Ultras
Ultras are a type of association football fans who are renowned for their fanatical support. The term originated in Italy, but is used worldwide to describe predominantly organised fans of association football teams. The behavioural tendency of ultras groups includes their use of flares (primarily in tifo choreography), vocal support in large groups and the displaying of banners at football stadiums, all of which are designed to create an atmosphere which encourages their own team and intimidates the opposing players and their supporters. The frequent use of elaborate displays in stadiums is also common.
Ultras groups and their actions are extreme and they are influenced and directly linked to nationalism and patriotic behaviors.[1] In some instances, this goes to the point where the passionate and loyal support of one's team becomes secondary to the theoretical ideology of the ultras phenomenon.[2] In recent decades, the culture has become a focal point for the movement against the commercialisation of sports and football in particular.[3] Ultras also have regional variants and analogues, such as the barra bravas in Hispanic America[4] and Torcidas Organizadas in Brazil.[5]
History
The origin of the ultras movement is disputed,[6] with many supporters groups from various countries making claims solely on the basis of their dates of foundation. The level of dispute and confusion is aided by a contemporary tendency (mainly in Europe) to categorise all groups of overtly fanatical supporters as ultras. Supporters groups of a nature comparable to the ultras have been present in Brazil since 1939, when the first torcida organizada was formed (although these groups began to focus on violence in the 1970s). Inspired by the torcidas and the colourful scenes of the 1950 World Cup, supporters of Hajduk Split formed Torcida Split on 28 October 1950.[7] The group is often cited as the oldest torcida style group in Europe. But the first supporters' groups in the world formed to produce violence were barras bravas, originated in Argentina in the 1950s.
One country closely associated with the ultras movement is Italy.[6][8] The first Italian ultras groups were formed in 1951, including the Fedelissimi Granata of Torino. The 1960s saw the continuing spread and development of the culture with the formation of the Fossa dei Leoni and Boys San groups, the former often regarded in Italy as the first full-fledged ultras group (associated with violence). The term "ultras" was used as a name for the first time in 1969, when supporters of Sampdoria formed the Ultras Tito Cucchiaroni and fans of Torino formed the Ultras Granata. The style of support that would become synonymous with Italian football developed most during the 1970s, as more groups formed, including the radical S.S. Lazio Ultras in 1974, with a strong predominance of fascist slogans and chants amongst other groups such as Hellas Verona supporters. The active support of the ultras became more apparent, in contrast with the "traditional" culture, choreographic displays, signature banners and symbols, giant flags, drums and fireworks became the norm as groups aimed to take their support to higher levels.[9] The decade also saw the violence and unrest of Italian society at the time overlap with the ultras movement, adding a dimension that has plagued it ever since.[10] The ultras movement spread across Europe, Australia, Asia and North Africa during the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, starting with the countries geographically closest to Italy.[11]
Europe
Scotland
Green Brigade are an ultras group that follow Celtic F.C. and regularly make tifo displays and often voice support for a United Ireland. They are left-wing. On the other side of Glasgow are the Rangers F.C ultra group The Union Bears.[12] The Union Bears are known for their elaborate fan displays and their support for Northern Irish and Scottish unionism within the UK. Block Seven are a supporters group that support Hibernian FC, the Gorgie Ultras support rivals, Heart of Midlothian FC.
England
In England, there are ultras groups at Hartlepool United known as the NWC, Middlesbrough F.C (Red Faction), Crystal Palace F.C. (Holmesdale Fanatics), Ipswich Town F.C (Blue Action), Leicester City F.C (Union FS), Huddersfield Town F.C, and Stockport County (Hatters 83).[13][14][15] Several non-league football teams in England have ultras groups that are left-wing, such as the fans of Dulwich Hamlet F.C. who have a group called The Rabble.[16][17] A Vice article claims Casuals United are at war with anti-fascist football ultras.[18][19]
In late 2022, an Arsenal F.C. supporters group called "Ashburton Army" gained prominence, taking their name from Ashburton Grove, an historic road upon which the team's Emirates Stadium was built.[20][21][22]
Hungary
Several clubs in Hungary have large ultras groups, such as Ferencváros (Green Monsters), Újpest (Viola Fidelity), Diósgyőr (Ultras Diósgyőr), Honvéd (Ultras Kispest, Északi Kanyar), Fehérvár (Red Blue Devils), Tatabánya (Turul Ultrái), and Debrecen (Szívtiprók Ultras Debrecen). The national team of Hungary has an ultras group known as the Carpathian Brigade. The group was formed in 2009. Hungarian ultras occupy sector B Central at the Puskás Aréna.
Portugal
| Stadium | Club | Name |
|---|---|---|
| Estádio do Dragão | FC Porto | – Super Dragões – Colectivo Ultras 95 |
| Estádio do Bessa | Boavista FC | – Panteras Negras |
| Estádio da Luz | SL Benfica | No groups currently organized |
| Estádio José Alvalade | Sporting CP | – Juventude Leonina 1976 – Torcida Verde Directivo Ultras XXI – Brigada Ultras Sporting |
| Estádio D. Afonso Henriques | Vitória SC | – White Angels |
Denmark
FC Copenhagen (Sektion 12) and Brøndby IF (Sydsiden) have some of the most renowned ultras groups on the continent, and the derby between the two is also one of the fiercest in Europe.[23]
AaB's ultras group caused a 14-minute delay in the 2020 Danish Cup final for a failure to adhere to COVID-19 social distancing rules.[24] The group was ultimately ejected from the stadium and the game resumed, which was won by Sønderjyske.
Italy
In Italy, most professional football clubs have an ultras group which attends every match and has dedicated seating areas in either the north or south end of the stadium behind the goals. Each ultras group will have one or more leaders who choreograph chants, and who hand out banners and flags to other people in the stand to wave throughout the match. Ultras have been credited with creating fantastic atmospheres inside the stadium; however they have also come under universal criticism because of ties to various gangs and the mafia, as well as causing violence which often takes place outside the stadium prior to a match. Over the years inappropriate chanting has resulted in the FIGC issuing partial or full stadium bans to clubs. The ultras will choreograph a wide range of chants throughout a match, but some of the most common chants that result in a ban are anti-Southern chants towards clubs which are located in the South of Italy, most notably towards Napoli, as well as racist chants towards opposition players. However, these issues only partially represent parts of the Ultras culture in Italy – Ultras in Italy are also known for fighting criminals and the Mafia, giving housing to immigrants or helping Italian citizens in need, as well as aiding with food and money during the Covid pandemic to their local hospitals.[25][26]
Poland
The first Polish ultras groups were formed in 1980s by fans of Legia Warszawa and Arka Gdynia. Those early ultra groups identified as either fascist or national-socialist and opposed communist government of Wojciech Jaruzelski. The 1990s saw the continuing spread and development of the ultra culture with the formation of the Wisła Sharks and Cracovia Jude Gang groups, the former often regarded in Poland as the first full-fledged ultras group. With intimidating and non-stop chanting, they've made their presence felt in the stands. Modern hooligans try to be inconspicuous when they enter the stadium; usually not wearing team colours, to avoid detection by the police and PZPN officials.[27] Modern Polish ultra groups denounce their neo-nazi origins, embrace inclusivity and tolerance. Fans of Legia Warszawa often take part in pride parades and various pro-LGBT happenings.[28][29]
Spain
Spanish ultraism is generally agreed to have come from Italian and English ultraism and hooliganism at the 1982 World Cup held in Spain. Held only seven years after the death of Franco, the World Cup was an opportunity for Spain to join the world of modern international football. Spanish ultraism is particularly known for its dramatic and polarized distinction across two ideological cleavages: fascism and nationalism. The vast majority of ultra groups identify as either fascist or anti-fascist, and either independentist or nationalist.[30]
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosniaks are known for their national ultras group BHFanaticos. Also, they have a few ultras that are connected to a football clubs Manijaci, Horde zla, Lešinari, Red Army, Škripari, Ultrasi, Robijaši and many more.
Malta
Although small in size, Malta has some notable ultras groups. The main ultras groups in Malta are Birkirkara Ultras 1997, Ultras Beltin 99, and Paola Boys Hibs Ultras, as well as the Maltese national football team ultras group, the South End Core.
Ukraine
| Stadium | Club | Name |
|---|---|---|
| Chernihiv Stadium | Desna Chernihiv | – Ultras Desna |
Romania
Romania's ultras only finds itself in the traditional teams like Steaua București, Dinamo București, Rapid București, and Universitatea Cluj; but there are some small ultras groups which support their local club. The biggest ultras groups are: Peluza Şepcile Roşii, Peluza Sud Steaua, Peluza Cătălin Hîldan, and Peluza Nord Rapid.
Türkiye
One of the biggest ultras in the world, and the biggest in Türkiye, is UltrAslan, who support the highly decorated club of Galatasaray. The name of the organisation is a portmanteau word combining the concepts of "ultras" and "aslan" (the lion), which is a symbol of Galatasaray.
Bulgaria
The most famous ultras in Bulgaria are Sector G (CSKA Sofia), Sector B (Levski Sofia), Bultras (Botev Plovdiv), and Lauta Army (Lokomotiv Plovdiv).
Africa
Algeria
| Stadium | Club | Name |
|---|---|---|
| 5 July 1962 Stadium | MC Alger | – Ultras the Twelfth Player 2011 – Ultras Green Corsaires 2012 – Ultras Squalo Verde 2019 – Ultras Amore E Montalita 2019 |
| Stade 20 Août 1955, Skikda |
JSM Skikda | – Ultras Senza Confine 13 – Ultras Ouled Russicada 2015 |
| Mohamed Hamlaoui Stadium, Constantine |
CS Constantine | – Ultras Loca Ragazzi 2010 – Ultras Green Army 2012 |
| April 13, 1958 Stadium, Saida |
MC Saida |
– Ultras Méga Boys 2007 |
| 20 August 1955 Stadium (Algiers), |
CR Belouizdad |
– Ultras Fanatic Reds 09 |
| Stade 8 Mai 1945, Setif |
ES Setif | – Ultras Inferno 10 |
| Stade Omar Hamadi, |
USM Alger | – Groupe Ouled El Bahdja |
| Ahmed Zabana Stadium, Oran |
MC Oran | – Ultras Red Castle 2011 – Ultras Leones Rey 2009 |
| Maghrebi Unity Stadium | MO Bejaia | – Ultras Granchio 09 – Ultras Saldae Kings 2010 – Ultras Free Men 15 |
| May 19, 1956 Stadium | USM Annaba | – Les indepandants de bone 12 – Ultras Sparta Rosso 2015 |
| 1 November 1954 Stadium (Tizi Ouzou) |
JS Kabylie | – Ultras Kabylie Boys 09 – Ultras The Leader 2013 – Ultras Samba Boys 2013 |
| 20 August 1955 Stadium (Algiers), Algiers |
NA Hussein Dey |
– Ultras Dey Boys 09 |
| Mohamed Boumezrag Stadium, Chlef |
ASO Chlef |
– Ultras Polina 10 |
| 1 November 1954 Stadium (Batna), |
CA Batna | – Ultras Aurès Boys 2009 – Ultras Furia Roja 2013 |
| Stade Imam Lyes, Médéa |
O Medea | – Ultras Matador 26 |
| February 24, 1956 Stadium, Sidi Bel Abbès |
USM Bel Abbès |
– Ultras Scorpion Trop Puissant |
| 1 November 1954 Stadium (Algiers) | USM El Harrach |
– Grinta Curva(UGG & UYC) |
| 20 August 1955 Stadium, Bordj Bou Arréridj |
CA Bordj Bou Arréridj | – Ultras Commandos 2008 – Ultras Monstros 18 |
| El Alia Sports Complex | US Biskra |
– Ultras Pandilla Ziban |
| Touhami Zoubir Khelifi Stadium | AS Aïn M'lila |
– Red Scorpion |
| Stade Akid Lotfi | WA Tlemcen |
– Ultras Kop 13 |
| Stade 20 Août 1955 (Béchar) | JS Saoura |
– Ultras Giallo Verde |
| Stade Messaoud Zougar | MC El Eulma |
– Ultras Vikings 2009 |
| Maghrebi Unity Stadium | JSM Bejaia |
– Ultras Gouraya United |
| 1 November 1954 Stadium (Batna), |
MSP Batna |
– Ultras Pantera Nera 2009 |
| Ismaïl Makhlouf Stadium | RC Arbaâ |
– Ultras Blue Vichingo |
| Stade Tahar Zoughari | RC Relizane |
– Ultras Verde Corazon |
| Stade Mokhtar Abdelatif | Amal Bou Saâda |
– Ultras Ouled el Khadra |
| Habib Bouakeul Stadium | ASM Oran |
– Ultras Verde Lupo |
| Stade Mohamed Reggaz | WA Boufarik |
– Ultras Orange W'arriors 2015 |
| Stade Ben Abdelmalek | MO Constantine |
– Ultras Libertados |
| Rouibah Hocine Stadium | JS Djijel |
– Ultras Green Gunners |
| Brakni Brothers Stadium | USM Blida |
– Ultras Green Killers 2014 |
| Stade Souidani Boujemaa | ES Guelma |
– Ultras Rebells Ragazzi |
| Omar Oucief Stadium | CR Témouchent |
– Ultras Red Wolves |
| Ahmed Kaïd Stadium | JSM Tiaret |
– Ultras Cavalier Blue |
| Stade Amar Benjamaa | ES Collo |
– Ultras Los Marinos 23 |
| Stade Mohamed Bensaïd | ES Mostaganem |
– Ultras Verde Marinero 12 |
| Stade de l'Unité Africaine | GC Mascara |
– Ultras Green Storm 2008 |
| Stade Zerdani Hassouna | US Chaouia |
– Ultras Giallo Boys |
Morocco
| Stadium | Club | Name |
|---|---|---|
| Prince Moulay Abdellah Stadium | Association Sportive des FAR | – Ultras Askary 2005 – Black Army 2006 |
| Stade Mohamed V | Wydad Casablanca | – Ultras Winners 2005 |
| Stade Mohamed V | Raja CA | – Ultras Green Boys 2005 – Ultras Eagles 2006 |
| Ibn Batouta Stadium | Ittihad Riadi Tanger | – Ultras Hercules 2007 |
| Complexe sportif de Fès | Maghreb de Fès | – Ultras Fatal Tigers 2006 |
| Complexe sportif de Phosphate | Olympique Club de Khouribga | – Ultras Green Ghost 2007 |
| Stade Municipal (Kenitra) | Kenitra athletic club | – Ultras Helala Boys 2007 |
| Stade Adrar | Hassania Agadir | – Ultras Imazighen 2006 |
| Stade Saniat Rmel | Moghreb Tetouan | – Ultras Los Matadores 2005 – Ultras Siempre Paloma 2006 |
| Stade Municipal de Berkane | RS Berkane | – Ultras Orange Boys 07 |
| Stade Mimoun Al Arsi | Chabab Rif Al Hoceima | – Ultras Rif Boys 2010 – Ultras Los Rifeños 2012 |
| Stade El Massira | Olympic Safi | – Ultras Shark 2006 |
| Stade du 18 novembre | Ittihad Khemisset | – Ultras Cavaliers Family 2009 |
| Stade de Marrakech | Kawkab Marrakech | – Ultras Crazy Boys 2006 |
| Honneur Stadium | MC Oujda | – Ultras Brigade Wajda 2007 |
| Stade Boubker Ammar | AS Salé | – Ultras Red Pirates 06 – Ultras Pirates 07 – Ultras Fanatics 09 |
| Stade Municipal De Khénifra | Chabab Atlas Khénifra | – Ultras Révoltés 2012 |
| Stade D'honneur De Meknès | COD Meknès | – Ultras Red Men 2008 – Ultras Vulcano Rosso 2010 |
| Stade El Abdi | Difaâ Hassani El Jadidi | – Ultras Cap Soleil 2007 |
| Stade Municipal (Oued Zem) | Rapide Oued Zem | – Ultras Martyrs 2007 |
The history of Moroccan ultras can be traced back to the early 2000s, with the formation of the first ultras group, Ultras Tanger, in 2002. However, the first ultras group that still exists today is Ultras Green Boys, which was founded in 2005 to support Raja Casablanca. That same year, Ultras Winners was also founded to support Wydad Casablanca. The Moroccan ultras movement quickly gained momentum and popularity, with other notable groups such as Ultras Eagles (also supporting Raja Casablanca), being formed in 2006. Moroccan ultras groups are heavily influenced by European ultras movements, and are known for their passionate and dedicated support of their favorite football clubs. They are also known for their elaborate displays of choreographed support, including banners, flags, flares, and coordinated chants. Despite facing challenges, such as financial costs and loss of members, Moroccan ultras groups remain an important part of the country's football culture, known for their intense rivalries and unwavering support of their clubs.
Egypt
The clubs in Egypt became a major political force during the uprising against Mubarak in 2011, but were known for long-standing animosity with the police.[31] When 38 members of the Ultras Devils were arrested in Shebeen al-Kom for "belonging to an illegal group" plus additional violent offences, it was seen as a crackdown on the organisations by authorities.[31]
In 2013, the Associated Press stated that the Egyptian Ultras network was one of the most organised movements in Egypt after the Muslim Brotherhood.[31]
| Stadium | Club | Name |
|---|---|---|
| Cairo International Stadium | Al Ahly SC | – Ultras Ahlawy – Ultras Devils |
| Cairo International Stadium | Zamalek SC | – Ultras White Knights (UWK) |
| Port Said Stadium | Al-Masry SC | – Ultras Green Eagles |
| Suez Stadium | Suez Montakhab | – Ultras Suez Fedyan |
| Ghazl El Mahalla Stadium | Ghazl El Mahalla SC | – Ultras Whales 2008 |
| Ismailia Stadium | Ismaily SC | – Ultras Yellow Dragons – Ultras Rebels |
| Alexandria Stadium | Al Ittihad Alexandria Club | – Ultras Green Magic |
| El Mansoura Stadium | El Mansoura SC | – Ultras Orange Dragons |
| Aswan Stadium | Aswan SC | – Ultras Nile Crocodile |
| El Minya Stadium | El Minya SC | – Ultras Red Camels |
| Tanta Stadium | Tanta SC | – Ultras Sons of Sayed El Badawy |
| Damanhour Stadium | Ala'ab Damanhour SC | – Ultras Blues |
| Zagazig University Stadium | Sharkia SC | – Ultras Green Horses – Sons of Oraby |
| Shebin Stadium | Gomhoriat Shebin SC | – Ultras Balck Horses |
Tunisia
| Stadium | Club | Name |
|---|---|---|
| Stade Olympique de Radès | ES Tunis | – Curva Sud Tunis – Ultras Lemkachkhines 2002 – Supras Sud 2004 – Blood & Gold 2005 – Zapatista Esperanza 2007 – Fedayn Espérantistes 2009 – matadors 2008 |
| Stade Olympique de Radès | Club Africain | – Curva Nord Tunis – African Winners – Leaders Clubistes 2003 – North Vandals 2007 – Dodgers Clubistes 2007 |
| Stade Taïeb Mhiri | CS Sfaxien | – Curva Nord Sfax – Black & White Fighters 2003 – Raged Boys 2007 – Ultras Sfaxiens 2007 – Leoni Bianconeri 2007 – Drughi Bianconeri 2013 |
| Stade Olympique de Sousse | ES Sahel | – Brigade Rouge 2001 – Curva Nord Sousse – Ultras Fanatics 2003 – Ultras Saheliano 2007 |
| Stade 15 October | CA Bizertin | – Ultras Big Boss 2010 – Ultras Marines 2005 |
| Stade Abdelaziz Chtioui | AS Marsa | – Vikings Marsois 2011 |
Asia
Cyprus
Gate-9 (Greek:Θύρα 9) is a Cypriot fans' group that supports the football team People's Athletic Club Omonia 1948 and all the sport departments of AC Omonia except football. Omonia supporters are traditionally left wing. A 2009 gallop poll estimated that three out of four Omonia fans vote for the Progressive Party of Working People, the communist party of Cyprus.[32] While the group retains its left wing beliefs, in recent years it has been openly critical of the party's involvement in the club's administrative decisions. The party has denied accusations that it influences club decisions.[33] Gate-9 members are associated with communist beliefs and have been noted for waving banners bearing Che Guevara's portrait, and other communist symbols.[34] The group is also involved in humanitarian work for refugees in Cyprus.[35] The group, besides Nicosia, has fan clubs in Limassol, Athens, Thessaloniki, Larnaka,[36] Paphos,[37] and London.[38]
Lebanon
The ultras scene was introduced to Lebanon in February 2018, with Nejmeh's "Ultras Supernova" and White ultras for racing Beirut 2019.[39][40][41] Their rivals Ansar quickly followed with their own ultras group, "I Tifosi", one month later.[40] Ahed formed their own ultras group, called "Ultras Yellow Inferno", the same year.[41] Prior to the Arab Club Champions Cup game between Nejmeh and Al-Ahly of Egypt, played on 13 August 2018, seven "Ultras Supernova" fans were arrested by the Egyptian national security because of the negative connotations the word "Ultras" has in Egypt.[42] The fans have been returned to Lebanon by request of the Lebanese Ambassador to Cairo.[43]
United Arab Emirates
Ultras Junoon is an Emirati group that was founded in 2010 by the fans of Al-Wasl Club. This club is considered to have the largest fan base in the Emirates, and Al-Wasl Club fans are considered the first club that came up with the idea of Ultras in the Gulf region. It is mentioned that Al Wasl fans were the main reason for increasing excitement in the region and increasing the viewership of the league in the Emirates, in particular. The Ultras Junoon have a great ability to preserve the history of this club, and they are close to making any decision in the interest of this club.
India
The ultras scene in India was introduced by East Bengal Ultras, the ultras group of East Bengal F.C., in 2013, and since then it grew slowly, as ultras groups of various clubs started to form and display of "Tifo's" and "Pyro" shows became very much a part of the ultras scene in Indian football.[44]
Blue Pilgrims is an organised group of football fans who support the India national football men's team, women's team, and all the other age – group national teams at every home and away game, formed by a group of football fans of several club fan bases of football clubs from India. Founded in 2017 before the commencement of the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup, which was held in India, the group based their name on the nickname of the national team, the "Blue Tigers". They consider travelling with the national teams, to wherever the teams play, as their pilgrimage. They often display flags, banners, and tifos in support of the national team.[45]
| Stadium | Club | Name |
|---|---|---|
| Salt Lake Stadium, Kolkata | East Bengal F.C. | – East Bengal Ultras |
| Salt Lake Stadium, Kolkata | East Bengal F.C. | – East Bengal the Real Power |
| Salt Lake Stadium, Kolkata | Mohun Bagan A.C. | – Mariners Dé Xtreme |
| Salt Lake Stadium, Kolkata | Mohun Bagan A.C. | – Mariners' Base Camp[46] |
Oceania
Australia
| Stadium | Club | Name |
|---|---|---|
| Melbourne Rectangular Stadium, Melbourne | Melbourne Victory | – Original Style Melbourne |
| Melbourne Rectangular Stadium, Melbourne | Melbourne City | – Yarra End Collective |
| Western Sydney Stadium, Parramatta | Western Sydney Wanderers | – Red and Black Bloc |
| Sydney Football Stadium, Sydney | Sydney FC | – The Cove 23 |
| Hindmarsh Stadium, Adelaide | Adelaide United | – Red Army |
New Zealand
| Stadium | Club | Name |
|---|---|---|
| Wellington Regional Stadium, Wellington | Wellington Phoenix | – Yellow Fever |
North America
Canada
| Stadium | Club | Name |
|---|---|---|
| Stade Saputo | CF Montréal | – Ultras Montréal |
| BMO Field | Toronto FC | – Inebriatti |
| Wanderers Grounds | HFX Wanderers FC | – Block 108 Ultras |
United States
| Mercedes-Benz Stadium | Atlanta United | – Guerilla Company[47] |
| Audi Field | D.C. United | – District Ultras[48] |
| PayPal Park | San Jose Earthquakes | – San Jose Ultras[49] |
| Red Bull Arena | New York Red Bulls | – Garden State Ultras[50]
– Torcida 96[51] |
| Subaru Park | Philadelphia Union | – Sons of Ben |
| CenturyLink Field | Seattle Sounders FC | – Emerald City Supporters[52] |
| Dignity Health Sports Park | Los Angeles Galaxy | – Ghosts Ultras Galaxy |
| Providence Park | Portland Timbers | – Timbers Army |
| Banc of California Stadium | Los Angeles Football Club | – The 3252 |
| Children's Mercy Park | Sporting Kansas City | – Fountain City Ultras |
| Keyworth Stadium | Detroit City FC | – Northern Guard Supporters |
Characteristics
Ultras groups are usually centred on a core group of founders or leaders (who tend to hold executive control),[53] with smaller subgroups organised by location, friendship or political stance. Ultras tend to use various styles and sizes of banners and flags bearing the name and symbols of their group.[53][54] Some ultras groups sell their own merchandise to raise funds for performing displays.[53][55] An ultras group can number from a handful of fans to hundreds or thousands, with larger groups often claiming entire sections of a stadium for themselves. Ultras groups often have a representative who liaises with the club owners on a regular basis, mostly regarding tickets, seat allocations and storage facilities.[53] Some clubs provide groups with cheaper tickets, storage rooms for flags and banners and early access to the stadium before matches to prepare displays. These types of favoured relationships are often criticised when ultras groups abuse their power.[1]
Hooliganism
While ultras groups can become violent, the majority of matches attended by ultras conclude with no violent incidents. Unlike hooligan firms, whose main aim is to fight hooligans of other clubs, the main focus of ultras is generally to support their own team.[56] Some hooligans try to be inconspicuous when they travel; usually not wearing team colours, to avoid detection by the police. Within the ultra or hooligan culture however, those dressing to "blend in" would be referred to as casuals, which is viewed by some as a branch of hooliganism, yet still maintaining its own independence and culture. Ultras tend to be more conspicuous when they travel, proudly displaying their scarves and club colours while arriving en masse, which allows the police to keep a close eye on their movements.
See also
- Curva
- Hooligan
- List of association football rivalries
- List of hooligan firms
- Barra brava
- Torcida organizada
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Further reading
- Guerra Nicola (2014). "Il discorso e la lingua speciale del calcio, una definizione inclusiva. I meccanismi di creazione dei neologismi e le dinamiche di contatto e interferenza" Annals of the University of Craiova Guerra, Nicola (January 2013). "Dalla strada alla letteratura, le spericolate e propizie vicende del forestierismo A.C.A.B.. Il contatto linguistico tra italiano e inglese nelle sottoculture Skinhead e Ultras". Analele Universităţii Din Craiova, Seria Ştiinţe Filologice Linguistică Nr. 1-2.
- Guerra Nicola (2011). "Meccanismi e significati linguistici di un'identità contemporanea: analisi dello spazio linguistico di una tifoseria ultras di calico". Annals of the University of Craiova.
- Guerra Nicola, Valentina Imperi, Claudia Vardanega (2010). "I Poeti della Curva: Un'analisi sociolinguistica degli striscioni allo stadio". Aracne.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Prof. Dr. Gunter A. Pilz: "International Conference on Ultras. Overview of the Ultra culture phenomenon in the Council of Europe member states in 2009" (PDF). (195 KB) Leibniz University Hanover, 18 January 2010.
- Testa, A. and Armstrong, G. (2008). "Words and actions: Italian ultras and neo-fascism" Social Identities, vol. 14 (4), pp. 473 – 490
- Testa, A. (2009) "UltraS: an Emerging Social Movement", Review of European Studies, vol. 1 (2), 54–63
- Testa, A. (2010). Contested Meanings: the Italian Media and the UltraS. Review of European Studies, vol 2(1), 15–24
- Testa, A. and Armstrong, G. (in press; November 2010). Football, Fascism and Fandom: The UltraS of Italian Football, A&C (Bloomsbury), London, Black Publishers.
- "Violence Threats to Italian Iconic Landmarks and Stadiums". 5 March 2017.TAL Global Corporation.d
External links
Media related to Ultras at Wikimedia Commons
