Jump to content

Brian Epstein

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Andreasegde (talk | contribs) at 21:58, 5 May 2007 (Another small T t changed). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Brian Epstein

Brian Samuel Epstein, born in Liverpool, England (19 September 1934 – 27 August 1967) was the manager of The Beatles. He also managed numerous other groups like Gerry & The Pacemakers, Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas, and solo artists like Cilla Black.

The Beatles recorded a demo in Decca's studios—paid for by Epstein—which he later persuaded George Martin to listen to. Epstein was then offered a contract (after Martin had auditioned the group) by EMI's small Parlophone label, even though they had been previously been rejected by almost every other British record company.

Epstein died of an accidental drug overdose at his home in London in August 1967. The Beatles' early success has been attributed to Epstein's management and sense of style. Paul McCartney said of Epstein: "If anyone was the Fifth Beatle, it was Brian."

Early life

Epstein was born into a Jewish family in Liverpool, England. His grandfather (Isaac Epstein) was from Hodan, Lithuania, who arrived in England with his wife Diana in the 1890s at the age of eighteen. He founded a furniture dealership on Walton Road, Liverpool. Diana and Isaac's third son was Harry Epstein; the father of Brian Epstein.[1] After Harry and his brothers had joined the family firm, Isaac Epstein founded "I. Epstein and Sons", and expanded his furniture business by taking over an adjacent shop to sell a varied range of other goods, such as musical instruments and household appliances.[1] They called the new shop "NEMS" (North End Music Stores) from which McCartney's father once bought a piano.[2][3]

Epstein's mother was formally named Malka (although always known by her family as Queenie—Malka translating as "queen" in Hebrew) and was a member of the successful Hyman furniture family. Harry and Queenie also had another son, Clive. During WWII the Epsteins moved to Southport to escape The Blitz—where two schools expelled Epstein for laziness and poor performance—but returned to Liverpool in 1945.[4] After his parents had moved him from one boarding school to another, the 14-year-old Epstein spent two years at Wrekin College, in Shropshire. Shortly before his sixteenth birthday in 1950, he sent a long letter to his father, explaining that he wanted to become a dress designer, but Harry Epstein was adamantly opposed to this idea, and his son finally had to "report for duty" at the family's furniture shop.[5]

In December 1951, Epstein was drafted—as a clerk—into the Royal Army Service Corps, and was posted to the Albany Street Barracks near Regent's Park, in London, where he was often reprimanded for not picking up his army pay.[6]

In 1955, at the age of twenty-one, Epstein was made a director of NEMS. In September of 1956, he took a trip to London to meet a friend, but after being there for only one day, he was robbed of his passport, birth certificate, chequebook, wristwatch, and all the money he had on him. As he did not want his parents to find out, he worked as department store clerk until he had earned enough money to buy a train ticket back to Liverpool.[7] Back in Liverpool, he confessed "everything" to a psychiatrist—a friend of the Epstein family—who suggested to Harry Epstein that his son should leave Liverpool as soon as possible. During the sessions Epstein had revealed his ambition of becoming an actor, so his parents allowed him go to London to study.[7]

Epstein attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London. His RADA classmates included actors Susannah York, Albert Finney and Peter O'Toole, but Epstein dropped out after the third term. Back in Liverpool, Harry Epstein put his son in charge of the record department of the newly-opened NEMS music store on Great Charlotte Street.[8] Epstein worked "day and night" at the store to make it a success, and it became one of the biggest musical retail outlets in the North of England.[9]

The Epsteins opened a second store at 12-14 Whitechapel, and Epstein was put in charge of the entire operation. Epstein often walked across the road to the Lewis department store—which had a music section—where Peter Brown was employed. He watched Brown's sales technique and was impressed enough to lure Brown to work for NEMS with the offer of a higher salary and a commission on sales.[10] On 3 August 1961, Epstein started a regular music column in the Mersey Beat magazine, called, 'Record Releases, by Brian Epstein of NEMS'.[4]

The Beatles

Epstein at the Cavern Club (photo by David Steen)

The Beatles' name was supposedly first noticed by Epstein in issues of Mersey Beat, and on numerous posters around Liverpool, before asking Bill Harry who they were (Harry had previously convinced Epstein to sell the Mersey Beat magazine at NEMS).[11][12] The Beatles were featured on the front page of the second issue of Mersey Beat.[13][14] The Beatles had recorded the 'My Bonnie' single with Tony Sheridan in Germany, and some months after its release Epstein asked Alistair Taylor about it in NEMS.[15] Epstein's version of the story was that a customer—Raymond Jones—walked into the NEMS shop and asked Epstein for the "My Bonnie" single, which made Epstein curious about the group.[16]

The Beatles were due to perform a lunchtime concert in the Cavern Club on 9 November 1961, which was not far from the NEMS store. Epstein asked Bill Harry to arrange for Epstein and his assistant Taylor to watch them perform, and Epstein and Taylor were allowed into the club without queuing, with a welcome message being announced over the club's public-address system by Bob Wooler, who was the resident DJ.[17] Epstein later talked about the performance:

I was immediately struck by their music, their beat, and their sense of humour on stage—and, even afterwards, when I met them, I was struck again by their personal charm. And it was there that, really, it all started.[18]

After the performance, Epstein and Taylor went into the dressing room—which was "as big a broom cupboard"—to talk to them. The Beatles immediately recognised Epstein—as they were regular customers at NEMS—but before Epstein could congratulate them on their performance, George Harrison said, "And what brings Mr. Epstein here?"[19]

The Beatles played at the Cavern over the next three weeks, and Epstein was always there to watch them. Epstein contacted their previous manager, Allan Williams, to confirm that Williams no longer had any ties to them, but Williams advised Epstein "not to touch them with a barge pole" (which meant that Epstein should stay as far away from them as possible).[20] In a meeting with the group at NEMS on 10 December 1961, he proposed the idea of managing them.[21] The Beatles signed a five-year contract with Epstein on 24 January 1962.[14]

Although Epstein had had no prior experience of artist management, he had a strong influence on their early dress-code and attitude on stage. When Epstein discovered the band, they wore blue jeans and leather jackets, performing at rowdy rock 'n' roll shows where they would stop and start songs when they felt like it, or when an audience member requested a certain song. Epstein encouraged them to wear suits and ties, insisted that they stop swearing, smoking, drinking or eating onstage, and also suggested the famous synchronised bow at the end of their performances.[22] McCartney was the first to agree with Epstein's ideas, believing it was—in part—due to Epstein's RADA training.[23]

Epstein made numerous trips to London to visit record companies with the hope of securing a record contract, but was rejected by many, including Columbia, Pye, Philips, Oriole, and most famously, Decca [see The Decca audition].[24] The Beatles later found out that Epstein had paid Decca producer Tony Meehan (ex-drummer of the Shadows) to produce the studio recordings.[24] While Epstein was negotiating with Decca, he also approached EMI marketing executive Ron White, who later contacted EMI producers Norrie Paramor, Walter Ridley, and Norman Newell, but they all declined to record the group.[25][26] White could not contact EMI's fourth staff producer (Martin) as he was on holiday.[27]

On 8 February 1962, Epstein visited a HMV store in Oxford Street, London, to have the Decca audition tape transferred to disc. A HMV technician named Jim Foy liked the recordings, and suggested that Epstein should contact Parlophone's George Martin.[28] The Beatles were signed by EMI's small Parlophone label after the group had been rejected by almost every other British record company, and without Martin ever having seen them play live.[29]

Martin scheduled an audition—at Abbey Road Studios—which convinced Martin that they were good enough, but with one exception: Martin did not like drummer Pete Best's playing.[29] When the news came that Martin wanted to replace Best on their recordings with a session drummer, John Lennon, McCartney and Harrison asked Epstein to fire Best from the band. Epstein agonised about the decision, and asked Bob Wooler if it was a good idea, to which Wooler replied that Best was very popular with the fans and they wouldn't like it at all.[30] Ringo Starr took his place, as Starr had previously played with Rory Storm and the Hurricanes, and had previously stepped in to drum with them when Best was ill or unable to play.[29]

After Candlestick Park

The Beatles' hectic schedule of touring, television, and film work between 1963-65 kept Epstein very busy. The Beatles' last live concert was at Candlestick Park in San Francisco, California on 29 August 1966, and Epstein's management duties changed to reflect the changing nature of their career. He wanted them to continue touring, however, but they adamantly refused.[31] The Beatles started to pay less attention to Epstein's advice on many issues after they stopped touring, such as the legally risky cover art of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. Epstein later brought Robert Stigwood into the NEMS organisation, and wanted to sell the control of NEMS to him, but didn't tell any of the group about his decision.[32]

Before Epstein's death, McCartney had been taking a much more active interest in NEMS' finances, and the group was becoming aware that some artists with more ruthless managers—such as the Rolling Stones under Allen Klein—claimed to be receiving more commercially advantageous terms. After Epstein's death, Stigwood wanted to take over the management of NEMS—believing that he was the "natural successor"—but Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Starr all vehemently opposed him, with Lennon saying, "We don't know you. Why would we do this?"[32]

Business dealings

File:Epstein and his Artists.jpg
Epstein with some of his NEMS artists (Epstein is standing).

McCartney admitted that they signed all the contracts Epstein presented to them without reading them first, but when Lennon was asked for a comment about Epstein's business dealings after Epstein’s death, he said, "Well, he was alright. I've found out since, of course, that he wasn't quite as honest to us as he made out"—although many other interviews with Lennon report him as being very loyal to Epstein, and even saying, "We had complete faith in him when he was running us. To us, he was the expert".[33][34][35]

The Beatles all signed Epstein's first management contract, but Epstein did not sign it himself, thereby giving himself the option of withdrawing at any time. The contract could not have been legally binding on McCartney and Harrison, as they were both still minors (the age of majority at that time was 21) and it lacked the legal capacity to sign a binding contract. The contract stated that Epstein would receive a management commission of 25 per cent of their gross income after a certain threshold had been reached.[14][36] The Beatles argued for a smaller percentage, but Epstein pointed out that he had been paying their expenses for months, without receiving anything in return.[37] Epstein once offered the individual Beatles a fixed wage of £50-a-week for life, instead of receiving money from record sales. Harrison commented that he was earning £25 a week at the time, which was more than the £10 a week his father was earning, but the group as a whole declined Epstein's offer, as they thought that they were worth much more than £50-a-week.[38] After the release of Love Me Do in 1962, Epstein signed a second (and legally binding) contract.[39][40]

The Beatles' recording contract that EMI offered Epstein gave them one penny for each record sold, which was split amongst the four members, meaning one farthing per group member.[41] The royalty rate was further reduced for singles sold outside the UK, on which the group received half of one penny (again split between the whole band) per single.[42] Martin said later that EMI had "nothing to lose" by signing a contract with them.[43]

The Beatles' concerts were booked by Epstein himself, and he also presented groups managed by NEMS as an opening act, thereby making money for NEMS as the promoter, booking agent, and Manager for all the concerts.[44] The Beatles were constantly in demand by concert promoters, and Epstein took advantage of the situation to avoid paying some taxes by accepting "hidden" fees on the night of a performance, which he always kept in a brown paper bag.[45] Epstein also successfully managed Gerry & the Pacemakers, Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas (who had three hits with Lennon-McCartney songs) the Fourmost (their first two singles were written by Lennon) the Cyrkle (Epstein's first American group) and Cilla Black (who was Epstein's only female artist) as well as other artists.

During the first Beatles' flight to America was Epstein was constantly offered numerous samples of products by merchandisers—who required a licence from Epstein to be allowed to sell them—including clocks, pens, plastic wigs, bracelets, and games, but Epstein rejected all of them. David Jacobs, the lawyer for NEMS, had already given away some exclusive merchandising rights to Nicky Byrne in England, which later turned out to be a financial mistake as Epstein had asked for a percentage that was far below the norm at the time.[46] The Beatles were ensconced in the Plaza hotel in New York, and Epstein was further besieged by calls and visits from merchandisers, promoters, television commentators, and hustlers—all demanding to talk to him.[47] Mindful of the number of records the group were selling in America, Capitol records sent a posh, well-spoken Yorkshire girl, Wendy Hanson, to the Plaza hotel to act as Epstein's secretary, and to filter his calls.[48] Hanson later worked solely with Epstein in his Albemarle Street office, which was separate from the NEMS office.[49]

Epstein asked James Trevor Isherwood (a Chartered Accountant) to set up a company to collect Lennon and McCartney's PRS payments—called Lenmac—which he did on 12 May 1964. When he first visited Epstein's office, Isherwood was surprised to learn that Epstein took 25% of the gross income, and not what he thought was the usual 10% that other managers received at that time.[50] All of Epstein's expenses were also deducted from any of his artists gross income, which meant office rental, staff wages, travel, telephone costs, and entertaining expenses.[51] Before his death, Epstein knew that the renegotiation of his management contract (up for renewal on 30 September 1967) would reduce his management fee from 25 per cent to 10 per cent, but would mean a larger drop in NEMS income, as Beatles' concert fees had been taken out of the equation.[52]

The Beatles entered into a publishing agreement with Dick James Music (DJM) who set up a company called Northern Songs. Epstein agreed that James should receive 25 per cent of the shares, and Charles Silver—his financial partner and accountant—should also receive 25 per cent. Lennon and McCartney received 20 per cent each, and Epstein held the remaining 10 per cent.[53] The Beatles PRS income increased rapidly, and Epstein asked Isherwood to work out a way of avoiding the tax that Lennon and McCartney would have to pay. Isherwood suggested a Stock-market flotation for Northern Songs, and further advised Epstein that Lennon and McCartney should move to houses near his [Isherwood's] in Esher during the flotation, which Lennon, Harrison, and Starr did—with only Epstein and McCartney remaining in London.[54]

The Beatles toured the Philippines in July 1966, but Epstein unintentionally snubbed the nation's first lady, Imelda Marcos, when presented with an invitation to a breakfast party.[55] Epstein politely declined on behalf of the group, as it had never been the group's policy to accept such official invitations.[56] The Beatles and their entourage were ejected from their hotel the same day and were given a police escort to the airport. They boarded the plane to fly home, but Epstein and Mal Evans were ordered off, with both believing they would not be allowed back on the plane.[57] Epstein was forced to give back most of the money that they had earned in the Philippines before being allowed back on the plane.[58]

After moving to London Epstein rented an office in Monmouth Street—close to Seven Dials—in 1965, and later leased the Saville Theatre on Shaftesbury Avenue. He promoted new works by writers such as Arnold Wesker in productions that occasionally fell afoul of the Lord Chamberlain by including "obscene" content or nudity. Epstein changed the programme to that of a music venue in 1966, presenting various U.S. acts.[59]

Personal life

Throughout Epstein's life he was known to be kind and caring to his family, friends of his family, and business colleagues. When Lennon married Cynthia Powell, on 23 August 1962, Epstein attended the wedding as the "best man" and paid for their celebration lunch afterwards.[60][61] During Cynthia's pregnancy Epstein paid for a private room in a hospital and offered the Lennons the sole use of his flat on Faulkner Street when they needed somewhere to live. He also agreed to be Julian Lennon's godfather (Lennon and Cynthia's son).[62][63]

Sexual orientation

File:Brian Epstein looking to the left.jpg
A Dezo Hoffmann photo of Epstein.

Epstein was homosexual, which was not publicly known until a long time after his death, although it was an open secret among his friends and business associates.[64]

While Epstein was in the Army, he had a tailor make an officer's uniform for him that he wore when cruising the bars of London, but was arrested one night (for impersonating an officer) at the Army and Navy Club on Piccadilly by the Military Police. Epstein managed to avoid a court martial by agreeing to see an army psychiatrist, who uncovered Epstein's homosexuality.[65] He was discharged from the army after ten months on the medical grounds of being "emotionally and mentally unfit".[66]

Whilst Epstein was studying acting at RADA, he was arrested for "persistent importuning", and was later blackmailed by an ex-Guardsman—Billy Connolly—which led to him dropping out after his third term. Throughout the later court case against Connolly, Epstein was referred to as "Mr. X", as the law allowed anonymity at that time.[67] McCartney said that he and the others knew that Epstein was a homosexual, but they didn't care, because Epstein greatly encouraged them when record companies turned them down, and used to take them to late-night drinking clubs they had previously never had access to.[14] Although Lennon often made sarcastic comments about Epstein's homosexuality to friends and to Epstein personally, nobody outside their closed circle was allowed to comment on it. Ian Sharp—one of Lennon's art school friends—once made a sarcastic remark about Epstein but was sent a letter by Epstein's office within forty-eight hours that demanded a complete apology. Sharp apologised but was then completely ostracised, and was told by McCartney in a letter to have no contact at all with any of them in the future.[68]

There were rumours of a brief sexual encounter between Lennon and Epstein when they both went on a four-day holiday together to Barcelona, Spain in April 1963. Lennon always denied this, telling Playboy in 1980: "It was never consummated, but we had a pretty intense relationship." Lennon's first wife Cynthia also maintains that Lennon's relationship with Epstein was platonic.[69] A fictionalised account of the Spanish holiday was portrayed in the film "The Hours and Times". Lennon's friend and confidant, Peter Shotton, claimed in his book, The Beatles, Lennon and Me, that under provocation from Epstein, Lennon did partly give in: "I let him toss me off, and that was it." Biographer Hunter Davies also recalled Lennon telling him he had consented to an encounter "to see what it was like." Writer Albert Goldman expanded on both claims in his The Lives of John Lennon, alleging a longtime affair between the two men. Despite his soft-spoken manner and dapper appearance, Epstein was strongly attracted to "rough trade", often seeking illicit encounters with abusive partners, and was subjected to blackmail, battery, and threats.[67]

Epstein's strongest relationship with a woman was with Alma Cogan, who was also Jewish and was a part of the glitzy world of old-fashioned show business. Epstein always bought her presents when he was abroad, and even took her to Liverpool to meet his parents. Despite Epstein's preference for male company, some of his friends believed they would eventually get married.[70]

In October 1964, Epstein's autobiography, A Cellarful of Noise, was published in the UK and later in the U.S. It was co-written by journalist Derek Taylor, who had served as Epstein's assistant that year, then later as the publicist for NEMS from 1968-1970. (Lennon reportedly once quipped that the memoir should have been titled A Cellarful of Boys).[35]

Male homosexual relations were illegal throughout UK until late 1967 (only one month after Epstein's death) when gay male sexuality was legalised in England and Wales (remaining illegal in Scotland and Northern Ireland until 1980 and 1982, respectively).

Drug use

File:Epstein at Hard Days Night.jpg
At the preview of “A Hard Day’s Night” (film) in 1964.

After the start of his management career, Epstein started taking amphetamines—usually Preludin, which was legal at that time—which Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Starr also took and had previously taken in Hamburg. He explained his use of the drug as the only way of staying awake at night during numerous concert tours.[71] In 1964, Brown started to notice that Epstein was taking too many pills, because Epstein often had a cough at parties, which Brown knew was Epstein's way of secretly putting pills into his mouth without anyone noticing.[72] McCartney often met Epstein at late-night clubs in London, and remembered that Epstein would often "grind his jaws", and once said, "Ugghhh, the pills..." to McCartney.[73]

In 1964, after having been introduced to cannabis by Bob Dylan in New York, McCartney remembered Epstein standing in front of a mirror, pointing at himself and repeatedly saying "Jew!", and laughing loudly, which McCartney found hilarious and "very liberating".[74] Epstein later became heavily involved in the 1960s drug scene, and during the four months when the Sgt. Pepper album was being recorded Epstein spent his time on holiday, or at the Priory Clinic, in Putney, London, where he tried unsuccessfully to curb his drug use. He left the Priory for the party to launch "Sgt. Pepper" to selected journalists at his house at 24 Chapel Street, but went straight back to the Priory afterwards.[75][76] After McCartney's admission on 19 June 1967, about his use of LSD, Epstein defended McCartney to the Media—admitting that he had also taken it himself.[77]

Gambling

The Beatles and Epstein visited Elvis Presley in America, and while they were at Graceland, Colonel Tom Parker showed Epstein a gambling table and several packs of playing cards. Epstein straightened his bow tie and immediately wanted to play, as he was known for his love of gambling for high-stakes.[78] McCartney frequently visited gambling clubs in London, such as the 'Curzon House' (which was Epstein's favourite club) and often saw Brian Epstein gambling there. McCartney once saw Epstein put a Dunhill lighter on the table that was worth £100, and then lose it during a game of cards. Epstein would often lose thousands of pounds by playing baccarat or chemin de fer, but would stay at the Curzon House the whole evening—eating an expensive meal and drinking fine wines. The club never presented Epstein with a bill, as they knew that he lost so much in their casino.[79]

Death

File:Be3.jpg
The Daily Mirror Headline: "EPSTEIN (The Beatle-making Prince of Pop) DIES AT 32".

A few weeks before his own death, Epstein had attended a traditional shiva in Liverpool after his father passed away, having just come out of the Priory clinic where he had been trying to cure his acute insomnia and his addiction to amphetamines.[80] Epstein's last visit to a Beatles' recording session was on 23 August 1967, at the Chappell Recording Studios on Maddox street, London.[81]

On Thursday 24 August, Epstein asked Brown and Geoffrey Ellis down to Kingsly Hall, which was his country home in Uckfield, Sussex, for the Bank Holiday weekend. After they got there, Epstein decided to drive back to London by himself because an expected group of rent boys he had invited failed to arrive.[52] Epstein phoned Brown the next day at 5 o'clock in the afternoon from his Chapel Street house in London. Brown thought that Epstein sounded "very groggy", and suggested that Epstein take a train back down to Kingsley Hall instead of driving under the influence of Tuinals. Epstein replied that he would eat something, read his mail and watch Juke Box Jury before phoning Brown to tell him which train to meet. He never called again.[52]

Epstein died of a drug overdose on 27 August 1967. The Beatles were in Bangor at the time, having a meeting with the Indian guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi,and Epstein had previously agreed to travel to Bangor after the August Bank Holiday.[82][83] A concert by Jimi Hendrix was cancelled on the same day that Epstein died at the Saville Theatre (which Epstein leased) out of respect.[82] At the statutory inquest, his death was officially ruled accidental, and was probably caused by a gradual buildup of Carbitral in his system, mixed with alcohol. It was revealed that he had taken six Carbitral pills in order to sleep, which was probably usual for Epstein, but meant that his tolerance was very close to becoming lethal.[52]

Peter Brown claimed in his memoir, The Love You Make: An Insider's Story of The Beatles, that he had once found a suicide note written by Epstein and spoke with him directly about it. According to Brown, the note read in part, "This is all too much and I can't take it anymore." A short will and testament followed, in which Epstein left his house and money to his mother and his brother (Brown himself was a small beneficiary). When confronted with the note, Epstein told Brown that he was grateful Brown had not told anyone about it, and told him that he was sorry he had made Brown worry. He explained that he had simply had taken one pill too many and that he didn't intend to overdose and promised to be more careful from then on. Brown later wrote that he wondered if he was really doing Epstein a favour by not showing the note to Epstein's doctor, Norman Cowan, who more than likely would have stopped prescribing drugs for Epstein.

The Beatles did not attend Epstein's funeral—wishing to give his family privacy by not attracting the media and fans. A few weeks later, however, all four attended a memorial service for Epstein at the New London Synagogue in St. John's Wood (near the Abbey Road studios) which was officiated by Rabbi Louis Jacobs, who eulogised Epstein, saying, “He encouraged young people to sing of love and peace rather than war and hatred.” Epstein is buried in the Kirkdale Jewish Cemetery in Liverpool (section A grave H12). [16][84]

Legacy

The Beatles were among the earliest entrants into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, but the man regarded as having been responsible for guiding them to their success has never been considered for membership in the Hall's "Non-Performer's Section". Epstein was earlier overlooked when Lennon, McCartney Harrison and Starr were honoured with the MBE in 1965 (even though Harrison once said that the MBE stood for "Mister Brian Epstein"). Martin Lewis—a protegé of Derek Taylor—has become a vocal champion of Epstein's memory, creating "The Official Brian Epstein Website", which includes a petition that Epstein be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[18] Lewis also organized the 1998 re-publication—in the U.S.—of Epstein's 1964 autobiography, A Cellarful Of Noise.

McCartney summarised the importance of Epstein when he was interviewed, in 1997, for a BBC documentary about Epstein by stating: "If anyone was the Fifth Beatle, it was Brian."[85] In his 1970 Rolling Stone interview, John Lennon commented about Epstein's death: "I knew that we were in trouble then ... I thought, 'We've [expletive deleted] had it!'"[86]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Spitz 2005. p255
  2. ^ Spitz 2005. p71
  3. ^ Miles 1998. pp23-24.
  4. ^ a b Spitz 2005. p257
  5. ^ Spitz 2005. pp258-259
  6. ^ Spitz 2005. p259
  7. ^ a b Spitz 2005. p261
  8. ^ Spitz 2005. p263
  9. ^ Spitz 2005. p264
  10. ^ Brown, Peter. 2002. p63
  11. ^ Miles 1998. p84
  12. ^ Miles 1998. pp84-85
  13. ^ Spitz 2005. pp264-265
  14. ^ a b c d Miles 1998. p88
  15. ^ Spitz 2005. p265
  16. ^ a b Biography of Epstein momentmag.com. Retrieved: 10 March 2007
  17. ^ Spitz 2005. pp266-268
  18. ^ a b Brian Epstein web page brianepstein.com. Retrieved: 15 March 2007 Cite error: The named reference "EpsteindotCom" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  19. ^ Spitz 2005. p268
  20. ^ Miles 1998. p75
  21. ^ Miles 1998. p85
  22. ^ Spitz 2005. pp279-280
  23. ^ Miles 1998. p96
  24. ^ a b Miles 1998. p89
  25. ^ Coleman 1989 p88–89
  26. ^ Coleman 1989 p93
  27. ^ Coleman 1989 p93–94
  28. ^ Beatles’ History - 1962 geocities.com. Retrieved: 9 March 2007
  29. ^ a b c Miles 1998. p90
  30. ^ Spitz 2005. p329
  31. ^ Spitz 2005. p666
  32. ^ a b Spitz 2005. p725-726
  33. ^ Miles 1998. p146
  34. ^ McCabe/Schonfeld “For The Record” 1984. p90
  35. ^ a b Lennon’s comments about Epstein 213.87.37.135/oea/millennium. Retrieved: 14 March 2007
  36. ^ Miles 1998. pp144-145
  37. ^ Cynthia Lennon – “John” 2006. p103
  38. ^ bbc.co.uk: Epstein 'wanted Beatles fortune' news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved: 9 March 2007
  39. ^ Lewisohn “Chronicles” 2006. p61.
  40. ^ Epstein’s contracts beatlemoney.com. Retrieved: 11 March 2007
  41. ^ "Beatles History: 1962" at Beatles Discography. beatles-discography.com. Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  42. ^ Brown, Peter. 2002. p79
  43. ^ George Martin and money beatlemoney.com. Retrieved: 11 March 2007
  44. ^ Brown, Peter 2002. p102
  45. ^ Brown, Peter. 2002. p110
  46. ^ Spitz 2005. pp465-466
  47. ^ Spitz 2005. pp458-464
  48. ^ Spitz 2005. p464
  49. ^ Spitz 2005. p667
  50. ^ Miles 1998. p144
  51. ^ Miles 1998. p145
  52. ^ a b c d Miles 1998. p405
  53. ^ Miles 1998. p147
  54. ^ Miles 1998. pp166-167
  55. ^ Spitz 2005. p619
  56. ^ Spitz 2005. p620
  57. ^ Spitz 2005. p624
  58. ^ Spitz 2005. p625
  59. ^ Spitz 2005. pp648-649
  60. ^ Spitz 2005. p348
  61. ^ Brown, Peter. 2002. p83
  62. ^ Brown, Peter. 2002. p93
  63. ^ Cynthia Lennon – “John” 2006. p171
  64. ^ Miles 1998. p88
  65. ^ Miles 1998. p86.
  66. ^ Spitz 2005. p260
  67. ^ a b Spitz 2005. p262
  68. ^ Spitz 2005. pp302-303
  69. ^ Cynthia Lennon – “John” 2006. p104
  70. ^ Miles 1998. p138
  71. ^ Spitz 2005. pp301-302
  72. ^ Spitz 2005. p518
  73. ^ Miles 1998. p131
  74. ^ Miles 1998. pp188-189
  75. ^ Location of Epstein’s Chapel Street house multimap.com. Retrieved: 14 March 2007
  76. ^ Miles 1998. pp337-338
  77. ^ Spitz 2005. pp699-670
  78. ^ Lipack. p57.
  79. ^ Miles 1998. p131
  80. ^ Miles 1998. pp404-405
  81. ^ Miles 1998. p355
  82. ^ a b bbc.co.uk: On This Day – The death of Brian Epstein news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved: 9 March 2007
  83. ^ Miles 1998. p404
  84. ^ Epstein’s gravestone images.google.co.uk. Retrieved: 15 March 2007
  85. ^ McCartney's comments about the fifth Beatle brianepstein.com. Retrieved: 12 March 2007
  86. ^ Miles 1998. p406

References

  • Braun, Michael (1995 Reprint). Love Me Do: The Beatles' Progress. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-002278-3. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)
  • Brown, Peter (2002). The Love You Make: An Insider's Story of the Beatles . NAL Trade; Reprint edition. ISBN 978-0451207357.
  • Coleman, Ray (1989). Brian Epstein: The Man Who Made The Beatles. Viking. ISBN 0-670-81474-1.
  • Lennon, Cynthia (2006). John. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-89828-3.
  • Lewisohn, Mark (2006). the complete Beatles chronicle. Hamlyn. ISBN 978-0600610014.
  • Lipack, Richard Warren (1996). Epoch Moments and Secrets:. Barrister Publishers. ISBN 978-0965095914.
  • Peter McCabe and Robert Schonfeld (1984). For the Record. Bantam Books . ISBN 978-0553248029.
  • Miles, Barry (1998). Many Years From Now. Vintage-Random House. ISBN 0-7493-8658-4.
  • Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company (New York). ISBN 1-84513-160-6.


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Epstein&oldid=128510125"