Jump to content

Moscopole

Coordinates: 40°38′0″N 20°35′25″E / 40.63333°N 20.59028°E / 40.63333; 20.59028
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Super Dromaeosaurus (talk | contribs) at 15:08, 30 July 2024 (rv). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Voskopojë
Moscopole
Moschopolis
Municipal unit
St. Nicholas Church
St. Nicholas Church
Voskopojë is located in Albania
Voskopojë
Voskopojë
Coordinates: 40°38′0″N 20°35′25″E / 40.63333°N 20.59028°E / 40.63333; 20.59028
Country Albania
CountyKorçë
MunicipalityKorçë
Population
 (2011)
 • Municipal unit
1,058
Demonym(s)Moscopolean[1]
Moscopolitan[2]
Voskopojar[3]
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal Code
7029
Area Code0864
Websitewww.voskopoja.al
Part of a series on
Aromanians
Geographical distribution
Major settlements
Culture
Language and identity
Religion
History
Related groups

Moscopole or Voskopoja (Template:Lang-sq; Template:Lang-rup, with several other variants; Template:Lang-el) is a village in Korçë County in southeastern Albania. During the 18th century, it was the cultural and commercial center of the Aromanians.[4] At its peak, in the mid 18th century, it hosted the first printing house in the Ottoman Balkans outside Constantinople, educational institutions and numerous churches.[5] It became a leading center of Greek culture[6][7][8] but also with elements of Albanian and Aromanian culture, all with great influence from Western civilization.[9][10]

One view[neutrality is disputed] attributes the decline of the city to a series of raids by Muslim Albanian bandits.[11][12] Moscopole was initially attacked and almost destroyed by those groups in 1769 following the participation of the residents in the preparations for a Greek revolt supported by the Russian Empire.[13] Its destruction culminated with the abandoning and destruction of 1788.[14][15][11] Moscopole, once a prosperous city, was reduced to a small village by Ali Pasha of Ioannina. According to another view, the city's decline was mainly due to the relocation of the trade routes in central and eastern Europe following these raids.[13] Today Moscopole, known as Voskopojë, is a small mountain village, and along with a few other local settlements is considered a holy place by local Orthodox Christians. It was one of the original homelands of much of the Aromanian diaspora.[16] It has been also nicknamed as "Jerusalem of the Aromanians",[17][18] "New Athens" or "Arcadia of the Balkans".[19]

In modern times, Aromanians no longer form a majority of the population, with incoming Christian and Muslim Albanians having further settled in the village, especially after World War II.[20] Still, Moscopole has held a key place within Aromanian nationalism, and many Aromanian writers have written about Moscopole in a mythical and utopian way, mourning the city's destruction.[21]

Name

Variations

The town is known as Voskopojë (definite form: Voskopoja) in Albanian. The Aromanian name of the town varies between Moscopole,[22] Moscopoli,[22] Muscopuli,[23] Voscopole,[24] Voscopoli[25] and Voshopole.[26] The Greek name of the town varies between Μοσχόπολις (transliterated into Moschópolis, Moscopolis, Moskopolis) and its vernacular equivalent form Μοσχόπολη (Moschópoli). The Βοσκόπολη/Βοσκόπολις (Voskópoli/Voskópolis/Voscopolis) variant is also used in various occasions in Greek. The town is called İskopol or Oskopol in Turkish[27] and Москополе (Moskopole) in Bulgarian.[28] It is known as Moscopole[18] or Voscopole in Romanian.[29]

The forms Voskopolis/Voskopoja derive from the Greek word Vosko (shepherd) which refers to one of the main professions performed by the Aromanian people.[30] Also the suffix poja/polis from the syntagm can be either linked to the Greek word polis (city, citadel) or the Slavic polje, i.e. plain.[30] Peyfuss strongly supports the latter interpretation, reasoning that this definition fits the configuration of the high plateau type terrain. According to Xhufi, it would be difficult to designate as a “plain” an isolated habitat at an altitude of 1,220 meters above sea level, preferring a link to the Greek word polis.[31]

Use in historical records

The city appears under the Albanian rendering Voskopoja in Ottoman documents from the 16th-17th centuries. In Venetian and French commercial documents, both the forms Voscopolis and Moschopolis, the latter rendering being associated with the Aromanian-speaking population, appear to be used interchangeably. In the edicts of the Patriarch of Ohrid, the city appears under the form Moschopolis. The 18th century, author Meletios Mitros uses the form Voskopolis in his work Geography.[32][33] In the Codex of the Monastery of St. John the Baptist, the Aromanian rendering Moschopolis is commonly found. This is possibly due to the scribe of the Codex, Michel the former bishop of Gorë, being a native of the neighboring village of Shipskë, itself inhabited historically by an Aromanian population. However, when it comes to archival documents transcribed into the Codex, such as decisions of the Synod of the Patriarchate of Ohrid or even of the meetings of the clergy of Moscopole, Michel seems to have preferred the form Voskopoja. This is also the case regarding the events of the years 1660–1687, in which in the agreements concluded between the monks of the monasteries, the notables and the archons of the three districts of the city, the name of the city is given in the form Voskopoja.[32]

Thus, the use of the forms Voskopoja/Moschopolis is not a certain conclusion of ethnic and social belonging, as even in the part of the Codex written by the hand of the Aromanian Michel, we nevertheless find cases where he also uses the form Voskopoja. What can be said with certainty is that both forms experienced cases of interchangeable usage, which is a strong indication of a long cohabitation and a close integration of the two communities. This may indicate that, at the time, except for the religious hierarchy and the documentation it produced, the name "Voskopoja" was very common among the lay population, and even among the lower clergy. Furthermore, Albanian surnames such as Ngushta, Vrusho and Krunde are found among the signatories of the agreement mentioned above, which represented the three districts of the city, perhaps the districts inhabited mainly by Albanians.[34]

Geography

Modern Moscopole is located 21 km from Korçë, in the mountains of southeastern Albania, at an altitude of 1160 meters, and is a subdivision of Korçë municipality;[35][36] its population in 2011 was 1,058.[37] The municipality of Moscopole consists of the villages of Moscopole, Shipskë, Krushovë, Gjonomadh and Lavdar.[38] In 2005, the municipality had a population of 2,218,[39] whereas the settlement itself has a population of around 500.[35]

History

Beginnings

Murals of the St. Nicholas Church, painted by David Selenica

Pouqueville identified Moscopole with the citadel of Museion, one of the 46 fortresses that, according to Procopius of Caesarea, Emperor Justinian I (527–565) had built in the province of Macedonia to defend against barbarian attacks. However, to this day, there is no trace of ancient construction in this place, albeit the area has not been excavated, not even in archaeological surveys. But, in the absence of the latter, it can be said that Moscopole was an inner trade node which, at least since the Byzantine period, linked the Korça basin to Berat, Vlora and Durrës. It would therefore be difficult to think that Justinian I would not have undertaken military fortifications in the area, which formed a corridor that in the future would be one of the most important passageways through which the migrating Slavic populations coming from Macedonia and moving towards the West entered.[40]

The existence of Moscopole should not have escaped the chronicler Gjon Muzaka. Having left Albania in 1478, he describes in detail all the surrounding villages, including Voskop which, at the time of his writing in 1510, was according to him abandoned "una terra che si chiama Vescop, la quale è distrutta". In the case of Voskop mentioned by Muzaka it is probably the modern village with the name, located at the foot of the heights that lead to Moscopole. Muzaka seems to link Voskop to a still flat land when he asserts that Voskop was part of what he calls "paese di Devoli maggiore", therefore the Greater Devoll region. However, in another passage of his chronicle, Muzaka mentions Voskop again, but this time adding to it the name Beci, a village in the Opar zone proper "Voscopebeci". In the latter case, not only the unification with Beci of the heights of Opar, but also the fact of having included it in the same context with other known villages of this area, such as Dushkar, Lavdar, Marian and Opar, suggest that it may be Moscopole (in the mountains) and not Voskop (in the plain). This may represent a typical case of the existence of two nearby settlements bearing the same name, something also observable in nearby Moscopole: Upper Goskova and Lower Goskova, located to the east of the settlement. This theory is further supported by the fact that Muzaka distinguishes several times between agglomerations and individual settlements, sometimes doing this for settlements which in later periods came to form one settlement, such as the case of Drago and Stagna, modern Dragostunjë.[41]

At the current state of knowledge, an ancient existence of Moscopole can only be assumed. As for its appearance in the pre-Ottoman Middle Ages, an affirmation of Johann Georg von Hahn, in which he recounts having read a codex of Moscopole in 1843, during his tenure as consul of Austria-Hungary. In it, he describes having read that the city was founded in 1338 by the head of the Muzaka family. It is unclear as to what codex Hahn is referring to. The Codex of the monastery of Saint-Prodrome in Moscopole, does affirm in its introductory part that the monastery in question was built in 1630, "two hundred and fifty or three hundred years after the foundation of the town of Moscopole itself", indicating that the latter must have been founded around the year 1330. However, this codex does not link the founding of Moscopole to the Muzaka family, as asserted by Hahn, who has probably consulted another unknown and possibly lost codex. Moreover, the fact is that the Codex of Saint-Prodrome, published by Ioakeim Martianos in 1939, makes several mentions of another older codex which he calls "the old codex" or “the great codex”, on the indications of which relied the monk Michel, who wrote in 1779 the second, newer codex known today. Subject to any reservations as to the possibility of an ancient or paleo-Byzantine substratum of the site, it is likely that Moscopole has existed, at least since the 14th century, in its initial function of pastoral agglomeration.[42]

Moscopole continued to retain the appearance of a typically pastoral settlement even when it began to be covered by Ottoman documentation. The register for the year 1568/9 indicates that agricultural activity had already begun alongside that of stockbreeding. However, the Sigils of Berat retain two firmans of Sultan Ibrahim, of the year 1647, where the latter ordered the local authorities of Vlora not to impose arbitrary taxes and obligations on "the rayah of Moscopole" who were, according to him, "nomadic shepherds" and who "since their elders, each year, arrived with their sheep to the winter pastures of the sanjak of Vlora”.[43]

Economy

In the middle of the 17th century, the inhabitants of Moscopole were still largely "nomadic herders" who moved with their flocks from summer pastures in Moscopole to those of the Sanjak of Avlona during the winter. It is precisely there that their conflict with the authorities of the Sanjak of Avlona started, as the sanjak's authorities started demanding fictitious or arbitrarily-increased taxes, which led them to complain to the Sublime Porte. However, only a few decades later, in 1700, the inhabitants of Moscopole had complained again to the Sultan, but this time because of the looting of their caravan in the Kaza of Tomorrica of the Sanjak of Avlona, where they usually passed to trade with their pastoral activity, which continued to be an important economic activity, and was therefore superimposed on commercial activity of these inhabitants: henceforth, it was the merchants of Moscopole who complained of raids on their caravans directed towards the ports of Durrës, Vlorë, etc.. It is not by chance that this change of status in the Ottoman system of land ownership corresponds to the period of the flourishing of Moscopole.[44]

Historically, the main economic activity of the city was livestock farming. This activity led to the establishment of wool processing and carpet manufacturing units and the development of tanneries, while other locals became metal workers and silver and copper smiths.[13] During the middle of the 18th century, the city became an important economic center whose influence spread over the boundaries of the Archbishopric of Ohrid, and reached further the Ottoman-ruled Eastern Orthodox world. This trade involved as far as the Archduchy of Austria, the Kingdom of Hungary, and the Upper Saxony. Until 1769, the town traded on a large scale with renowned European commercial centres of that time, such as Venice, Vienna and Leipzig.[45]

Growth

The old coat of arms of Moscopole

Sources are divided in considering Moscopole as a city in the proper sense of the term. Indeed, in 1770, a priest from Moscopole felt proud to call it a city when giving evidence before foreign authorities in Hungary (Moscopolis urbs Albaniae). In 1791, the geographers Philippides and Konstantas also qualify it as a city. But the geographer Meletios, who predated them and was writing at Moscopole's peak in 1728, calls Moscopole a town (πολισμα). If we refer to a local and more reliable source, the Codex of the monastery of Saint-Prodrome, its author Michel of Shipska (1779) still qualifies Moscopole as a village (ή χώρα Μοσχόπολις). However, the word hora often was used to mean place, without specifying whether it is a village, a city or an entire region. On the other hand, in the Codex of the monastery of Saint-Prodrome, various documents were transcribed ranging from different periods, be they deeds of sale and purchase of properties, deeds of donation, and even some synodal decisions of the Patriarchate of Ohrid. One of the latter, from 1686, describes Moscopole as a politeia (πολιτεία), which brings it closer in meaning to a city proper, but without explicitly identifying it as one. In his work Faith, published in Venice in 1732, Nektar Terpo, a native of Moscopole, attributes both names to this city. Speaking of certain archons of the city who worked to gain power by unjust means, he specifies for his part that these people were not liked by both the country and the city (ή χώρα καί πολιτεία). This gives credence to the translation of 'hora as a neutral name that could mean either village or country, regardless of its size and its economic and social typology. With regard to the other name given to Μoscopole, πολιτεία, as per the examples above, this word likely designated the community of Moscopole as a politically organized entity which as such maintained relations with other entities.[46]

Although known in Europe, Moscopole was nevertheless considered only a village (dorf) being referred to as such in an official Austrian document from 1716, therefore from the period were its growth had already started. However, the extent of the information and knowledge that the Habsburg Empire had of this center located in the middle of the mountains of Albania remains to be clarified. For an early 18th century Austrian, Hungarian or Venetian, Moscopole was the exotic homeland of skillful, but somewhat rough and rude merchants who supplied their markets with wool, skins and wax, particularly sought after in the specific conditions of the 17th-18th centuries. Along with agriculture, animal husbandry remained a vital part of the economic activity of Moscopole. The mountain above the monastery of Saint Prodrome continued to serve as a pasture for the inhabitants of the area, even when the aspect of a craft and commercial town had become predominant in relation to its historically pastoral profile. The Codex of this monastery explicitly attests that at the end of the 17th century, butter, cheese and other livestock products were still the foodstuffs by which dues were paid or donations were made to it.[47]

A printing press operated in Moscopole, which produced religious literature and school textbooks in Greek.[48] It was the second printing press in Ottoman Europe to be established after that of Constantinople,[49] having been founded by monk Georgios Konstantinidis.[50] This establishment produced a total of nineteen books, mainly the collection of the Services to the Saints but also the Introduction of Grammar by the local scholar Theodore Kavalliotis.[13] All locally printed books were exclusively written in Greek with the indication En Moschopolei. Claims by some Balkan scholars about the possible existence of multilingual prints or prints in Albanian, Aromanian or Slavic have not been verified.[51] Kavalliotis later became director of the city's prestigious educational institution, which from 1744 was known as New Academy or Hellenikon Frontistirion, sponsored by wealthy foreign merchants.[52] This institution became one of the leading centers of learning for Orthodox Christians in western Balkans. The language of education was Greek while renowned Greek teachers were invited to provide lessons.[48]

The city also hosted an orphanage, known as Orphanodioiketerion, possibly the first in the post-Byzantine Orthodox world;[52] and also a hospital and a total of 24 churches.[35]

A cultural effervescence arose in Moscopole, and many authors published their works in both the Greek language (which was the language of culture of the Balkans at the time) and Aromanian, written in the Greek alphabet. In 1770, the first dictionary of four modern Balkan languages (Greek, Albanian, Aromanian and Bulgarian) was published here. Daniel Moscopolites, an Aromanian native priest of Moscopole, compiled a quadrilingual lexicon of Greek, Aromanian, Bulgarian and Albanian, that aimed at the Hellenization of the non-Greek-speaking Christian communities in the Balkans.[53][54] Due to the high level of intellectual activity and Greek education, Moscopole was nicknamed as New Athens or New Mystra.[55][56] As such, the city became an important 18th century center of the modern Greek Enlightenment.[57][58]

The Aromanian Missal, an 18th-century liturgical book in Aromanian, was likely written in Moscopole.[59] The authors of the Codex Dimonie, a collection of Aromanian-language biblical texts translated from Greek, may have also originated from Moscopole.[60]

Destruction and decline

Dictionary of four Balkan languages (Greek, Aromanian, Bulgarian and Albanian), written by Daniel Moscopolites
Dictionary of four Balkan languages (Greek, Aromanian, Bulgarian and Albanian), written by Daniel Moscopolites

The 1769 sacking and pillaging by Muslim Albanian[61] troops was just the first of a series of attacks to the city. Moscopole was attacked due to the participation of the residents in the preparations for a Greek revolt supported by the Russian Empire known as the Orlov Revolt.[13] Its destruction culminated with the razing of 1788 by the troops of Ali Pasha of Ioannina.[62] Moscopole was practically destroyed by this attack, with some of its commerce shifting to nearby Korçë and Berat.[63]

Image of the St. Nicholas Church

The survivors were thus forced to flee, most of them emigrating mainly to Thessaly and Macedonia.[64] Orthodox Albanians from Moscopole which migrated in the beginning of the 19th century to Kruševo would found the so called Ohtul di Arbinesh (Hill of the Albanians) neighbourhood. This community would soon assimilate into the Aromanian population of the city.[65] A number of the Orthodox Albanian families from the city also settled in the city of Prilep during the beginning of the 19th century. There they formed a small but notable community, before eventually assimilating into the Bulgarian and to a lesser extent Greek corpus.[66] Some of the commercial elite moved to the Archduchy of Austria, and the Kingdom of Hungary, especially to the respective capitals of Vienna and Budapest, but also to Transylvania, where they had an important role in the early national awakening of Romania. The city never rose back to its earlier status. However, a new school was established at the end of the 18th century whose headmaster in 1802 was Daniel Moscopolites. This school functioned the following decades, thanks to donations and bequests by baron Simon Sinas.[64] The diaspora of Moscopole located in Austria and Hungary continued the tradition of their ancestors by sponsoring institutions beneficial to the Greek people.[13] During this period, many members of the Aromanian diaspora who migrated to Budapest and Vienna started developing a unique Aromanian identity, being one of the first Aromanian populations to do so. These cities became gathering centers for Aromanians and Aromanian language and culture was promoted.[67][68]

With the destruction of Moscopole and the birth of Aromanian literature, many Aromanian writers, predominantly those young Aromanians educated in Romanian schools, began to write about Moscopole in a utopian way, with feelings and elements such as love, nostalgia, superstitions, mentalities, emotions and everyday aspects of life being predominant. Depression and nostalgia for the city became the main feelings in this Aromanian literary phenomenon. Romanian historian Sorin Antohi described the Aromanian elites engaging in this utopic literary discourse about Moscopole as having an exalted feeling of finding of a "magnetic beauty and without any imperfection of a brilliant city" which "evokes a dreamlike image". The founder of this Aromanian literary trend was Leon Boga, but it also includes works by Nicolae Constantin Batzaria, Nicolae Caratană, Ion Foti, Kira Mantsu and Nicolae Velo.[21]

In 1914, Moscopole was part of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus. The now village was destroyed again in 1916 during World War I by the marauding Albanian bands of Sali Butka,[69] who set Moscopole on fire and killed a number of local civilians.[70] Butka is considered among Aromanian circles as a criminal due to this event.[71] This incident was followed by the looting of the village's churches by French soldiers belonging to the administration of the Autonomous Province of Korçë.[70]

During the Greco-Italian War, on 30 November 1940, the town was captured by the advancing Greek forces.[72] In April 1941, after the capitulation of Greece, Moscopole returned to Axis control. The remaining buildings were razed three times during the partisan warfare of World War II: once by Italian troops and twice by the Albanian nationalist Balli Kombëtar organization.[73] Fifteen partisans from Moscopole died during the war. In their honor, a lapidar [de] was erected in the village with the names of the partisans engraved.[74]

Of the old city, six Orthodox churches (one in a very ruined state), a bridge and a monastery survive.[75]

Modern times

At 1996 the church of Saint Michael was vandalized by Albanian adolescents under the influence of a foreign Muslim fundamentalist, an incident that shocked and dismayed the Albanian public.[75] In 2002, the five standing churches were put on the World Monuments Fund's 2002 World Monuments Watch.[76] Today, Moscopole is just a small mountain village and ski resort.[77] During recent years, a Greek language institution and a joint Greek–Albanian initiative has operated in Moscopole.[78]

Demographics

Early period

The first Ottoman register of the area of Korça and Permet at the end of the 14th century does not mention Moscopole, and also omittes many of the surrounding villages in the region mountain range of Opar. However, this document can not serve as a basis for drawing a conclusion on the existence of the settlement at that time as the mountainous region of Opar had not yet been fully conquered by the Ottoman Empire and as such the region was not of interest to the register. The summary register of Rumelia of years 1520-1530 includes the nahiyes of Ohrid, Beral (Vlora) and of Elbasan, while omitting the kaza of Korça (which included Moscopole), which from that time onwards was placed under the dependence of the nahiyah of Monastir. However, it lists villages in the area more to the north, those of Maliq and the Gora, such as Marian, Niça, Shkoza, Manastirica, Maliq, Symiza, Këmbëthekra, all villages located in the north of Moscopole. Oso is the only village in the Opar region that appears on this register. Moscopole appears with certainty a few decades later in the Great Register bonds of the kaza of Korça, Bilisht and Krupishta of the year 1568/9, as a rural settlement with 330 household heads. Later, from 1647, it appears in documents Ottomans as a prerogative (mülk) of the Sultan's mother.[79]

The other Ottoman summary register, that of the year 1668/9, does not mention Moscopole, but the kaza of Korça to which Moscopole also belonged. The kaza of Korça appears there as the kaza which had the largest number of inns listed (569) within the framework of the sandjak of Rumelia (Monastir). Even if one attributed to Moscopole the majority of these 569 inns, compared to the register of a century earlier, that of 1568/9 which mentions 330 household heads, a noticeable growth is not evident, likely meaning Moscopole had yet to experience the massive growth it would become known for.[80]

City

Although located in a rather isolated place in the mountains of southern Albania, the city rose to become the most important center of the Aromanians. Many of its inhabitants originated from the southern parts of Epirus, such as the settlements of Skamneli and Metsovo (Aminciu, an Aromanian settlement as well) in northwestern Greece. It was a small settlement until the end of the 17th century, but afterwards showed a remarkable financial and cultural development.[13] Some writers have claimed that Moscopole in its glory days (1730–1760) had as many as 70,000 inhabitants; other estimates placed its population closer to 35,000;[81][75] but a more realistic number may be closer to 3,500. According to Max Demeter Peyfuss, "the truth may be closer to this number [sc. 3500] than to 70,000. Moschopolis was certainly not among the largest Balkan cities of the 18th century".[82]

Following the first fatal blow suffered around the middle of the 18th century, the city was reduced to a degraded agglomeration with some 200 houses. It continued to be so even at the dawn of modern times.[83] According to the Swedish historian Johann Thunmann, who visited Moscopole and wrote a history of the Aromanians in 1774, everyone in the city spoke Aromanian; many also spoke Greek, which was used for writing contracts. In fact the city is said to have been mainly populated by Aromanians. The fact was confirmed by a 1935 analysis of family names that showed that in the 18th century the majority of the population were indeed Aromanians, but there were also Greeks, Albanians and Bulgarians present in the city.[61][84]

Decline

In 1894, Gustav Weigand, a researcher who was interested in the populations of the Balkans, visited Moscopole which he describes as a village (Dorf) of only 220 families, half of whom were Albanian and the other half Aromanian.[83]

In 1900, a report by the Greek consul Betsos gave details of the demographic composition of Moscopole. It noted that the 18th century destruction of the settlement resulted in the dispersal of its Aromanian population and that some old remaining families moved to other places, in particular Korçë. Around 30 old families remained, with the socio-political crisis that engulfed the nearby Opar region resulting in Albanian Christians leaving their previous homes and settling in Moscopole. Aromanians from two nearby settlements also resettled in Moscopole. In 1900, Moscopole was populated by a total of 200 families, consisting of 120 Albanian and 80 Aromanian families. Most of the older Aromanian families had a Greek national consciousness while 3 families along with some of the newer residents were pro-Romanian (from a total of 20 older families), led by an unfrocked priest named Kosmas.[85]

Modern times

Moscopole, known in Albania as being a traditionally Christian settlement, is a neighbour to various Muslim and Christian Albanian villages that surround it, although the latter ones have become "demographically depressed" due to migration. During the communist period, some Muslims from surrounding villages settled in Moscopole, making locals view the village population as mixed (i përzier) and lamenting the decline of the Christian element.[86]

In modern times, Aromanians no longer form a majority of the population, with incoming Christian and Muslim Albanians having further settled in the village, especially after the Second World War.[20] According to the 2011 Albanian census, out of the 1,058 inhabitants, 69.57% declared themselves as Albanian, 5.48% declared themselves as Aromanian, 0.47% declared themselves as Macedonians, and 0.09% as Greek. The rest of the population did not specify its ethnicity.[87] In term of religion, the same census claimed Moscopole as a Muslim-majority village by 76.07% with an Eastern Orthodox minority of 11.69%.[88] However, on the quality of the specific data the Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities stated that "the results of the census should be viewed with the utmost caution and calls on the authorities not to rely exclusively on the data on nationality collected during the census in determining its policy on the protection of national minorities."[89] Furthermore, the census was boycotted by a significant number of the Greek community of Albania, typically of Eastern Orthodox denomination.[87][88]

Orthodox churches and monasteries

Decorated exonarthex of the St. Athanasius Church
The ruined St. Charalampus Church

The remaining churches in the region are among the most representative of 18th century ecclesiastical art in the Balkans. Characteristically, their murals are comparable to that in the large monastic centres at Mount Athos and Meteora, both in Greece. The architectural design is in general specific and identical: a large three-aisled basilica with a gable roof. The churches are single-apsed, with a wide altar apse and internal niches that serve as prothesis and diaconicon. Most churches also have one niche, each on the northern and southern walls, next to the prothesis and the diaconicon. Along the southern side there is an arched porch.[45]

Of the original around 24–30 churches of Moscopole, besides the St. John the Baptist Monastery (Template:Lang-sq or Manastiri i Shën Gjon Pagëzorit; Template:Lang-el) in the vicinity of the town,[45] only five have survived into modern times:

Some of the ruined churches include the following:

Climate

There is a combination of mild valley climate in the lower parts and true Alpine climate in the higher regions.[citation needed] Favorable climate conditions make this center ideal for winter, summer, sport and recreation tourism, so there are tourists during the whole year, and not only from areas of Albania, but also foreigners.[91]

Notable people

People born in Moscopole:

Others with roots in Moscopole:

  • Tourist center
    Tourist center
  • Mountains near Moscopole
    Mountains near Moscopole
  • Aromanian festival in Moscopole
    Aromanian festival in Moscopole
  • View of the village
    View of the village
  • Saint Nicholas Church
    Saint Nicholas Church
  • Saint Nicholas Church
    Saint Nicholas Church
  • The St. John the Baptist Bridge, next to the village
    The St. John the Baptist Bridge, next to the village
  • The lapidar [de] of Moscopole
    The lapidar [de] of Moscopole

See also

References

  1. ^ Lascu, Stoica (2012). "The constitution of the dimensions of Balkan Romanianism in the perception of the society of the Danubian Principalities (first half of the XIXth century)". Valahian Journal of Historical Studies. 18–19: 81–106.
  2. ^ Berciu Drăghicescu, Adina; Madge, Octavia Luciana; Coman, Virgil (2011). "Farsherots, Moscopolitans, Megleno-Romanians – Online Recovery of their Cultural Heritage". Library & Information Science Research (15).
  3. ^ Giakoumis 2016, p. 105.
  4. ^ Förster Horst, Fassel Horst. Kulturdialog und akzeptierte Vielfalt?: Rumänien und rumänische Sprachgebiete nach 1918.. Franz Steiner Verlag, 1999. ISBN 978-3-7995-2508-4, p. 33: "Moschopolis zwar eine aromunische Stadt ... deren intelektuelle Elite in starken Masse graekophil war."
  5. ^ Rousseva R. Iconographic characteristics of the churches in Moschopolis and Vithkuqi (Albania), Makedonika, 2006, v. 35, pp. 163–191. Archived 4 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine In English and Greek, with photographs of icons and inscriptions.
  6. ^ Cohen, Mark (2003). Last century of a Sephardic community: the Jews of Monastir, 1839–1943. Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-886857-06-3. Moschopolis emerged as the leading center of Greek intellectual activity in the 18th
  7. ^ Winnifrith, Tom (2002). Badlands, borderlands: a history of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania. Duckworth. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7156-3201-7.
  8. ^ Skendi, Stavro (1980). Balkan Cultural Studies. East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-914710-66-0. Two centers of Greek culture exercised strong influence on the Orthodox Albanians : Voskopojë ( Moskhopolis ), in the south, near Korçë
  9. ^ Mustafa, Avzi (1997). Edukata dhe arsimi nëpër shekuj: studime dhe artikuj. Shkupi. p. 61. Në Voskopojë jetonin shqiptarët ortodoksë dhe arumunët, të cilët i takonin Patrikanës së Ohrit. Nga ana tjetër tregtia e zhvilluar ndikoi që të depërtojë kultura e perëndimit. Kështu Voskopoja u bë një nyje e rëndësishme ku lidheshin të gjitha rrjetat tregtare, madje edhe kulturale të Evropës Perëndimore.
  10. ^ Skutsch, Carl (2013). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. Taylor & Francis. p. 64. ISBN 9781135193881.
  11. ^ a b Vickers, Miranda (1995). The Albanians: A Modern History. I.B.Tauris. pp. 14–15. ISBN 9780857736550.
  12. ^ Cohen, Mark (2003). Last century of a Sephardic community : the Jews of Monastir, 1839–1943. New York: Foundation for the advancement of Sephardic studies and culture. ISBN 9781886857063. In 1769, and then again in 1788, this thriving town was sacked by Muslim Albanians. It was finally destroyed in the early 19th century by Ali Pasha...
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Mikropoulos, Tassos A. (2008). Elevating and Safeguarding Culture Using Tools of the Information Society: Dusty traces of the Muslim culture. Earthlab. pp. 315–316. ISBN 978-960-233-187-3.
  14. ^ Hermine G. De Soto, Nora Dudwick. Fieldwork dilemmas: anthropologists in postsocialist states. Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-299-16374-7, p. 45.
  15. ^ Mackridge, Peter (2 April 2009). Language and National Identity in Greece, 1766–1976. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-19-921442-6.
  16. ^ Gilles de Rapper. Religion on the border: Sanctuaries and festivals in post-communist Albania. Religion on the Boundary and the Politics of Divine Interventions. Proceedings of the International Conference, Sofia 14–18 April 2006. Istanbul, Isis Press, p. 5.
  17. ^ "Ismail Kadare ti armâńi / Ismail Kadare për vllehtë". Frația (in Albanian and Aromanian). Vol. 11, no. 177. 3 November 2010. p. 3. Al'iura dit România și Gărchia, armâńi tu Albanii avea Jerusalemu a lor, Moscopolea.
  18. ^ a b Popescu, Adina (1–7 September 2022). "Cine sînt aromânii din Albania? – un interviu cu Entela BINJAKU". Dilema Veche (in Romanian). No. 960. Moscopole este ca un Ierusalim al nostru, pentru că o mare parte din aromânii risipiți prin țară, cum ar fi cei din orașul Fier, provin din Moscopole.
  19. ^ Kocój, Ewa (29 September 2016). "Artifacts of the Past as Traces of Memory. The Aromanian Cultural Heritage in the Balkans". Res Historica. 41: 159. doi:10.17951/rh.2016.41.159. ISSN 2082-6060. Retrieved 12 September 2022. The 1768 expulsion of Aromanians from Moscopole gave rise to the legend of the city, which in modern explications is portrayed as the Arcadia of the Balkans, a New Jerusalem or a New Athens.
  20. ^ a b Gilles de Rapper. Religion on the border: Sanctuaries and festivals in post-communist Albania. Religion on the Boundary and the Politics of Divine Interventions. Proceedings of the International Conference, Sofia 14–18 April 2006. Istanbul, Isis Press, p. 12.After several assaults and destruction by its Muslim neighbours, Voskopojë is no more than a big village in which Aromanian population is not in majority anymore. Albanian-speaking Christians and Muslims have come and settled, especially after the Second World War, when life conditions became more attractive in what was turned into an administrative centre rather than in remote mountain villages.
  21. ^ a b Lambru, Steliu (2001). "Narrating national utopia. The case of Moschopolis in the Aromanian national discourse" (PDF). Xenopoliana. 9 (1–4): 54–81.
  22. ^ a b Enina, Pirro (July 2010). "MOSCOPOLEA – Isturia shi leghenda a lje" (PDF). Fârshârotu (in Aromanian). Vol. 6, no. 33. pp. 6–7.
  23. ^ Kahl, Thede (2008). "Multipart singing among the Aromanians (Vlachs)". In Ahmedaja, Ardian; Haid, Gerlinde (eds.). European Voices I: Multipart singing in the Balkans and the Mediterranean. Böhlau Verlag. p. 267. ISBN 9783205780908.
  24. ^ Arumunët Albania, nr. 39. p. 6.
  25. ^ Cunia, Tiberius. "LECTSIA 1 – ALFABETLU ARMÃNESCU" (in Aromanian). Trâ Armânami Association of French Aromanians. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  26. ^ Cândroveanu, Hristu (1985). Iorgoveanu, Kira (ed.). Un veac de poezie aromână (PDF) (in Romanian). Cartea Românească. p. 9.
  27. ^ Anscombe, Frederick (2006). "Albanians and "mountain bandits"". In Anscombe, Frederick. The Ottoman Balkans, 1750–1830. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 99. "İskopol/Oskopol (Voskopoje, southeast Albania"
  28. ^ Нида Бога: Москополе. Преводач: Николай Кюркчиев, София 2000.
  29. ^ Neamul aromânesc din Macedonia. p. 17.
  30. ^ a b Kocój, Ewa (2016). "Artifacts of the Past as Traces of Memory. The Aromanian Cultural Heritage in the Balkans". Res Historica. 41: 185. doi:10.17951/rh.2016.41.159. ISSN 2082-6060.
  31. ^ Xhufi, Pëllumb (2012). "Les débuts de Voskopoja". Studia Albanica (1): 7.
  32. ^ a b Xhufi, Pëllumb (2012). "Les débuts de Voskopoja". Studia Albanica (1): 2–3.
  33. ^ Mitros, Meletios. "Geigrafia: Old and Modern". digital.lib.auth.gr/. p. 307. Retrieved 31 March 2023. Volume: 6: εις τούτα τα μέρη είναι πολίσματα ακουστά Βοσκόπολις, Γκιόρτσα και τα λοιπά at those places there are many towns: Voskopolis, Gjorca and others
  34. ^ Xhufi, Pëllumb (2012). "Les débuts de Voskopoja". Studia Albanica (1): 4.
  35. ^ a b c Marcel Cornis-Pope; John Neubauer (2004). History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Junctures and Disjunctures in the 19th and 20th Centuries. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 288. ISBN 90-272-3453-1.
  36. ^ "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF) (in Albanian). pp. 6372–6373. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  37. ^ 2011 census results Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  38. ^ Greece – Albania Neighbourhood Programme Archived 27 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ^ "Albania Communes". World Health Organization. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
  40. ^ Xhufi, Pëllumb (2012). "Les débuts de Voskopoja". Studia Albanica (1): 7–8.
  41. ^ Xhufi, Pëllumb (2012). "Les débuts de Voskopoja". Studia Albanica (1): 6–7.
  42. ^ Xhufi, Pëllumb (2012). "Les débuts de Voskopoja". Studia Albanica (1): 8–9.
  43. ^ Xhufi, Pëllumb (2012). "Les débuts de Voskopoja". Studia Albanica (1): 10.
  44. ^ Xhufi, Pëllumb (2012). "Les débuts de Voskopoja". Studia Albanica (1): 5–6.
  45. ^ a b c d Kirchhainer, Karin (2003). "Iconographic Characteristics of the Churches in Moschopolis and Vithikuqi (Albania)" (PDF). Makedonika. 35 (4): 163–191.
  46. ^ Xhufi, Pëllumb (2012). "Les débuts de Voskopoja". Studia Albanica (1): 11–12.
  47. ^ Xhufi, Pëllumb (2012). "Les débuts de Voskopoja". Studia Albanica (1): 12–13.
  48. ^ a b Detrez, Raymond (15 July 2013). Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies. BRILL. p. 52. ISBN 978-90-04-25076-5.
  49. ^ Kekridis Eustathios (1989). Θεόδωρος Αναστασίου Καβαλλιώτης (1718; 1789). Ο Διδάσκαλος του Γένους (Doctoral Dissertation) (in Greek and English). Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. p. 44. doi:10.12681/eadd/1624. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  50. ^ Greek, Roman and Byzantine studies. Duke University. 1981. p. 90.
  51. ^ Peyfuss, Max Demeter (1999). "The printing shop of Moschopolis" (PDF). Institute of Macedonian Studies: 200–201. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  52. ^ a b Anthony L. Scott (2003). Good and Faithful Servant: Stewardship in the Orthodox Church. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-88141-255-0.
  53. ^ Friedman A. Victor. After 170 years of Balkan linguistics. Wither the Millennium? Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine University of Chicago. p. 2: "...given the intent of these comparative lexicons was the Hellenization of non-Greek-speaking Balkan Christians...
  54. ^ Horst Förster; Horst Fassel (1999). Kulturdialog und akzeptierte Vielfalt?: Rumänien und rumänische Sprachgebiete nach 1918. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 35, 45. ISBN 978-3-7995-2508-4.
  55. ^ Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies. Duke University. 1981.
  56. ^ Asterios I. Koukoudēs. The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora. 2003.
  57. ^ Goldwyn, Adam J.; Silverman, Renée M. (2016). Mediterranean Modernism: Intercultural Exchange and Aesthetic Development. Springer. p. 177. ISBN 9781137586568. ...with Moschopolis we get a perspective on the Balkans, Greek enlightenment and the eighteent century...
  58. ^ Kitromilides, Paschalis M. (2013). Enlightenment and Revolution. Harvard University Press. p. 39. ISBN 9780674726413. Besides the triangle... with a northwestern outpost in Moschopolis), where the first drama of the Enlightenment ...
  59. ^ Klimkowski, Tomasz (2015). "Religious vocabulary in Aromanian compared to Romanian". Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia. 22 (1): 170. doi:10.14746/bp.2015.22.12.
  60. ^ Brâncuș, Grigore (1992). "Observații asupra structurii vocabularului aromân în Dicționarul lui Daniil Moscopoleanul" (PDF). Studii și cercetări lingvistice (in Romanian). 43 (1): 39–43.
  61. ^ a b Stavrianos Leften Stavros, Stoianovich Traian. The Balkans since 1453. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000. ISBN 978-1-85065-551-0, p. 278.
  62. ^ Katherine Elizabeth Fleming. The Muslim Bonaparte: diplomacy and orientalism in Ali Pasha's Greece. Princeton University Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0-691-00194-4, p. 36 "...destroyed by resentful Muslim Albanians in 1788"
  63. ^ Princeton University. Dept. of Near Eastern Studies. Princeton papers: interdisciplinary journal of Middle Eastern studies. Markus Wiener Publishers, 2002. ISSN 1084-5666, p. 100.
  64. ^ a b Sakellariou, M. V. (1997). Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization. Ekdotikē Athēnōn. p. 308. ISBN 978-960-213-371-2.
  65. ^ Murati, Qemal (2011). "SHQIPJA DHE MAQEDOARUMANISHTJA NGA ASPEKTI I KONTAKTEVE MIDIS TYRE". Studime Albanologjike. ITSH: 10.
  66. ^ Mustafa Ibrahimi. "SHQIPTARËT ORTODOKSË NË MAQEDONINË E VERIUT DHE DISA SHKRIME TË TYRE ME ALFABET CIRILIK". Gjurmime Albanologjike - Seria e shkencave filologjike 50:139-152."
  67. ^ Crețulescu, Vladimir (2015). "The Aromanian-Romanian national movement (1859-1905): an analytical model". Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia. 22 (1): 99–121. doi:10.14746/bp.2015.22.8.
  68. ^ Kahl, Thede (2003). "Aromanians in Greece: Minority or Vlach-speaking Greeks?" (PDF). Jahrbücher für Geschichte und Kultur Südosteuropas. 5: 205–219.
  69. ^ Badlands, borderlands: a history of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania. Tom Winnifrith. Duckworth, 2002. ISBN 978-0-7156-3201-7, p. 61.
  70. ^ a b Koukoudis, Asterios (2003). The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora. Thessaloniki: Zitros Publications. p. 364. ISBN 9789607760869.
  71. ^ Nikolaeva Todorova Marii︠a︡. Balkan identities: nation and memory. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85065-715-6, pp. 108-109.
  72. ^ Creveld, Martin L. van (1973). Hitler's strategy 1940–1941 : the Balkan clue (Reprinted. ed.). London: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 9780521201438. Moschopolis and Pogradec fell on 30 November
  73. ^ Pyrrhus J., Ruches (1965). "Albania's Captives". Chicago: Argonaut: 213. Burned once by the Italians, twice by the Ballists... led by Dervish Bejo by Georgevitsa. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  74. ^ Zholi, Albert Z. (27 October 2017). "Voskopoja, një qytetërim shekullor, një turizëm përrallor". Koha Jonë (in Albanian).
  75. ^ a b c Robert Elsie's review on Peyfuss"Peyfuß, Max Demeter: Die Druckerei von Moschopolis, 1731–1769. Buchdruck und Heiligenverehrung im Erzbistum Achrida" (PDF). Elsie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2005.
  76. ^ "Voskopojë Churches | World Monuments Fund".
  77. ^ Golka, Vasjan (17 November 2008). "Korca Te dhena te pergjithshme" (PDF). Korca Jone Portal. p. 7.
  78. ^ Καγιά, Έβις (2006). Το Ζήτημα της Εκπαίδευσης στην Ελληνική Μειονότητα και οι Δίγλωσσοι Μετανάστες Μαθητές στα Ελληνικά Ιδιωτκά Σχολεία στην Αλβανία (in Greek). University of Thessaloniki. pp. 118–121. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  79. ^ Xhufi, Pëllumb (2012). "Les débuts de Voskopoja". Studia Albanica (1): 5.
  80. ^ Xhufi, Pëllumb (2012). "Les débuts de Voskopoja". Studia Albanica (1): 6.
  81. ^ Peyfuss, p. 35-36 snippet view
  82. ^ Peyfuss, Max Demeter. Die Druckerei von Moschopolis, 1731–1769: Buchdruck und Heiligenverehrung im Erzbistum Achrida. Böhlau, 1989, ISBN 978-3-205-05293-7, p. 35–36
  83. ^ a b Xhufi, Pëllumb (2012). "Les débuts de Voskopoja". Studia Albanica (1): 13.
  84. ^ Trifon, Nicolas (1 January 2005). "Des Aroumains aux Tsintsares: destinées historiques et littéraires d'un peuple méconnu". Contre-feux (in French). Archived from the original on 24 January 2005.
  85. ^ Koukoudis, Asterios (2003). The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora. Thessaloniki: Zitros Publications. pp. 362–363. ISBN 9789607760869. "A report by Betsos, the Greek consul in Monastir, is very informative about the demographic composition of Moschopolis in 1900. Moscopolis: The old Vlach-speaking inhabitants of Moscopolis dispersed in all directions at the end of the eighteenth century, because the Moslem Albanians living round about pillages that once famed city, and the comparatively few remaining families gradually moved elsewhere, particularly to Korçë, which slowly became an important commercial centre. Of the old Vlach families, only about thirty remain in Moscopolis; but on the other hand, the widespread disorder ravaging the area of Opar has caused many Albanian speaking families to leave the barren, mountainous parts of the country and remove to Moscopolis, where they till the land and raise livestock. Able Vlach-speaking families came from two Vlach settlements to Moscopolis, of which the entire population at present amounts to 200 families, of which 120 are Albanian-speaking and the remaining 80 Vlach speaking. All the old Vlach-speaking families have remained true to [their Greek national consciousness], but for three, who, together with some of the newcomers, have been led astray by the unfrocked priest Kosmas. The Romanising families there number twenty in all."
  86. ^ De Rapper, Gilles (2010). "Religion on the border: sanctuaries and festivals in post-communist Albania": 3. The three villages are known as Christians villages where Muslims have recently settled, especially during communist times, so that today their population is said to be 'mixed' (i përzier). They are also surrounded by Muslim villages, or by demographically depressed Christian villages; in other words, from the Christian point of view, the villages and their surroundings have lost a part of their Christian character. In the case of Moscopole and Vithkuq, this loss is told in a more dramatic mode: both villages are known to have been prosperous Christian cities in the 18th century, before they were plundered and destroyed during repeated attacks by local Muslims. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  87. ^ a b "Ethnic composition of Albania 2011".
  88. ^ a b "Ethnic composition of Albania 2011".
  89. ^ "Third Opinion on Albania adopted on 23 November 2011". Advisory Committee on the Framework for the Protection of National Minorities. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  90. ^ Koukoudis, Asterios I. (2003). The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora. Zitros. p. 13. ISBN 978-960-7760-86-9.
  91. ^ Vassilis Nitsiakos (October 2010). On the Border: Transborder Mobility, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries Along the Albanian-Greek Frontier. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 373. ISBN 978-3-643-10793-0.

Bibliography

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moscopole.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moscopole&oldid=1237593393"