Finno-Ugric peoples
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|
Total population | |
---|---|
~26,505,000 | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Hungary | 9,982,000 |
Finland | 5,500,000 |
Russia | 2,322,000 |
United States | 2,288,100 |
Romania | 1,227,623 |
Estonia | 936,000 |
Slovakia | 520,500 |
Sweden | 507,600 |
Canada | ~450,000 |
Serbia | 253,899 |
Ukraine | 156,600 |
Norway | 60,000–100,000 |
Languages | |
Religion | |
Christianity, Shamanism and Animism | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Samoyedic peoples |
The Finno-Ugric peoples or Finno-Ugrian peoples, are the peoples of Northeast Europe, North Asia and the Carpathian Basin who speak Finno-Ugric languages – that is, speakers of languages of the Uralic family apart from the Samoyeds. Many Finno-Ugric peoples are surrounded by speakers of languages belonging to other language families. The concept of Finno-Ugric was originally a linguistic rather than ethnic one, but a sense of ethnic fraternity between Finno-Ugric–speaking peoples, especially Baltic Finns, developed during the 20th century.
The four most numerous Finno-Ugric peoples are the Hungarians (13–14 million), Finns (6–7 million), Estonians (1.1 million) and Mordvins (744,000). The first three of these inhabit independent states – Hungary, Finland, and Estonia – whereas Mordovia is a republic within Russia.
Other Finno-Ugric peoples have autonomous republics within Russia: Karelians (Republic of Karelia), Komi (Komi Republic), Udmurts (Udmurt Republic), Mari (Mari El Republic), and Mordvins (Moksha and Erzya; Republic of Mordovia). The Khanty and Mansi peoples live in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug of Russia. The Komi subgroup Komi-Permyaks used to live in Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug, but today this area is a territory with special status within Perm Krai.
The traditional area of the indigenous Sami people is in Northern Fenno-Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula in Northwest Russia and is known as Sápmi.
Peoples
Geographic distribution
Ethnic groups
Ethnic groups with extinct languages
International Finno-Ugric societies
In the Finno-Ugric countries of Finland, Estonia and Hungary that find themselves surrounded by speakers of unrelated tongues, language origins and language history have long been relevant to national identity. In 1992, the 1st World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples was organized in Syktyvkar in the Komi Republic in Russia, the 2nd World Congress in 1996 in Budapest in Hungary, the 3rd Congress in 2000 in Helsinki in Finland, the 4th Congress in 2004 in Tallinn in Estonia, the 5th Congress in 2008 in Khanty-Mansiysk in Russia, the 6th Congress in 2012 in Siófok in Hungary,[3][4][5][6], the 7th Congress in 2016 in Lahti in Finland,[7] and the 8th Congress in 2021 in Tartu in Estonia.[8] The members of the Finno-Ugric Peoples' Consultative Committee include: the Erzyas, Estonians, Finns, Hungarians, Ingrian Finns, Ingrians, Karelians, Khants, Komis, Mansis, Maris, Mokshas, Nenetses, Permian Komis, Saamis, Tver Karelians, Udmurts, Vepsians; Observers: Livonians, Setos.[9][10]
In 2007, the 1st Festival of the Finno-Ugric Peoples was hosted by President Vladimir Putin of Russia, and visited by Finnish President, Tarja Halonen, and Hungarian Prime Minister, Ferenc Gyurcsány.[11][12]
Beliefs
Shamanism has had a historically important influence on the mythologies of northern and central Eurasian peoples, including those speaking languages of the Uralic, Yeniseian, Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic language families. Among the Finno-Ugric peoples, though also in Indo-European and North American mythology, are found myths about a world tree or axis mundi, capped by the North Star, at the center of the world, which is encircled by a stream, the idea that asterisms were animal spirits, the idea that the land of the dead beneath the earth was also the home of spirits, and the earth-diver: a bird floating on the primary ocean that dives to bring up the land.[13][14]
Population genetics
A study of Population Genetics of Finno-Ugric speaking humans in North Eurasia carried out between 2002–2008 in the Department of Forensic Medicine at the University of Helsinki showed that most of the Finno-Ugric speaking populations possess an amalgamation of West and East Eurasian gene pools, genetic drift, and recurrent founder effects. North Eurasian Finno-Ugric-speaking populations were found to be genetically a heterogeneous group showing lower haplotype diversities compared to more southern populations. North Eurasian Finno-Ugric-speaking populations possess unique genetic features due to complex genetic changes shaped by molecular and population genetics and adaptation to the areas of Boreal and Arctic North Eurasia.[15]
The proposal of a Finno-Ugric language family has led to the postulation not just of an ancient Proto–Finno-Ugric people, but that the modern Finno-Ugric–speaking peoples are genetically related and descended from East Asian-related hunter gatherers of eastern Siberia.[16] Such hypotheses are based on the assumption that heredity can be traced though linguistic relatedness.[17] However, Finno-Ugric has not been reconstructed linguistically; attempts to do so have been indistinguishable from Proto-Uralic.[18]
A recent study has found that haplogroup NO of the Finno-Ugric peoples and their descendants probably spread north, then west and east from Northern China about 12,000–14,000 years ago from its father lineage and today is found in Eastern Europe. The Department of Forensic Medicine at the University of Helsinki showed that most of the Finno-Ugric speaking populations possess an amalgamation of West and East Eurasian gene pools, supporting the idea of mixed origins in these modern populations.
The characteristic genetic marker of peoples speaking Uralic languages is haplogroup N1c-Tat (Y-DNA). Samoyedic peoples mainly have more N1b-P43 than N1c.[19] Haplogroup N originated in the northern part of China in 20,000–25,000 years BP[20] and spread to north Eurasia, through Siberia to Northern Europe. Subgroup N1c1 is frequently seen in non-Samoyedic peoples, N1c2 in Samoyedic peoples. In addition, haplogroup Z (mtDNA), found with low frequency in Saami, Finns, and Siberians, is related to the migration of people speaking Uralic languages.
In 2019, a study based on genetics, archaeology and linguistics found that Uralic speakers arrived in the Baltic region from the East, specifically from Siberia, at the beginning of the Iron Age some 2,500 years ago.[21]
Archaeology
See also
References and notes
- ^ Korhonen, Mikko: Uralin tällä ja tuolla puolen. In the book Laakso, Johanna (edit.): Uralilaiset kansat, p. 23.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Demoskop Weekly No 543-544 Archived October 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "7th World Congress of the Finno-Ugric Peoples". World Congress of the Finno-Ugric Peoples. Archived from the original on 17 March 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
- ^ "Statutes of the Consultative Committee of Finno-Ugrian peoples". Finno-Ugric Peoples' Consultative Committee. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
- ^ "The Congress of the Finno-Ugric Peoples". Russia. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
- ^ "Fenno-Ugria". Estonia. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
- ^ "The VII (7th) World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples". Fenno-Ugria. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
- ^ "The VIII(8th) World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples". Fenno-Ugria. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
- ^ "Finno-Ugric Peoples' Consultative Committee, Members". World Congresses of the Finno-Ugric Peoples. Finno-Ugric Peoples' Consultative Committee. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
- ^ "Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura (in Finnish)". Finno-Ugrian Society (in English). Retrieved 15 July 2016.
- ^ "International Festival of the Finno-Ugric Peoples". Press Release from the Kremlin in Russia. 19 July 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
- ^ "Press Statements by President Vladimir Putin, leaders of Finland and Hungary". Press Release from the Kremlin in Russia. July 19, 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
- ^ Leeming, David Adams (2003), "The Finno-Ugrians", From Olympus to Camelot, Oxford University Press, pp. 134–137, ISBN 978-0-19-514361-4
- ^ Vladimir Napolskikh. Earth-Diver Myth (А812) in northern Eurasia and North America: twenty years later
- ^ Pimenoff, Ville (2008). "Living on the edge : Population genetics of Finno-Ugric-speaking humans in North Eurasia" (Document). University of Helsinki, Finland.
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- ^ "FAQ about Finno-Ugricn Languages". Retrieved 15 July 2016.
- ^ "Problems in the Taxonomy of the Uralic languages in the Light of Modern Comparative Studies". Salminen, Tapani. 2002.
- ^ Tambets, Kristiina; Rootsi, Siiri; Kivisild, Toomas; Help, Hela; Serk, Piia; Loogväli, Eva-Liis; Tolk, Helle-Viivi; et al. (2004). "The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saami—the Story of Genetic 'Outliers' Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (4): 661–682. doi:10.1086/383203. PMC 1181943. PMID 15024688.
- ^ Shi H, Qi X, Zhong H, Peng Y, Zhang X, et al. (2013). "Genetic evidence of an East Asian origin and Paleolithic northward migration of Y-chromosome haplogroup N". PLOS ONE. 8 (6): e66102. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...866102S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066102. PMC 3688714. PMID 23840409.
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: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Saag, Lehti; Laneman, Margot; Varul, Liivi; Lang, Valter; Metspal, Mait; Tambets, Kristiina (May 2019). "The Arrival of Siberian Ancestry Connecting the Eastern Baltic to Uralic Speakers further East". Current Biology. 29 (10): 1701–1711.e16. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.026. PMC 6544527. PMID 31080083.
Further reading
- Mile Nedeljković, Leksikon naroda sveta, Beograd, 2001.
- People of Volga and Uralic regions. Komi-Zyrians. Komi-Permyaks. Mari. Mordvins. Udmurts. Moscow, 2000. (Russian: Народы Поволжья и Приуралья. Коми-зыряне. Коми-пермяки. Марийцы. Мордва. Удмурты. М., 2000.)
- Petrukhin, Vladimir. Myths of Finno-Ugric Peoples. Moscow, 2005. 463 p. (Russian: Петрухин В. Я. Мифы финно-угров. М., 2005. 463 с.)
- World Outlook of Finno-Ugric People. Moscow, 1990. (Russian: Мировоззрение финно-угорских народов. М., 1990.)
- "Early contacts (4000 BC – 1000AD) between Indo-European and Uralic speakers". Riho Grünthal, Volker Heyd, Mika Lavento, Johanna Nichols & Janne Saarikivi with the help of Satu Keinänen. Editing and layout by Bianca Preda. University of Helsinki.
External links
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. (August 2013) |
- URALIC PEOPLES
- MORDVINS (Erzyas and Mokshas)
- MARIS or Cheremisses
- VEPSIANS
- The Information Center of Finno-Ugric Peoples (SURI)
- The Information Center of Finno-Ugric Peoples (SURI) Newsletter: "Uralic Contacts"
- Kindred Peoples Programme
- Etnofotu (Ethnofuturism)
- The International Congress of Finno-Ugric Writers
- The Youth Association of Finno-Ugric Peoples (MAFUN)
- International Expedition for high school, college and university students of the Finno-Ugric World
- Finno-Ugric Student's Seminar Camp
- Mari Association of Finno-Ugric Peoples
- Federal Finno-Ugric Cultural Center (Sykytyvkar, Komi Republic)
- Article on plans for new Federal Finno-Ugric Cultural Center in Sykytyvkar, Komi Republic
- International Finno-Ugric Students' Conference (IFUSCO)
- The International Festival of Theatres of Finno-Ugric Peoples
- World Championship of Kalevala Chanting & Ugric Rumble Ethno Music Festival
- Uralkult Festival: "Finno-Ugric culture now!"
- Ugriculture: Contemporary Finno-Ugric art at the Gallen Kallela Museum
- On the Banks of the Volga: "Life of a Finno-Ugrian people past and present"
- Bearslaying Theatre Festival: Theatre by Finno-Ugric Peoples
- Indiana University Bloomington |Central Eurasian Studies: Uralic Peoples
- Finno-Ugric media center