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<big><big><big><big>Pancreatic lipase inhibitors from natural sources</big></big></big></big>
== Human pancreatic lipase ==

Pancreatic lipase, also known as pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase or steapsin is a lipolytic enzyme synthesized and released in the pancreatic juice by the pancreas, plays an essential role in digestion and absorption of triglycerides from the gut
It that breaks down fat molecules obtained from diet. It mainly responsible for the hydrolysis of ester linkages of triglycerides in order to convert them to monoglycerides and free fatty acids.[[(1)(1)Chapus C, Rovery M, Sarda L, Verger R (1988). "Minireview on pancreatic lipase and colipase". Biochimie. 70 (9): 1223–1234. doi:10.1016/0300-9084(88)90188-5. PMID 3147715.|(1)]]
== Pancreatic enzymes inhibitors ==
They are agents that limit diet lipids digestion and fats absorption from intestine [[(2)(2)Klein S. Long-term pharmacotherapy for obesity. Obes. Res. 2004; 12 Suppl:163S-166S|(2)]]. The only FDA approved pharmacological agent works as a potent pancreatic lipase inhibitor & one of the best-selling drugs is orlistat (Xenical).[[Lean M. E. J., Campbell P. Orlistat. J. Drug Eval. 2004; 2:179-218|(3)]]
Orlistat hydrogenated derivative
of lipstatin derived from Streptomyces toxytricini that increases fecal fat excretion in dose dependent manner, thus inhibit approximately 25-30% of calories ingested as fat. It's one of the best-selling drugs over the world for there effectiveness in the treatment of human obesity.[[Hauptman J. B., Jeunet F. S., Hartman D. Initial studies in humans with the novel gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor Ro 18-0647 (tetrahydrolipstatin). Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1992; 55:309S-313S|(4)]][[(6)Sjostrom L., Rissanen A., Andersen T., Boldrin M., Golay A., Koppeschaar H. P. F., Krempf M. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of orlistat for weight loss and prevention of weight regain in obese patients. Lancet 1998; 352:167-173.|(6)]]
Orlistat has unpleasant GI side effects (like oily stools, oily spotting, and flatulence ) that make researchers tend to find more reliable to use agents and here we will discuss there tendencies to find pancreatic lipase inhibitors from natural sources that work locally with less systemic side effects.

== Obesity and Pancreatic lipase inhibitors ==
Obesity is a metabolic disorder, caused by an imbalance between the energy intake and expenditure.
Obesity and central obesity are strongly related to increase morbidity and mortality rate, cardiovascular complications (hypertension, HF, Afib, stroke for example), dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. So several pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies have been implemented to find treatments for this critical problem.([[Cairns E. Obesity: the fat lady sings? Drug Discov. Today 2005; 10:305-307|7]]-[[Ioannides-Demos L. L., Proietto J., Tonkin A. M., McNeil J. J. Safety of drug therapies used for weight loss and treatment of obesity. Drug Saf. 2006; 29:277-302|9]])
The elevation in plasma triglycerides is considered the major contributor for the development of obesity and it's complications. Thus, the inhibition of diet lipids absorption is such a rate limiting step in prevention of human obesity and this can occur by the inhibiting of the enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of diet fat and therefore inhibits there absorption.[[Verger R. Interfacial activation of lipases: Facts and artifacts. Trends Biotechnol. 1997; 15:32-38|(10)]]
In this article we will discuss some natural sources tested in vitro for there ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase enzyme that secreted from pancreas.

== Medicinal plants with pancreatic lipase inhibitory effect. ==
plants materials were collected during the flowering phase of these plants.They were cleaned and dried at room temperature then passed through a 24 mesh sieve to create a homogeneous powder which stored at room temperature and protected from light.
Methanolic extract were conducted and enzyme preparation were done then pancreatic lipase activity were measured by sperctrophotometric assay through measuring the p-nitrophenol releas.The net result of this process is obtaining IC50 of each plant extract.

=== Anthemis palaestina Boiss ===
A.palaestina is one of the most potent plant extracts that shows dose dependent pancreatic lipase inhibitory effect ranging from20-56% with a IC50 about 107mcg/ml. By this result we can consider these plants as a promising agents for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and an adjunctive method to treat human obesity. In Addition to anti-PL effect of this plant, it was previously reported that A.plaestina has antioxidant activity.[[Tawaha K., Alali F. Q., Gharaibeh M., Mohammad M., El-Elimat T. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of selected Jordanian plant species. Food Chem. 2007; 104:1372-1378|(11)]]
Further studies are needed, using animal models, to verify the inhibitory activities of these plant in-vivo.

=== Salvia spinosa ===
S.spinosa belongs to Lamiaceae family and it's also consider potent plants extract that has anti-PL activity ranging from 5-55% in dose dependent manner with a IC50 about 156.2mcg/ml.
It's also such a promising materials for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and an adjunctive method to treat human obesity. However, Further studies are needed using animal models to verify the inhibitory activities of these plant in-vivo.

=== Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis ===
Rosemary has been used for a wide range of disease as antispasmodic,anti-inflammatory,antimicrobial,anticarcinogenic,a reliever of respiratory symptoms and a stimulator of hair growth.[[Al-Sereiti MR, Abu-Amer KM, Sen P (1999). Pharmacology of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.) and its therapeutic potentials. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 37: 124-130|(12)]]
Rosemary methanolic extracts and pure compounds was recently studied for both hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and pancreatic lipase (PL).This would provide promising strategy in combating both obesity and hyperglycemia and their complications.[[Bassani V, Casadebaig J, Jacob M, Menut C, Lechat I , Lamaty G (1990). Preparation of a low-alcohol extract of Rosmarinus officinalis using a reverse osmosis membrane. Int. J. Pharm., 63: 57-63|(13)]]
Rosemary methanolic extract exhibited a significant inhibitory activity on both enzymes with an IC50 13.8mcg/ml for PL and 95.2mcg/ml for HSL. The rosemary extract was more effective against PL than that of HSL. They also studied the effect of pure compounds {rosmarinic acid (RA), chlorogenic acid (CA), caffeic acid (CaA) and gallic acid (GA)} on PL and HSL and the conclusion of this study is that all tested compounds were able to inhibit both PL and HSL in dose dependent manner with highest potency of GA towards PL and HSL.
However, further studies are needed to determine whether these in vitro findings would correlate with the in vivo effects.
=== Gingko biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) ===
G. biloba has been used for medical purposes as dietary supplement or phytomedicine. It has a cardiovascular, neuroprotective and cerebrovascular effects. The plant extract of Ginkgo biloba after investigation showed a fat mass reduction, hypolipidaemic effect, and a potential weight reduction effect.
The extract have different types of active compounds, the most important ones are terpene trilactones (TTLs) and flavonol glycosides. These active compounds have antioxidant effects, inhibition of platelet aggregation and thromboxane & fatty acid synthase inhibition activity which is the target for the treatment of obesity.
An in vitro study done to evaluate the inhibitory effect of G. biloba against PL, the study was computer-aided molecular docking of TTLs, into the binding pocket of PL in order to reach to conclusions about terpenes/PL-binding energetics. The results were the anti-lipase activity of the methanolic extract of G.biloba leaves revealed a potent PL inhibition activity in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 = 16.5 μg/mL.[[ Yasser Bustanji, Ihab M. Al-Masri, Mohammad Mohammad, Mohammad Hudaib, Khaled Tawaha, Hamada Tarazi & Hatim S. AlKhatib (2011) Pancreatic lipase inhibition activity of trilactone terpenes of Ginkgobiloba|(14)]]

=== Berberine and Dihydroberberine ===
Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid found in Hydrastis canadensis, Berberis and Cortex phellodendri. BBR was found to help diabetes and serum lipid profile by reducing serum cholesterol, triglyc-erides, and LDL-cholesterol.
An in vitro study done to evaluate its inhibitory effect by computer-aided molecular docking of BBR and HBBR into the binding pocket of PL. It showed that it has a potential hypolipidemic effects and fat-mass reduction activities.[http://www.academia.edu/19808499/Inhibition_of_pancreatic_lipase_by_berberine_and_dihydroberberine_an_investigation_by_docking_simulation_and_experimental_validation (15)]

=== Willd(candle nut/buah keras), and fruits of Archidendron jiringa ===
In a study of 98 plants from malaysia by Ado et al. to evaluate the antipancreatic lipase activity of their methanolic exracts the above two plants showed the highest antilipase activity which is 100% and are equivalent to 0.11mcg of orlistat/ml.[[ (16)M. A. Ado, F. Abas, A. S. Mohammed, and H. M. Ghazali, “Anti- and pro-lipase activity of selected medicinal, herbal and aquatic plants, and structure elucidation of an anti-lipase compound,” Molecules, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 14651–14669, 2013.|(16)]]

=== Cudrania tricuspidata ===
In a study of an in-vitro screening for procine pancreatic lipase inhibiton activity using ethanol exracts of each plants,Cudrania tricuspidata showed anti-lipase activity at concentration (50-250mg/kg).In addition,this plant exrtact decrease triglycerol levels at concentration 50mg/kg and delay lipid absorption at higher concentrations.



== References ==
(1)Chapus C, Rovery M, Sarda L, Verger R (1988). "Minireview on pancreatic lipase and colipase". Biochimie. 70 (9): 1223–1234. doi:10.1016/0300-9084(88)90188-5. PMID 3147715.

(2)Klein S. Long-term pharmacotherapy for obesity. Obes. Res. 2004; 12 Suppl:163S-166S.

(3)Lean M. E. J., Campbell P. Orlistat. J. Drug Eval. 2004; 2:179-218

(4)Hauptman J. B., Jeunet F. S., Hartman D. Initial studies in humans with the novel gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor Ro 18-0647 (tetrahydrolipstatin). Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1992; 55:309S-313S

(5)Drent M. L., Larsson I., William-Olsson T., Quaade F., Czubayko F., von Bergmann K., Strobel W., Sjostrom L., van der Veen E. A. Orlistat (Ro 18-0647), a lipase inhibitor, in the treatment of human obesity: a multiple dose study. Int. J. Obes. Rela.t Metab. Disord. 1995; 19:221-226.

(6)Sjostrom L., Rissanen A., Andersen T., Boldrin M., Golay A., Koppeschaar H. P. F., Krempf M. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of orlistat for weight loss and prevention of weight regain in obese patients. Lancet 1998; 352:167-173.

(7)Cairns E. Obesity: the fat lady sings? Drug Discov. Today 2005; 10:305-307.

(8)Vega G. L. Results of expert meetings: obesity and cardiovascular disease. Obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Am. Heart J. 2001; 142:1108-1116.

(9)Ioannides-Demos L. L., Proietto J., Tonkin A. M., McNeil J. J. Safety of drug therapies used for weight loss and treatment of obesity. Drug Saf. 2006; 29:277-302.

(10)Verger R. Interfacial activation of lipases: Facts and artifacts. Trends Biotechnol. 1997; 15:32-38.

(11)Tawaha K., Alali F. Q., Gharaibeh M., Mohammad M., El-Elimat T. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of selected Jordanian plant species. Food Chem. 2007; 104:1372-1378.

(12)Al-Sereiti MR, Abu-Amer KM, Sen P (1999). Pharmacology of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.) and its therapeutic potentials. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 37: 124-130.

(13)Bassani V, Casadebaig J, Jacob M, Menut C, Lechat I , Lamaty G (1990). Preparation of a low-alcohol extract of Rosmarinus officinalis using a reverse osmosis membrane. Int. J. Pharm., 63: 57-63.

(14) Yasser Bustanji, Ihab M. Al-Masri, Mohammad Mohammad, Mohammad
Hudaib, Khaled Tawaha, Hamada Tarazi & Hatim S. AlKhatib (2011) Pancreatic lipase inhibition
activity of trilactone terpenes of Ginkgobiloba, Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal
Chemistry, 26:4, 453-459, DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2010.525509

(15) Al-masri, I., Issa, A., Khdair, A. and Bustanji, Y. (2018). Inhibition of pancreatic lipase by berberine and dihydroberberine: an investigation by docking simulation and experimental validation. [online] Academia.edu. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/19808499/Inhibition_of_pancreatic_lipase_by_berberine_and_dihydroberberine_an_investigation_by_docking_simulation_and_experimental_validation

(16)M. A. Ado, F. Abas, A. S. Mohammed, and H. M. Ghazali, “Anti- and pro-lipase activity of selected medicinal, herbal and aquatic plants, and structure elucidation of an anti-lipase compound,” Molecules, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 14651–14669, 2013.

(17)Y. S. Kim, Y. Lee, J. Kim et al., “Inhibitory activities of Cudrania tricuspidata leaves on pancreatic lipase in vitro and lipolysis in vivo,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2012, Article ID 878365, 8 pages, 2012.

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November 2018

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November 2018

Please stop adding unsourced content, as you did on Aripiprazole. This violates Wikipedia's policy on verifiability. If you continue to do so, you may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. ~ GB fan 16:43, 5 November 2018 (UTC)[reply]

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Information icon Please do not add or change content, as you did at Donepezil, without citing a reliable source. Please review the guidelines at Wikipedia:Citing sources and take this opportunity to add references to the article. Thank you. Natureium (talk) 21:30, 5 November 2018 (UTC)[reply]

Hi Pharmstd2018! I've noticed you've been adding information to a lot of pharmaceutical articles without a proper source. For any kind of biomedical information, we have to include WP:MEDRS sources. Your additions are helpful, but we can't keep them if we don't have the source attached. I see that someone added some information on this a little higher up on your talk page. I suggest you read this, because I do appreciate your edits and don't want al of your work to have to be undone. Natureium (talk) 13:26, 6 November 2018 (UTC)[reply]

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Copied?

Where is the stuff that you just posted on your userpage from? It appears to be copy/pasted from somewhere. Jytdog (talk) 23:46, 24 November 2018 (UTC)[reply]

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I've moved this article to draft because it is promotional, cites the same author in 5 of the sources, and looks to be copied and pasted from somewhere. Where did this article originally come from? Natureium (talk) 21:38, 26 November 2018 (UTC)[reply]

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Your contributed article, Xanthine oxidase ihibitors

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Hello, I noticed that you recently created a new page, Xanthine oxidase ihibitors. First, thank you for your contribution; Wikipedia relies solely on the efforts of volunteers such as you. Unfortunately, the page you created covers a topic on which we already have a page – Xanthine oxidase inhibitor. Because of the duplication, your article has been tagged for speedy deletion. Please note that this is not a comment on you personally and we hope you will continue helping to improve Wikipedia. If the topic of the article you created is one that interests you, then perhaps you would like to help out at Xanthine oxidase inhibitor. If you have new information to add, you might want to discuss it at the article's talk page.

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Your submission at Articles for creation: Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (December 6)

Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Graeme Bartlett was: Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit when they have been resolved.
Graeme Bartlett (talk) 02:06, 6 December 2018 (UTC)[reply]
Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by HighKing was:  The comment the reviewer left was: Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit when they have been resolved.
HighKing++ 22:32, 6 December 2018 (UTC)[reply]

Pancreatic lipase inhibitors from natural sources

Human pancreatic lipase

Pancreatic lipase, also known as pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase or steapsin is a lipolytic enzyme synthesized and released in the pancreatic juice by the pancreas, plays an essential role in digestion and absorption of triglycerides from the gut It that breaks down fat molecules obtained from diet. It mainly responsible for the hydrolysis of ester linkages of triglycerides in order to convert them to monoglycerides and free fatty acids.(1)

Pancreatic enzymes inhibitors

They are agents that limit diet lipids digestion and fats absorption from intestine (2). The only FDA approved pharmacological agent works as a potent pancreatic lipase inhibitor & one of the best-selling drugs is orlistat (Xenical).(3) Orlistat hydrogenated derivative of lipstatin derived from Streptomyces toxytricini that increases fecal fat excretion in dose dependent manner, thus inhibit approximately 25-30% of calories ingested as fat. It's one of the best-selling drugs over the world for there effectiveness in the treatment of human obesity.(4)(6) Orlistat has unpleasant GI side effects (like oily stools, oily spotting, and flatulence ) that make researchers tend to find more reliable to use agents and here we will discuss there tendencies to find pancreatic lipase inhibitors from natural sources that work locally with less systemic side effects.

Obesity and Pancreatic lipase inhibitors

Obesity is a metabolic disorder, caused by an imbalance between the energy intake and expenditure. Obesity and central obesity are strongly related to increase morbidity and mortality rate, cardiovascular complications (hypertension, HF, Afib, stroke for example), dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. So several pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies have been implemented to find treatments for this critical problem.(7-9) The elevation in plasma triglycerides is considered the major contributor for the development of obesity and it's complications. Thus, the inhibition of diet lipids absorption is such a rate limiting step in prevention of human obesity and this can occur by the inhibiting of the enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of diet fat and therefore inhibits there absorption.(10) In this article we will discuss some natural sources tested in vitro for there ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase enzyme that secreted from pancreas.

Medicinal plants with pancreatic lipase inhibitory effect.

plants materials were collected during the flowering phase of these plants.They were cleaned and dried at room temperature then passed through a 24 mesh sieve to create a homogeneous powder which stored at room temperature and protected from light. Methanolic extract were conducted and enzyme preparation were done then pancreatic lipase activity were measured by sperctrophotometric assay through measuring the p-nitrophenol releas.The net result of this process is obtaining IC50 of each plant extract.

Anthemis palaestina Boiss

A.palaestina is one of the most potent plant extracts that shows dose dependent pancreatic lipase inhibitory effect ranging from20-56% with a IC50 about 107mcg/ml. By this result we can consider these plants as a promising agents for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and an adjunctive method to treat human obesity. In Addition to anti-PL effect of this plant, it was previously reported that A.plaestina has antioxidant activity.(11) Further studies are needed, using animal models, to verify the inhibitory activities of these plant in-vivo.

Salvia spinosa

S.spinosa belongs to Lamiaceae family and it's also consider potent plants extract that has anti-PL activity ranging from 5-55% in dose dependent manner with a IC50 about 156.2mcg/ml. It's also such a promising materials for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and an adjunctive method to treat human obesity. However, Further studies are needed using animal models to verify the inhibitory activities of these plant in-vivo.

Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis

Rosemary has been used for a wide range of disease as antispasmodic,anti-inflammatory,antimicrobial,anticarcinogenic,a reliever of respiratory symptoms and a stimulator of hair growth.(12) Rosemary methanolic extracts and pure compounds was recently studied for both hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and pancreatic lipase (PL).This would provide promising strategy in combating both obesity and hyperglycemia and their complications.(13) Rosemary methanolic extract exhibited a significant inhibitory activity on both enzymes with an IC50 13.8mcg/ml for PL and 95.2mcg/ml for HSL. The rosemary extract was more effective against PL than that of HSL. They also studied the effect of pure compounds {rosmarinic acid (RA), chlorogenic acid (CA), caffeic acid (CaA) and gallic acid (GA)} on PL and HSL and the conclusion of this study is that all tested compounds were able to inhibit both PL and HSL in dose dependent manner with highest potency of GA towards PL and HSL. However, further studies are needed to determine whether these in vitro findings would correlate with the in vivo effects.

Gingko biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae)

G. biloba has been used for medical purposes as dietary supplement or phytomedicine. It has a cardiovascular, neuroprotective and cerebrovascular effects. The plant extract of Ginkgo biloba after investigation showed a fat mass reduction, hypolipidaemic effect, and a potential weight reduction effect. The extract have different types of active compounds, the most important ones are terpene trilactones (TTLs) and flavonol glycosides. These active compounds have antioxidant effects, inhibition of platelet aggregation and thromboxane & fatty acid synthase inhibition activity which is the target for the treatment of obesity. An in vitro study done to evaluate the inhibitory effect of G. biloba against PL, the study was computer-aided molecular docking of TTLs, into the binding pocket of PL in order to reach to conclusions about terpenes/PL-binding energetics. The results were the anti-lipase activity of the methanolic extract of G.biloba leaves revealed a potent PL inhibition activity in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 = 16.5 μg/mL.(14)

Berberine and Dihydroberberine

Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid found in Hydrastis canadensis, Berberis and Cortex phellodendri. BBR was found to help diabetes and serum lipid profile by reducing serum cholesterol, triglyc-erides, and LDL-cholesterol. An in vitro study done to evaluate its inhibitory effect by computer-aided molecular docking of BBR and HBBR into the binding pocket of PL. It showed that it has a potential hypolipidemic effects and fat-mass reduction activities.(15)

Willd(candle nut/buah keras), and fruits of Archidendron jiringa

In a study of 98 plants from malaysia by Ado et al. to evaluate the antipancreatic lipase activity of their methanolic exracts the above two plants showed the highest antilipase activity which is 100% and are equivalent to 0.11mcg of orlistat/ml.(16)

Cudrania tricuspidata

In a study of an in-vitro screening for procine pancreatic lipase inhibiton activity using ethanol exracts of each plants,Cudrania tricuspidata showed anti-lipase activity at concentration (50-250mg/kg).In addition,this plant exrtact decrease triglycerol levels at concentration 50mg/kg and delay lipid absorption at higher concentrations.


References

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(11)Tawaha K., Alali F. Q., Gharaibeh M., Mohammad M., El-Elimat T. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of selected Jordanian plant species. Food Chem. 2007; 104:1372-1378.

(12)Al-Sereiti MR, Abu-Amer KM, Sen P (1999). Pharmacology of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.) and its therapeutic potentials. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 37: 124-130.

(13)Bassani V, Casadebaig J, Jacob M, Menut C, Lechat I , Lamaty G (1990). Preparation of a low-alcohol extract of Rosmarinus officinalis using a reverse osmosis membrane. Int. J. Pharm., 63: 57-63.

(14) Yasser Bustanji, Ihab M. Al-Masri, Mohammad Mohammad, Mohammad Hudaib, Khaled Tawaha, Hamada Tarazi & Hatim S. AlKhatib (2011) Pancreatic lipase inhibition activity of trilactone terpenes of Ginkgobiloba, Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 26:4, 453-459, DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2010.525509

(15) Al-masri, I., Issa, A., Khdair, A. and Bustanji, Y. (2018). Inhibition of pancreatic lipase by berberine and dihydroberberine: an investigation by docking simulation and experimental validation. [online] Academia.edu. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/19808499/Inhibition_of_pancreatic_lipase_by_berberine_and_dihydroberberine_an_investigation_by_docking_simulation_and_experimental_validation

(16)M. A. Ado, F. Abas, A. S. Mohammed, and H. M. Ghazali, “Anti- and pro-lipase activity of selected medicinal, herbal and aquatic plants, and structure elucidation of an anti-lipase compound,” Molecules, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 14651–14669, 2013.

(17)Y. S. Kim, Y. Lee, J. Kim et al., “Inhibitory activities of Cudrania tricuspidata leaves on pancreatic lipase in vitro and lipolysis in vivo,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2012, Article ID 878365, 8 pages, 2012.