Panama

Republic of Panama
*República de Panamá*
Republic of Panama República de Panamá
	Flag Coat of arms of Panama Coat of arms
	Motto: Pro Mundi Beneficio (Latin); "For the Benefit of the World"
	Anthem: Himno Istmeño
Capital and largest city	Panama City
Official languages	Spanish
Government	Constitutional democracy
• President	Martín Torrijos
Independence
• from Spain	28 November 1821
• from Colombia	3 November 1903
• Water (%)	2.9
Population
• December 2006 estimate	3,320,000 (133rd)
• May 2000 census	2,839,177
GDP (PPP)	2005 estimate
• Total	$23.495 billion (105th)
• Per capita	$7,283 (83rd)
Gini (2002)	56.4; high
HDI (2004)	0.809; Error: Invalid HDI value (58th)
Currency	Balboa, U.S. dollar; (PAB, USD)
Time zone	UTC-5
• Summer (DST)	UTC-5
Calling code	507
ISO 3166 code	PA
Internet TLD	.pa

Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (Spanish: República de Panamá; IPA [re'puβlika ðe pana'ma]), is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on an isthmus, Panama is a transcontinental nation which connects North America and South America. It borders Costa Rica to the northwest, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south.

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Administrative divisions

The nine provinces and three provincial-level *comarcas* of Panama.

Administratively, Panama's major divisions are nine provinces and three indigenous territories (comarcas indígenas). There are also two subprovincial "comarcas," Kuna de Madugandí and Kuna de Wargandí, that form part of the Panamá and Darién provinces, respectively.

Provinces: Bocas del Toro · Coclé · Colón · Chiriquí · Darién · Herrera · Los Santos · Panamá · Veraguas

Provincial-level comarcas: Emberá · Kuna Yala · Ngöbe-Buglé

Geography

Panama is located in Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica. Its location on the eastern end of the Isthmus of Panama, a land bridge connecting North and South America, is strategic. By 1999, Panama controlled the Panama Canal that links the North Atlantic Ocean via the Caribbean Sea with the North Pacific Ocean.

A nearly impenetrable jungle forms the Darien Gap between Panama and Colombia. It creates a break in the Pan-American Highway, which otherwise forms a complete road from Alaska to Patagonia.

Economy

Panama's economy is service-based, heavily weighted toward banking, commerce, and tourism, due to its key geographic location. The handover of the canal and military installations by the USA has given rise to new construction projects. The Martín Torrijos administration has undertaken controversial structural reforms, such as a fiscal reform and a very difficult Social Security Reform. Furthermore, a Referendum regarding the building of a third set of locks for the Panama Canal was approved overwhelmingly (though with low voter turnout) on 22 October 2006. The official estimate of the building of the third set of locks is US$5.25 billion.

The Panamanian economy grew 8% in 2006 and for the first time in the last ten years the public sector closed the year 2006 with a trade surplus of USD 88 million.^{[verification needed]} Furthermore the GDP nominal revised in 2006 reached USD 16,704 billion according to information release in the document in spanish; "Informe Fiscal - Cierre año 2006" by the Minister of Economy and Finance on 2007/02/14, see link at the bottom of the page of the minister.

The Panamanian currency is the balboa, fixed at parity with the United States dollar. In practice, however, the country is dollarized; Panama mints its own coinage but uses US dollars for all its paper currency. Panama is one of three countries in the region to have dollarized their economies, with the other two being Ecuador and El Salvador.

Globalism

The high levels of Panamanian trade are in large part due to the Colón Free Trade Zone, the largest free trade zone in the Western Hemisphere. Last year the zone accounted for 92 percent of Panama's exports and 65 percent of its imports, according to an analysis of figures from the Colon zone management and estimates of Panama's trade by the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC).

Panama fared decently in tourism receipts and foreign direct investment as a percent of GDP (the fourth-highest in Latin America in both categories) and internet penetration (eighth-highest rate in Latin America).

Inflation

According to the Economic Commision for Latin American and the Caribbean (ECLAC, or CEPAL by its more-commonly used Spanish acronym), Panama's inflation as measured by CPI was 2.0 percent in 2006.[1] Panama has traditionally experienced low inflation.

Real estate

Panama City has seen a race between two rival projects aimed at becoming the tallest building in Latin America. But one of the two projects was cancelled. The other project, a 104-story residential and hotel building named Ice Tower, is slated to be completed in 2010.

The Palacio de la Bahia project has been cancelled by the Spanish promoter Olloqui. The two projects were originally smaller, but subsequently started adding floors to obtain status as the tallest building in the region.

There are more than 105 projects in Panama City where neighborhoods are experiencing a huge increase in the number of buildings. In San Francisco there are currently 25 new buildings being built.

Grupo Mall, another Spanish developer, is building a multitower apartment complex, hotel, and commercial mall. The project is scheduled for partial completion in 2009.

Apart from the existing demand, future developments will also be helped by such factors as the planned expansion of the Panama Canal, a possible refinery by U.S. oil giant Occidental Petroleum and a new container port near the Pacific entrance of the canal.

Poverty

Despite the large revenues from the Panama Canal and tourism, the World Bank reports that the Republic of Panama continues to struggle with poverty [2]. Income inequality is also a big problem in this country. According to the Inter-American Development Bank, the Gini Coefficient of per capita household income in Panama is 0.57.[3] This is one of the worst levels of income inequality in the region and the world.

Demographics

File:Panamacity night.jpg

Panama City at night.

The culture, customs, and language of the Panamanians are predominantly Caribbean and Spanish. Ethnically, the majority of the population is mestizo or mixed Amerindian, African, Spanish and Chinese descent. Spanish is the official and dominant language; English is also recognized as an official language and is spoken widely on the Caribbean coast and by many in business and professional fields. More than half the population lives in the Panama City–Colón metropolitan corridor.

The overwhelming majority of Panamanians are Roman Catholic, accounting for almost 80% of the population. Although the Constitution recognises Catholicism as the religion of the great majority, Panama has no official religion. Minority religions in Panama include Protestantism (12%), Islam (4.4%), the Bahá'í Faith (1.2%), Buddhism (at least 1%), Greek Orthodox (0.1%),Judaism (0.4%), and Hinduism (0.3%). The Jewish community in Panama, with over 10,000 members, is by far the biggest in the region (including Central America, Colombia and the Caribbean). Jewish immigration began in the late 19th century, and at present there are synagogues in Panama City, as well as two Jewish schools. Within Latin America, Panama has one of the largest Jewish communities in proportion to its population, surpassed only by Uruguay and Argentina. Panama's communities of Muslims, East Asians, and South Asians, are also among the largest.

Panama City hosts a Bahá'í House of Worship, one of only eight in the world. Completed in 1972, it is perched on a high hill facing the canal, and is constructed of local mud laid in a pattern reminiscent of Native American fabric designs.

Panama, because of its historical reliance on commerce, is above all a melting pot. This is shown, for instance, by its considerable population of Chinese origin (see Panama section in Chinatowns in Latin America). Many Chinese immigrated to Panama to help build the Panama Railroad. A term for "corner store" in Panamanian Spanish is el chinito, reflecting the fact that many corner stores are owned and run by Chinese immigrants. (Other countries have similar social patterns, for instance, the "Arab" corner stores of France.)

There are seven indigenous peoples in Panama:

The country is also the smallest in Spanish-speaking Latin America in terms of population (est. 3,232,000), with Uruguay as the second smallest (est. 3,463,000). However, since Panama has a higher birth rate, it is likely that in the coming years its population will surpass Uruguay's.

Notes and references

External links

The President of Panama Template:Es
List of Panamanian Government Agencies Template:Es
Ministry of Economics and Finance Template:Es
Ministry of External Relations Template:Es
Embassy of Panama in the U.S.
Official Site of the Panama Tourism Bureau
Official Site of the Panama Canal Authority
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