4.3%).<ref name="Cerny2009">{{cite journal|last1=Černý, Viktor|title=Out of Arabia – the settlement of island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity|journal=American journal of Physical Anthropology|date=2009|volume=138|issue=4|pages=439–47|url=http://ychrom.invint.net/upload/iblock/f30/Cerny%202009%20Out%20of%20ArabiarusThe%20Settlement%20of%20Island%20Soqotra%20as%20Revealed%20by%20Mitochondrial%20and%20Y.pdf|accessdate=14 June 2016|display-authors=etal|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20960|pmid=19012329}}</ref>
Basal haplogroup L3* is found among [[Nubian people|Nubians]] (13.8%),<ref name="Hassan2009">{{cite web|last1=Mohamed|first1=Hisham Yousif Hassan|title=Genetic Patterns of Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation, with Implications to the Peopling of the Sudan|url=http://khartoumspace.uofk.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/6376/Genetic%20Patterns%20of%20Y-chromosome%20and%20Mitochondrial.pdf?sequence=1|publisher=University of Khartoum|accessdate=14 June 2016}}</ref> as well as [[Socotra|Socotri]] (4.3%).<ref name="Cerny2009">{{cite journal|last1=Černý, Viktor|title=Out of Arabia – the settlement of island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity|journal=American journal of Physical Anthropology|date=2009|volume=138|issue=4|pages=439–47|url=http://ychrom.invint.net/upload/iblock/f30/Cerny%202009%20Out%20of%20ArabiarusThe%20Settlement%20of%20Island%20Soqotra%20as%20Revealed%20by%20Mitochondrial%20and%20Y.pdf|accessdate=14 June 2016|display-authors=etal|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20960|pmid=19012329|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006125303/http://ychrom.invint.net/upload/iblock/f30/Cerny%202009%20Out%20of%20ArabiarusThe%20Settlement%20of%20Island%20Soqotra%20as%20Revealed%20by%20Mitochondrial%20and%20Y.pdf|archivedate=6 October 2016|df=}}</ref>


Haplogroup L3 has been observed in an ancient fossil belonging to the [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic B]] culture.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fernández, Eva, et al.|title=Ancient DNA analysis of 8000 BC near eastern farmers supports an early neolithic pioneer maritime colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands|journal=PLoS Genetics|date=2014|volume=10|issue=6|pmc=4046922|pmid=24901650|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004401|page=e1004401}}</ref> The clade has also been found among [[ancient Egypt]]ian mummies excavated at the [[Abusir|Abusir el-Meleq]] archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-[[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic]]/late [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] and Ptolemaic periods.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schuenemann, Verena J., et al.|title=Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods|journal=Nature Communications|date=2017|volume=8|page=15694|pmid=28556824|pmc=5459999|doi=10.1038/ncomms15694|bibcode=2017NatCo...815694S}}</ref> Additionally, haplogroup L3 has been observed in ancient [[Guanches|Guanche]] fossils excavated in [[Gran Canaria]] and [[Tenerife]] on the [[Canary Islands]], which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. All of the clade-bearing individuals were inhumed at the Gran Canaria site, with most of these specimens found to belong to the L3b1a subclade (3/4; 75%).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rodrı́guez-Varela et al.|title=Genomic Analyses of Pre-European Conquest Human Remains from the Canary Islands Reveal Close Affinity to Modern North Africans|journal=Current Biology|date=2017|volume=27|issue=1–7|url=http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(17)31257-5|accessdate=27 October 2017}}</ref>
Haplogroup L3 has been observed in an ancient fossil belonging to the [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic B]] culture.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fernández, Eva, et al.|title=Ancient DNA analysis of 8000 BC near eastern farmers supports an early neolithic pioneer maritime colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands|journal=PLoS Genetics|date=2014|volume=10|issue=6|pmc=4046922|pmid=24901650|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004401|page=e1004401}}</ref> The clade has also been found among [[ancient Egypt]]ian mummies excavated at the [[Abusir|Abusir el-Meleq]] archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-[[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic]]/late [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] and Ptolemaic periods.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schuenemann, Verena J., et al.|title=Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods|journal=Nature Communications|date=2017|volume=8|page=15694|pmid=28556824|pmc=5459999|doi=10.1038/ncomms15694|bibcode=2017NatCo...815694S}}</ref> Additionally, haplogroup L3 has been observed in ancient [[Guanches|Guanche]] fossils excavated in [[Gran Canaria]] and [[Tenerife]] on the [[Canary Islands]], which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. All of the clade-bearing individuals were inhumed at the Gran Canaria site, with most of these specimens found to belong to the L3b1a subclade (3/4; 75%).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rodrı́guez-Varela et al.|title=Genomic Analyses of Pre-European Conquest Human Remains from the Canary Islands Reveal Close Affinity to Modern North Africans|journal=Current Biology|date=2017|volume=27|issue=1–7|url=http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(17)31257-5|accessdate=27 October 2017}}</ref>
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** '''L3d''' – Wide distribution in Africa. Among the [[Fulani]],<ref name="Behar" /> [[Chad]]ians,<ref name="Behar" /> [[Ethiopian]]s,<ref name="Kivisild">{{cite journal |last1=Kivisild |first1=T |last2=Reidla |first2=M |last3=Metspalu |first3=E |last4=Rosa |first4=A |last5=Brehm |first5=A |last6=Pennarun |first6=E |last7=Parik |first7=J |last8=Geberhiwot |first8=T |last9=Usanga |first9=E |last10=Villems |first10=Richard |title=Ethiopian Mitochondrial DNA Heritage: Tracking Gene Flow Across and Around the Gate of Tears |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=752–70 |year=2004 |doi=10.1086/425161 |pmid=15457403 |pmc=1182106 |display-authors=8 }}</ref> [[Akan people]],<ref name="Fendt">{{cite journal|url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1872497311001268#sec0085 | doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.05.011 | volume=6 | issue=2 | title=MtDNA diversity of Ghana: a forensic and phylogeographic view | year=2012 | journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics | pages=244–49 | last1 = Fendt | first1 = Liane | last2 = Röck | first2 = Alexander | last3 = Zimmermann | first3 = Bettina | last4 = Bodner | first4 = Martin | last5 = Thye | first5 = Thorsten | last6 = Tschentscher | first6 = Frank | last7 = Owusu-Dabo | first7 = Ellis | last8 = Göbel | first8 = Tanja M.K. | last9 = Schneider | first9 = Peter M. | last10 = Parson | first10 = Walther}}</ref> [[Mozambique]],<ref name="Kivisild"/> [[Yemen]]<ref name="Kivisild" /> [[Egyptians]], [[Berbers]]<ref>Sheet1 – PLOS Pathogens</ref>
** '''L3d''' – Wide distribution in Africa. Among the [[Fulani]],<ref name="Behar" /> [[Chad]]ians,<ref name="Behar" /> [[Ethiopian]]s,<ref name="Kivisild">{{cite journal |last1=Kivisild |first1=T |last2=Reidla |first2=M |last3=Metspalu |first3=E |last4=Rosa |first4=A |last5=Brehm |first5=A |last6=Pennarun |first6=E |last7=Parik |first7=J |last8=Geberhiwot |first8=T |last9=Usanga |first9=E |last10=Villems |first10=Richard |title=Ethiopian Mitochondrial DNA Heritage: Tracking Gene Flow Across and Around the Gate of Tears |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=752–70 |year=2004 |doi=10.1086/425161 |pmid=15457403 |pmc=1182106 |display-authors=8 }}</ref> [[Akan people]],<ref name="Fendt">{{cite journal|url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1872497311001268#sec0085 | doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.05.011 | volume=6 | issue=2 | title=MtDNA diversity of Ghana: a forensic and phylogeographic view | year=2012 | journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics | pages=244–49 | last1 = Fendt | first1 = Liane | last2 = Röck | first2 = Alexander | last3 = Zimmermann | first3 = Bettina | last4 = Bodner | first4 = Martin | last5 = Thye | first5 = Thorsten | last6 = Tschentscher | first6 = Frank | last7 = Owusu-Dabo | first7 = Ellis | last8 = Göbel | first8 = Tanja M.K. | last9 = Schneider | first9 = Peter M. | last10 = Parson | first10 = Walther}}</ref> [[Mozambique]],<ref name="Kivisild"/> [[Yemen]]<ref name="Kivisild" /> [[Egyptians]], [[Berbers]]<ref>Sheet1 – PLOS Pathogens</ref>
* L3e'i'k'x
* L3e'i'k'x
** '''L3e''' – West-Central Africa. It is the most common L3 sub-clade in [[Bantu languages|Bantu]]-speaking populations.<ref>Anderson, S. 2006, [http://www.biolog-e.leeds.ac.uk/Biolog-e/uploads/SadieAnderson-Mann.pdf Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of African mitochondrial DNA variation.]</ref> L3e is suggested to be associated with a Central African origin and is also the most common L3 subclade amongst African Americans, [[Afro-Brazilian]]s and [[Caribbean]]s<ref name="Bandelt">{{cite journal |last1=Bandelt |first1=HJ |last2=Alves-Silva |first2=J |last3=Guimarães |first3=PE |last4=Santos |first4=MS |last5=Brehm |first5=A |last6=Pereira |first6=L |last7=Coppa |first7=A |last8=Larruga |first8=JM |last9=Rengo |first9=C |last10=Scozzari |first10=R |last11=Torroni |first11=A |last12=Prata |first12=M. J. |last13=Amorim |first13=A |last14=Prado |first14=V. F. |last15=Pena |first15=S. D. |title=Phylogeography of the human mitochondrial haplogroup L3e: a snapshot of African prehistory and Atlantic slave trade |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=65 |issue=Pt 6 |pages=549–63 |year=2001 |pmid=11851985 |doi=10.1017/S0003480001008892 |display-authors=8 |doi-broken-date=2017-01-16 }}</ref>
** '''L3e''' – West-Central Africa. It is the most common L3 sub-clade in [[Bantu languages|Bantu]]-speaking populations.<ref>Anderson, S. 2006, [http://www.biolog-e.leeds.ac.uk/Biolog-e/uploads/SadieAnderson-Mann.pdf Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of African mitochondrial DNA variation.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910155424/http://www.biolog-e.leeds.ac.uk/Biolog-e/uploads/SadieAnderson-Mann.pdf |date=2011-09-10 }}</ref> L3e is suggested to be associated with a Central African origin and is also the most common L3 subclade amongst African Americans, [[Afro-Brazilian]]s and [[Caribbean]]s<ref name="Bandelt">{{cite journal |last1=Bandelt |first1=HJ |last2=Alves-Silva |first2=J |last3=Guimarães |first3=PE |last4=Santos |first4=MS |last5=Brehm |first5=A |last6=Pereira |first6=L |last7=Coppa |first7=A |last8=Larruga |first8=JM |last9=Rengo |first9=C |last10=Scozzari |first10=R |last11=Torroni |first11=A |last12=Prata |first12=M. J. |last13=Amorim |first13=A |last14=Prado |first14=V. F. |last15=Pena |first15=S. D. |title=Phylogeography of the human mitochondrial haplogroup L3e: a snapshot of African prehistory and Atlantic slave trade |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=65 |issue=Pt 6 |pages=549–63 |year=2001 |pmid=11851985 |doi=10.1017/S0003480001008892 |display-authors=8 |doi-broken-date=2017-01-16 }}</ref>
*** L3e1 – Central Africa origin and is found in [[Algeria]], [[Cameroon]], [[Angola]],<ref name="Plaza2004">{{cite journal |last1=Plaza |first1=Stéphanie |last2=Salas |first2=Antonio |last3=Calafell |first3=Francesc |last4=Corte-Real |first4=Francisco |last5=Bertranpetit |first5=Jaume |last6=Carracedo |first6=Ángel |last7=Comas |first7=David |title=Insights into the western Bantu dispersal: mtDNA lineage analysis in Angola |journal=Human Genetics |volume=115 |issue=5 |pages=439–47 |year=2004 |pmid=15340834 |doi=10.1007/s00439-004-1164-0}}</ref> Mozambique, [[Sudanese]] and [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu]] from [[Kenya]] as well as in Yemen and among the [[Akan people]]<ref name="Fendt"/>
*** L3e1 – Central Africa origin and is found in [[Algeria]], [[Cameroon]], [[Angola]],<ref name="Plaza2004">{{cite journal |last1=Plaza |first1=Stéphanie |last2=Salas |first2=Antonio |last3=Calafell |first3=Francesc |last4=Corte-Real |first4=Francisco |last5=Bertranpetit |first5=Jaume |last6=Carracedo |first6=Ángel |last7=Comas |first7=David |title=Insights into the western Bantu dispersal: mtDNA lineage analysis in Angola |journal=Human Genetics |volume=115 |issue=5 |pages=439–47 |year=2004 |pmid=15340834 |doi=10.1007/s00439-004-1164-0}}</ref> Mozambique, [[Sudanese]] and [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu]] from [[Kenya]] as well as in Yemen and among the [[Akan people]]<ref name="Fendt"/>
*** L3e5 – Originated in the Chad Basin. Found in [[Algeria]],<ref name="Bekada2015">{{cite journal|author1=Asmahan Bekada |author2=Lara R. Arauna |author3=Tahria Deba |author4=Francesc Calafell |author5=Soraya Benhamamouch |author6=David Comas |title=Genetic Heterogeneity in Algerian Human Populations|journal=PLoS ONE|date=September 24, 2015|volume=10|issue=9|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0138453|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0138453|accessdate=13 May 2016 |pmid=26402429 |pmc=4581715 |pages=e0138453|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1038453B }}; [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?unique&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138453.s007 S5 Table]</ref> as well as [[Burkina Faso]], [[Nigeria]], South [[Tunisia]], South [[Morocco]] and [[Egypt]]<ref name= "Fadhlaoui-Zid">{{cite journal |last1=Fadhlaoui-Zid |first1=K. |last2=Plaza |first2=S. |last3=Calafell |first3=F. |last4=Ben Amor |first4=M. |last5=Comas |first5=D. |last6=Bennamar |first6=A. |last7=Gaaied |first7=El |title=Mitochondrial DNA Heterogeneity in Tunisian Berbers |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=68 |issue=Pt 3 |pages=222–33 |year=2004 |pmid=15180702 |doi=10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00096.x}}</ref>
*** L3e5 – Originated in the Chad Basin. Found in [[Algeria]],<ref name="Bekada2015">{{cite journal|author1=Asmahan Bekada |author2=Lara R. Arauna |author3=Tahria Deba |author4=Francesc Calafell |author5=Soraya Benhamamouch |author6=David Comas |title=Genetic Heterogeneity in Algerian Human Populations|journal=PLoS ONE|date=September 24, 2015|volume=10|issue=9|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0138453|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0138453|accessdate=13 May 2016 |pmid=26402429 |pmc=4581715 |pages=e0138453|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1038453B }}; [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?unique&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138453.s007 S5 Table]</ref> as well as [[Burkina Faso]], [[Nigeria]], South [[Tunisia]], South [[Morocco]] and [[Egypt]]<ref name= "Fadhlaoui-Zid">{{cite journal |last1=Fadhlaoui-Zid |first1=K. |last2=Plaza |first2=S. |last3=Calafell |first3=F. |last4=Ben Amor |first4=M. |last5=Comas |first5=D. |last6=Bennamar |first6=A. |last7=Gaaied |first7=El |title=Mitochondrial DNA Heterogeneity in Tunisian Berbers |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=68 |issue=Pt 3 |pages=222–33 |year=2004 |pmid=15180702 |doi=10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00096.x}}</ref>
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** Ian Logan's [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/mtDNA.htm Mitochondrial DNA Site]
** Ian Logan's [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/mtDNA.htm Mitochondrial DNA Site]
* Haplogroup L3
* Haplogroup L3
** Mannis van Oven's [http://www.phylotree.org/tree/subtree_L3.htm PhyloTree.org – mtDNA subtree L3]
** Mannis van Oven's [https://web.archive.org/web/20091117111251/http://www.phylotree.org/tree/subtree_L3.htm PhyloTree.org – mtDNA subtree L3]
** [https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=mm003 Spread of Haplogroup L3], from ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]''
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20060320203146/https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=mm003 Spread of Haplogroup L3], from ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]''


[[Category:Human mtDNA haplogroups|L3]]
[[Category:Human mtDNA haplogroups|L3]]

Revision as of 21:10, 29 October 2017

Haplogroup L3
Possible time of origin80,000–104,000 YBP[1] or 60,000–70,000 YBP[2]
Possible place of originEast Africa[3]
AncestorL3'4
DescendantsL3a, L3b'f, L3c'd, L3e'i'k'x, L3h, M, N
Defining mutations769, 1018, 16311[4]

Haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade has played a pivotal role in the prehistory of the human species. It represents the most common parent maternal lineage of all people outside of Africa, and for many individuals within the continent as well.[5]

Origin

Ancient dispersal of haplogroup L3, its descendant M and N lineages, and other mtDNA clades. Numbers represent thousand years before present.

Haplogroup L3's exact place of origin is uncertain. According to the Recent African origin of modern humans (Out-of-Africa) theory, the clade is believed to have arisen in Africa and dispersed from East Africa between 84,000 and 104,000 years ago.[1] An analysis of 369 complete African L3 sequences placed the maximal date of the clade's expansion at ∼70 ka. This virtually rules out a successful exit out of Africa before 74 ka, the date of the Toba volcanic super-eruption in Sumatra.[2] The Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor for the L3 lineage has also recently been estimated to be between 58,900 and 70,200 years ago.[2]

Distribution

Projected spatial distribution of haplogroup L3 in Africa and the Arabian peninsula.

L3 is common in Northeast Africa, in contrast to others parts of Africa where the haplogroups L1 and L2 represent two thirds of mtDNAs.[6][7] L3 sublineages are also frequent in the Arabian peninsula.

L3 is sub-divided into several clades, two of which spawned the macro-haplogroups M and N that are today carried by most people outside of Africa.[8] There is at least one relatively deep non-M, non-N clade of L3 outside Africa, L3f1b6, found at 1% in Asturias Spain, which diverged from African L3 lineages at least 10,000 years ago.[9]

According to Maca-Meyer et al. (2001), "L3 is more related to Eurasian haplogroups than to the most divergent African clusters L1 and L2".[10] L3 is the haplogroup from which all modern humans outside of Africa derive.[11]

Basal haplogroup L3* is found among Nubians (13.8%),[12] as well as Socotri (4.3%).[13]

Haplogroup L3 has been observed in an ancient fossil belonging to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture.[14] The clade has also been found among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom and Ptolemaic periods.[15] Additionally, haplogroup L3 has been observed in ancient Guanche fossils excavated in Gran Canaria and Tenerife on the Canary Islands, which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. All of the clade-bearing individuals were inhumed at the Gran Canaria site, with most of these specimens found to belong to the L3b1a subclade (3/4; 75%).[16]

Subclade distribution

L3 subclade distribution: L3b, L3d, L3e, L3f, L3h, L3i, L3x and L3w.

Undifferentiated haplogroup L3 is widely distributed, particularly in the Chad Basin.[17] It is also found among Egyptians inhabiting El-Hayez oasis (11.4%).[7]

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup L3 subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[4] and subsequent published research.

Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA)

  • L1-6
    • L2-6
      • L2'3'4'6
        • L3'4'6
          • L3'4
            • L3
              • L3a
              • L3b'f
                • L3b
                  • L3b1
                    • L3b1a
                      • L3b1a1
                      • L3b1a2
                    • L3b1b
                      • L3b1b1
                  • L3b2
                • L3f
                  • L3f1
                    • L3f1a
                    • L3f1b
                      • L3f1b1
                      • L3f1b2
                        • L3f1b2a
                      • 150
                        • L3f1b3
                        • L3f1b4
                          • L3f1b4a
                            • L3f1b4a1
                  • L3f2
                    • L3f2b
                  • L3f3
              • L3c'd
                • L3c
                • L3d
                  • L3d1-5
                    • L3d1
                      • L3d1a
                        • L3d1a1
                          • L3d1a1a
                      • L3d1b
                        • L3d1b1
                      • L3d1c
                      • L3d1d
                    • 199
                      • L3d2
                      • L3d5
                    • L3d3
                      • L3d3a
                    • L3d4
                    • L3d5
              • L3e'i'k'x
                • L3e
                  • L3e1
                    • L3e1a
                      • L3e1a1
                        • L3e1a1a
                      • 152
                        • L3e1a2
                        • L3e1a3
                    • L3e1b
                    • L3e1c
                    • L3e1d
                    • L3e1e
                  • L3e2
                    • L3e2a
                      • L3e2a1
                        • L3e2a1a
                        • L3e2a1b
                          • L3e2a1b1
                    • L3e2b
                      • L3e2b1
                        • L3e2b1a
                      • L3e2b2
                      • L3e2b3
                  • L3e3'4'5
                    • L3e3'4
                      • L3e3
                        • L3e3a
                        • L3e3b
                          • L3e3b1
                        • L3e4
                    • L3e5
                • L3i
                  • L3i1
                    • L3i1a
                    • L3i1b
                  • L3i2
                • L3k
                • L3x
                  • L3x1
                  • L3x2
                    • L3x2a
                      • L3x2a1
                        • L3x2a1a
                    • L3x2b
              • L3h
                • L3h1
                  • L3h1a
                    • L3h1a1
                    • L3h1a2
                      • L3h1a2a
                      • L3h1a2b
                  • L3h1b
                    • L3h1b1
                      • L3h1b1a
                        • L3h1b1a1
                    • L3h1b2
                • L3h2
              • M
              • N

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA).

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

References

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Notes

  1. ^ GUR46 on table 1. is a mtDNA haplogroup L3x2a.

External links

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