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{{Main |Internet censorship by country}}{{Update|date=January 2018}}
'''Internet censorship in Cuba''' comes in two forms: directly preventing access to certain websites and systematically limited infrastructure to access the internet cheaply or at all. While preventing access to certain websites is present, it is not particularly extensive.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://ooni.torproject.org/post/cuba-internet-censorship-2017/#key-findings|title=OONI - Measuring Internet Censorship in Cuba's ParkNets|website=ooni.torproject.org|language=en|access-date=2018-06-27}}</ref> Limiting access to internet through limited internet infrastructure and high cost to access foreign websites is the main method of censorship in Cuba.<ref name="RWB-Cuba" /> Cuba has been listed as an "Internet Enemy" by [[Reporters Without Borders]] since the list was created in 2006.<ref name=RWB-Cuba>[http://en.rsf.org/internet-enemie-cuba,39756.html "Internet Enemies: Cuba"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517134701/http://en.rsf.org/internet-enemie-cuba%2C39756.html |date=2011-05-17 }}, Reporters Without Borders, March 2011</ref> The level of Internet filtering in Cuba is not categorized by the [[OpenNet Initiative]] due to a lack of data.<ref>[http://opennet.net/research/profiles/cuba "ONI Country Profile: Cuba"], OpenNet Initiative, May 2007</ref>
'''Internet censorship in Cuba''' comes in two forms: directly preventing access to certain websites and systematically limited infrastructure to access the internet cheaply or at all. While preventing access to certain websites is present, it is not particularly extensive.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://ooni.torproject.org/post/cuba-internet-censorship-2017/#key-findings|title=OONI - Measuring Internet Censorship in Cuba's ParkNets|website=ooni.torproject.org|language=en|access-date=2018-06-27}}</ref> Limiting access to internet through limited internet infrastructure and high cost to access foreign websites is the main method of censorship in Cuba.<ref name="RWB-Cuba" />
* Cuba is listed as "not free" in the ''Freedom on the Net 2018'' report from [[Freedom House]], with an overall score of 79 out of 100 where 100 is the least free.<ref name=FOTN-2018-Cubs>[https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2018/cuba "Cuba"], ''Freedom on the Net 2018'', Freedom House. Retrieved 1 December 2018.</ref> This is the fifth highest score out of the 65 countries ranked, below China, Iran, Syria, and Ethiopia. Cuba has been listed as "not free" each year since the reports started in 2009.
* Cuba has been listed as an "Internet Enemy" by [[Reporters Without Borders]] since the list was created in 2006.<ref name=RWB-Cuba>[http://en.rsf.org/internet-enemie-cuba,39756.html "Internet Enemies: Cuba"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517134701/http://en.rsf.org/internet-enemie-cuba%2C39756.html |date=2011-05-17 }}, Reporters Without Borders, March 2011</ref>
* The level of Internet filtering in Cuba is not categorized by the [[OpenNet Initiative]] due to a lack of data.<ref>[http://opennet.net/research/profiles/cuba "ONI Country Profile: Cuba"], OpenNet Initiative, May 2007</ref>


==Background==
==Background==

Revision as of 01:41, 2 December 2018

Main article: Internet censorship by country

Internet censorship in Cuba comes in two forms: directly preventing access to certain websites and systematically limited infrastructure to access the internet cheaply or at all. While preventing access to certain websites is present, it is not particularly extensive.[1] Limiting access to internet through limited internet infrastructure and high cost to access foreign websites is the main method of censorship in Cuba.[2]

  • Cuba is listed as "not free" in the Freedom on the Net 2018 report from Freedom House, with an overall score of 79 out of 100 where 100 is the least free.[3] This is the fifth highest score out of the 65 countries ranked, below China, Iran, Syria, and Ethiopia. Cuba has been listed as "not free" each year since the reports started in 2009.
  • Cuba has been listed as an "Internet Enemy" by Reporters Without Borders since the list was created in 2006.[2]
  • The level of Internet filtering in Cuba is not categorized by the OpenNet Initiative due to a lack of data.[4]

Background

Surveillance and Self-Censorship

The computer lab of the University of Information Science in Havana, one of the major computer centers in Cuba.

To use a computer, Cubans have to give their name and address - and if they write dissent keywords, a popup appears stating that the document has been blocked 'for state security reasons', and the word processor or browser is automatically closed.[5]

Reports have shown that the Cuban government uses Avila Link software to monitor citizens use of the Internet. By routing connections through a proxy server, the government is able to obtain citizens' usernames and passwords.[6] Cuban ambassador Miguel Ramirez has argued that Cuba has the right to "regulate access to [the] Internet and avoid hackers, stealing passwords, [and] access to pornographic, satanic cults, terrorist or other negative sites".[7]

Reporters Without Borders suspects that Cuba obtained some of its internet surveillance technology from China, which has supplied other countries such as Zimbabwe and Belarus. Cuba does not enforce the same level of internet keyword censorship as China.[8]

Preventing Access to Information

All material intended for publication on the Internet must first be approved by the National Registry of Serial Publications. Service providers may not grant access to individuals not approved by the government.[9] One report found that many foreign news outlet websites are not blocked in Cuba, but the slow connections and outdated technology in Cuba makes it impossible for citizens to load these websites.[6]

Because of limited bandwidth, authorities give preference to use from locations where Internet access is used on a collective basis, such as in work places, schools, and research centers, where many people have access to the same computers or network.[10] Authorities claim that 1,600,000 or about twelve percent of the population have access to Internet, and there were 630,000 computers available on the island in 2008, a 23% increase over 2007. But it is also seen as essential for Cuba’s economic development.[11]

Limitations Despite Increased Internet Access

In recent times, censorship of the Internet has slowly relaxed. For example, in 2007, it became possible for members of the public to legally buy a computer.[12] Digital media is starting to play a more important role, bringing news of events in Cuba to the rest of the world. In spite of restrictions, Cubans connect to the Internet at embassies, Internet cafés, through friends at universities, hotels, and work. Cellphone availability is increasing.[13] Starting on 4 June 2013 Cubans can sign up with Etecsa, the state telecom company, for public Internet access at 118 centers across the country. Juventud Rebelde, an official newspaper, said new areas of the Internet would gradually become available.[14]

Despite increasing access the government still has a history of limiting access to the internet. Alan Phillip Gross, under employment with a contractor for the U.S. Agency for International Development, was arrested in Cuba on 3 December 2009 and was convicted on 12 March 2011 for covertly distributing laptops and cellular phones on the island.[15][16][17] The rise of digital media in Cuba has led the government to be increasingly worried about these tools; U.S. diplomatic cables published by WikiLeaks in December 2010 revealed that US diplomats believed that the Cuban government is more afraid of bloggers than of "traditional" dissidents. The government has increased its own presence on blogging platforms with the number of "pro-government" blogging platforms on the rise since 2009.[2]

State Control of Telecommunications

Access to the internet in Cuba is controlled by the Empresa de Telecommunicaciones de Cuba S.A. (ETECSA), a state-owned monopoly. Access to the internet is granted through temporary or permanent accounts which last 30 days and 360 days, respectively. Temporary accounts are mostly used by foreign tourists, while permanent accounts are mostly used by Cuban citizens.[1] Although an estimated 32.5% of the population had access to the internet as of 2017 the vast majority of those people only have access to the intranet that is offered by the government.[18] The intranet includes access to an email service that can be used with the country, educational and cultural materials that are provided largely by government institutions, state sponsored media links, and some foreign websites that demonstrate support for the Cuban government.[19] The most popular sites that are offered through the intranet service include EcuRed, a Wikipedia like service that is offered in Spanish that attempts to "create and disseminate knowledge from a decolonizing point of view".[20] [1] The percentage of the population that has access to the global internet is far smaller at only 5% of the population in 2014.[21]

Cuba does not have the infrastructure and individuals do not have the incomes to make home Wi-Fi broadly available, thus the majority of Cuban access Wi-Fi through public means including the "ParkNets" and the Joven Club. The ParkNets are public Wi-Fi hotspots often located in parks where the vast majority of Cubans go to visit there Wi-Fi. There are 421 public Wi-Fi hotspots in all of Cuba, and 67 of those hotspots are located in the capital city of Havana.[22] The majority of Wi-Fi is accessed by Cubans is in these public areas, as a result Cubans overwhelmingly access the internet through mobile devices, with among the most popular apps in Cuba being communication apps Facebook Messenger and WhatsApp which are often used to contact family that is living abroad.[23] The other method through which Cubans access the internet is the Joven Clubs, or Youth Club, which are government provided computer centers where the public can access both the intranet and internet by providing identification. By using identification codes for every person that accesses the internet, the government is likely able to track the online behavior of everyone that is using the internet which may result in some degree of self censorship in the population.[1]

High-Cost of Internet Access

Two kinds of online connections are offered in Cuban Internet cafes: a 'national' one that is restricted to a simple intranet service operated by the government, and an 'international' one that gives access to the entire Internet.[21] The general population can access the former for .10 CUC an hour, while the later costs 1.50 CUC an hour. The majority of people in Cuba are paid a salary of $25 per month by the Cuban government, and even people who are employed by foreign firms still only make a salary of $30 per month.[24] With such low incomes and the relatively expensive cost of internet, most Cubans who access the internet are motivated to use the lower cost Cuban intranet rather than the global internet. This means that of the Cubans that are able to access the internet, the majority of them are mostly accessing the content that is either created directly by the government or curated by the government and far more highly censored than the global internet.[1] The cost of internet access restricts access to the internet and limits access to the global internet even if the local intranet is accessible.[1]

Residential internet is also very expensive at 15 CUC per month for the cheapest plan and 70 CUC per month for the plan that offers the fastest quality internet.[25] These services represent a cost that is excess of the majority or all of the salary of the vast majority of the Cuban population.[24] Similarly, internet for businesses is out of reach for all but the most wealthy customers with monthly costs that are at least 100 CUC a moth for direct access to the global internet for the slowest service and at a maximum of over 30,000 CUC a month for the fastest service that is offered. As a result the vast majority of Cuban residences and businesses do not have access to the internet.[25]

Censorship of Yoani Sánchez

Main article: Yoani Sánchez

Yoani Sánchez is a Cuba dissident blogger that publishes a blog called Generación Y, or Generation Y in English, that is censored over the public internet in Cuba by the Cuban government, but is widely read outside of Cuba and is translated into 15 different languages.[26] Yoani Sánchez is also a published author of two books, Free Cuba and Word Press: A Blog for Speaking to the World. When Free Cuba, or Cuba Libre in Spanish, was sent by her publisher to Cuba it was impounded by the Cuban government due to the fact that it transgressed "against the general interest of the nation" and because it had positions which were "extremes totally contrary" to the principles of Cuban society.[27] Yoani Sánchez was not allowed to go on a book tour to promote Free Cuba by the Cuban government, but was able to bypass these restrictions by recording book readings and smuggling them out of the country on flash drives and leveraging online interviews.[27]

The government uses state-controlled media to characterize the work done by Yoani Sánchez as "cyberwar" against the government and Yoani as a leader of a “special envoys of neo-colonialism, sent to undermine” the rule of the Castro's in Cuba.[27] Many pro-government critics in Cuba claim that Yoani's projects are paid for by the U.S. government and Cuban exiles who are attempting to undermine the success of the communist revolution.[28] In 2014 Yoani launched a media company called 14ymedio. The publication's website was hacked during its launch so that visitors would be transferred to another website that was dedicated to criticizing the work of Yoani Sánchez.[29] Yoani also leverages the use of USB, CDs and DVDs in order to circulate her content in Cuba to avoid government censorship on the internet and in publishing.[29]

In addition to censoring the availability of her works, Yoani alleges that the government has attempted to censor her through the use of intimidation as indicated by an alleged kidnapping incident in 2009 and an arrest in 2012.[30][28] Yoani alleges that on her way to a peaceful protest she was forced to get into a black van by three men who she believed to be government actors. In the van she was allegedly punched and made to fear for her life and then dumped in a middle of a street a half an hour later.[30] The Cuban government has not commented on the alleged incident. While going to attend a trial for Angel Carromero in 2012 Yoani was arrested and held for 30 hours so that she could not attend the trial. According to a pro-government website, Yoani was arrested by Cuban authorities over concern that she would make the trial a "media show" [28]

Circumventing Censorship

See also: Internet censorship circumvention

In order to get around the government's control of the Internet, citizens have developed numerous techniques. Some get online through embassies and coffee shops or purchase accounts through the black market. The black market consists of professional or former government officials who have been cleared to have Internet access.[2] These individuals sell or rent their usernames and passwords to citizens who want to have access.[31]

Bloggers and other dissidents that have trouble getting online may use flash drives to get their work published. The blogger will type their piece on a computer, save it on a flash drive, and then hand it to another person who has an easier time getting online at a hotel or other more open venue.[2] Flash drives along with data discs are also used to distribute material (articles, prohibited photos, satirical cartoons, video clips) that has been downloaded from the Internet or stolen from government offices. Others get their work out by writing it by hand and then calling a person abroad to have them transcribe and publish it on their behalf.[6]

Bloggers such as Yoani Sánchez send text message tweets from a mobile phone.[32] Another mechanism to get tweets out is to insert a foreign SIM card into a cell phone and access the Internet through the phone.[2] Some citizens are able "to break through the infrastructural blockages by building their own antennas, using illegal dial-up connections, and developing blogs on foreign platforms."[6]

El Paquette

In an attempt to deliver media to the Cuban public without unreliable digital means, some Cubans have gone as far as hand delivering content to the user through the use of portable hard drives.[33] This allows individuals to avoid having to use internet circumvention tools altogether and presents a more straight forward approach to gathering content for those who are not as technically adept or do not have the resources to gather content from the internet. El Paquette Semanal, or the weekly package in English, is the local name for the digital content that is delivered to Cuba on a weekly basis.[34] The content that is delivered through El Paquette consists of a variety of digital media, including music, television shows, movies, news articles, foreign software, and mobile applications.[35] This media will be delivered to a computer owned by a local vendor el paquette in Cuba and then sold to Cuban citizens who come and download the content that they would wish to consume from a computer onto a USB to use in there own homes.[1] The content of El Paquette is often entertainment and information driven rather than an attempt to smuggle in content that is explicitly negative towards the Cuban government. El Paquette forms a sort of crude offline internet where the Cuban population can gain access to a tremendous amount of digital content despite the lack of information technology infrastructure within the country.[35]

StreetNets (SNet)

StreetNets is a name used to refer to the local mesh networks that are built by Cuban citizens in order to connect localities to a private network that is outside of the view of the government and can operate in a way that is completely uncensored.[1] Members of the mesh networks are able to communicate online privately with one another and share files through the network without fear of government oversight or censorship. The mesh network is formed by a series of Wi-Fi antennas and Ethernet cables that are connected to one another and are able to bring hundreds of computers onto a single network.[1] It is estimated that over 9,000 computers in the capital city of Havana are connected to some form of a mesh network.[36] As mentioned above, all internet is controlled by the ETECSA, so ownership of Wi-Fi equipment privately without the consent of the government is illegal without a license from the Ministry of Communications.[1] However, the government has not taken much action to attempt to shut down the SNet, likely because there is strong self-censorship by the community to the extent where if anyone post pornographic material or discusses politics they are permanently blocked from using the network.[36] Both the SNet and El Paquette are largely self censored because of the value that Cubans place on accessing the content and their unwillingness to face backlash by the government, potentially risking losing access to the content.[36]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "OONI - Measuring Internet Censorship in Cuba's ParkNets". ooni.torproject.org. Retrieved 2018-06-27.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Internet Enemies: Cuba" Archived 2011-05-17 at the Wayback Machine, Reporters Without Borders, March 2011
  3. ^ "Cuba", Freedom on the Net 2018, Freedom House. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  4. ^ "ONI Country Profile: Cuba", OpenNet Initiative, May 2007
  5. ^ "Cuba's Internet paradox: How controlled and censored Internet risks Cuba's achievements in education". www.amnesty.org. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
  6. ^ a b c d "Cuba" (PDF). Freedom on the Net 2011. Freedom House. 4 May 2011.
  7. ^ Luxner, Larry (February 2004). "Cuba delays crackdown against illegal access to Internet". Cuba News.
  8. ^ Claire Voeux and Julien Pain (October 2006). "Going online in Cuba: Internet under surveillance" (PDF). Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Azel, José (27 February 2011). "Opinion: Cuba's Internet repression equals groupthink". The Miami Herald.
  10. ^ "Cuba to keep internet limits". Havana: Agence France-Presse (AFP). 6 February 2009. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  11. ^ Juventud Rebelde (6 February 2009), Internet es vital para el desarrollo de Cuba (Internet is vital for the development of Cuba) (in Spanish), Cuban Youth Daily (English translation)
  12. ^ "Changes in Cuba: From Fidel to Raul Castro", Perceptions of Cuba: Canadian and American policies in comparative perspective, Lana Wylie, University of Toronto Press Incorporated, 2010, p. 114, ISBN 978-1-4426-4061-0
  13. ^ "New media bring the world closer to Cuba: Cuban bloggers and dissidents are becoming adept at sending news of protests abroad, but internal communication remains difficult", Mini Whitefield, Miami Herald, 8 October 2011 Archived October 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ "Cuban Centers to Offer a Costly Glimpse of the Web", New York Times (AP), 28 May 2013
  15. ^ Shefler, Gil (13 March 2011). "Cuba sentence for Jewish aid worker draws US ire". Jerusalem Post. Reuters.
  16. ^ Sanchez, Isabel (13 March 2011). "Cuba sentences US contractor amid tense ties". Agence France-Presse (AFP).
  17. ^ "Alan Gross Sentenced to 15 Years in Prison". Cuban News Agency. 12 March 2011.
  18. ^ "The Caribbean Internet Usage Stats by Country". www.internetworldstats.com. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
  19. ^ Aldous, Viviana (Fall 2018). "Censorship in Cuba". Chicago Ubound.
  20. ^ "Lo que EcuRed no es". EcuRed (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-11-25.
  21. ^ a b "Cuba". freedomhouse.org. Retrieved 2018-11-12.
  22. ^ "Espacios públicos de conexión inalámbrica (WIFI)". www.etecsa.cu (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-11-25.
  23. ^ "In Cuba, app stores pay rent". The Economist. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
  24. ^ a b Rapoza, Kenneth. "Guess How Much Cubans Earn Per Month". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
  25. ^ a b "Internet". www.etecsa.cu (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-11-25.
  26. ^ "My Profile". Generation Y. 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
  27. ^ a b c Rohter, Larry. "Yoani Sánchez, Cuba's Voice of a Blogging Generation". Retrieved 2018-11-25.
  28. ^ a b c Booth, William. "Cuba arrests Yoani Sanchez, a well-known anti-Castro blogger". Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-11-25. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  29. ^ a b "Blogger Yoani Sánchez's digital newspaper blocked in Cuba". miamiherald. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
  30. ^ a b Hamilton, Andrew (2009-11-28). "Yoani Sanchez, Cuba's popular blogger, has been beaten up for describing life". ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
  31. ^ "Havana Internet cafes". Havana Guide. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
  32. ^ Whitefield, Mimi (5 October 2011). "New media bring the world closer to Cuba". Miami Herald. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  33. ^ Pedro, Emilio San (2015-08-10). "Cuban internet delivered by hand". BBC News. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
  34. ^ "When Cubans want internet content, black-market El Paquete delivers | CBC News". CBC. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
  35. ^ a b Press, Larry (2016-05-27). "The Internet in Cuba: Inside an edition of El Paquete". The Internet in Cuba. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
  36. ^ a b c Estes, Adam Clark. "Cuba's Illegal Underground Internet Is Thriving". Gizmodo. Retrieved 2018-11-25.

See also

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