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Flea (musician)

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{{Infobox musical artist | Name = Flea | Img = Flea in skeleton t-shirt.jpg | Img_ with Flea and Kiedis; they continuously argued over music style, sound, and the album's production.[1] Flea himself felt that the album was stiff and "a big mistake", but also admitted "we [he and Kiedis] were just disrespectful and obnoxious."[2] The band's eponymous debut album, The Red Hot Chili Peppers, was released on August 10, 1984 to largely poor critical and commercial review.[3] After a relatively unfruitful tour, Sherman was fired in early 1985. Slovak, who had been contemplating a return to the Chili Peppers, rejoined the group after being encouraged by Flea.[4]

Funk musician George Clinton was hired to produce the band's second album, Freaky Styley. The strong chemistry between Clinton and the Chili Peppers was felt instantly. Flea later referred to Clinton as "the warmest, kindest man in the world."[5] When Freaky Styley was released in August of 1985, however, it received only a bit more attention than The Red Hot Chili Peppers with roughly 75,000 copies sold by year end.[2] Flea was somewhat indifferent to the poor album sales as he had recently proposed to girlfriend Loesha Zeviar, who was pregnant with their child.[6] The band hired Michael Beinhorn, their last resort among potential producers, to work on their next album.[7] What Is This? had finally disbanded, and Irons returned to the Chili Peppers in mid 1986 after Martinez was fired. Flea, Slovak and Kiedis especially were involved in heavy drug use and their relationships became strained. Flea recalled that "it began to seem ugly to me and not fun; our communication was not healthy."[7] Kiedis became dependent on heroin, leaving Flea and Slovak to work on much of the album's material by themselves. Flea and Zeviar married, and she gave birth to their daughter Clara. Kiedis was briefly kicked out of the band, and given a month to rehabilitate. Kiedis completed the rehab and rejoined the Red Hot Chili Peppers in Los Angeles to record their third album The Uplift Mofo Party Plan.[7] Flea has referred to the album as "the 'rockingest' record" the band has ever made.[7] The Uplift Mofo Party Plan proved to be far more successful, commercially and critically, than the Chili Peppers' preceding albums; registering at number 148 on the Billboard Top 200.[8] Following the Uplift tour, Slovak's drug use dramatically increased. Flea's relationship with Slovak faded, and Slovak became isolated and depressed.[2] On June 28, 1988, Slovak was found dead of a heroin overdose. Flea reflected: "I didn't really know how to deal with that sadness, and I don't think [Kiedis] knew how to deal with it either."[2] Irons, who was taking Slovak's death particularly hard, left the group.[9]

Flea and Kiedis took some time to collect themselves, but decided to keep the band together. Guitarist DeWayne "Blackbyrd" McKnight and drummer D.H. Peligro were added, and the band entered the studio to record a new album. McKnight soon began to create tension within the group, as his style did not mesh with the rest of the band.[10] Peligro was a friend of John Frusciante, an eighteen year old guitarist and avid Red Hot Chili Peppers fan.[11] Peligro introduced Frusciante to Flea, and the three jammed together on several occasions.[12] Flea was impressed with Frusciante's skill, and astonished by his knowledge of the Chili Peppers' repertoire. Flea realized that Frusciante could provide the spark McKnight was lacking.[13] McKnight was fired, and Frusciante accepted an invitation to join the band.[10] Peligro was fired shortly thereafter; the Chili Peppers brought in drummer Chad Smith as his replacement.[14] Flea and Zeviar started to grow apart, and he began trying to recreate the memories of his adolescence by smoking marijuana on a daily basis.[12] The Chili Peppers entered the studio, and completed recording of their fourth album, Mother's Milk, in early 1989. Upon release, the album was met with mixed reactions from critics, but received far more commercial attention; peaking at number 58 on the Billboard Hot 200.[8] After this, Flea made appearances playing the trumpet on Jane's Addiction's 1988 album Nothing's Shocking,[15] and bass on the critically acclaimed 1989 Young MC album Stone Cold Rhymin'. He would also appear in the video for "Bust a Move," the hit single from the same album.[16]

1990–1998: Mainstream success and side projects

The ensuing Mother's Milk tour put a strain on Flea's marriage. In order to make money, he needed to tour, and therefore spend time away from his family.[17] Furthermore, he and Smith were arrested on charges of battery and sexual harassment after a performance on MTV's coverage of spring break;[2] charges were eventually dropped.[17] The band was, however, attracting over three thousand people per show; Mother's Milk had been certified as a gold record in early 1990.[18][19] By the time Red Hot Chili Peppers returned to Los Angeles, Flea and Zeviar agreed to a separation.[17] He tried to put the separation out of his mind by smoking marijuana and having sex with willing fans.[17]

When the tour was over, the Red Hot Chili Peppers severed ties with EMI and signed with Warner Bros. Records.[20] Rick Rubin, who rejected an opportunity to produce The Uplift Mofo Party Plan, agreed to produce their next album.[21] Flea had largely used the principal slap bass technique on the band's preceding four albums, and decided to downplay this style in favor of more conventional, melodic bass lines.[22] To record the album, Rubin suggested a mansion that once belonged to magician Harry Houdini. Flea felt it was "a creatively fertile situation", and decided to bring his daughter Clara with him.[21] He and the rest of the band, excluding Smith, remained inside the house for the entire recording process. When not writing or recording the album, Flea spent a large portion of his time with Frusciante smoking large quantities of marijuana.[21] The emotions Flea felt during the album's recording was like nothing he had ever experienced:[2]

When we [the band] made Blood Sugar Sex Magik we spent a lot of time jamming—every day, for hours and hours. I remember during that time Anthony went off and made a movie, and for a long time it was just me, John and Chad, and we'd just go in there and play. Me and John were hitting the bong and we just rocked and grooved forever. It was the first time we went in to make a record where there wasn't this feeling of being sort of intimidated by what was going to happen.

When Blood Sugar Sex Magik was released on September 24, 1991, it received an overwhelmingly positive critical response. The album peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 200, and went on to sell over seven million copies in the U.S. alone.[4][8] The album's ensuing tour was critically acclaimed—the Chili Peppers commonly performed shows with over twenty thousand in attendance.[23] Seattle-based grunge band Nirvana also toured with them during the West Coast leg of their United States tour.[23] The massive attention the Chili Peppers started receiving, however, caused Frusciante to feel extremely uncomfortable, and he abruptly quit the band during the Japanese leg of the album's tour.[24] The band hired guitarist Arik Marshall to complete the remaining tour dates.

File:FleaandCobain1992.jpg
Flea (left) with Nirvana front man Kurt Cobain (right) in 1992 when Red Hot Chili Peppers were touring with them

Marshall was fired at the end of the tour, and the band added former Jane's Addiction guitarist Dave Navarro to record a new album. Kiedis was in the middle of a heroin relapse, which forced Flea to assume the role of lyricist, something he had not yet done. He wrote most of the song "Transcending", and the intro to "Deep Kick". Flea also wrote the lyrics to an entire song; "Pea", in which he both played bass and sang.[25] These three songs appeared on the Chili Peppers' sixth record One Hot Minute, which was released on September 12, 1995. The album received mixed reviews and was significantly less commercially successful than Blood Sugar Sex Magik.[4] The One Hot Minute tour was ultimately cut short due to various injuries Kiedis and Smith received, and the Red Hot Chili Peppers decided to go on hiatus.[26] Flea began to practice yoga, and slowly decreased his marijuana consumption.[26] Due to the Chili Peppers' inactivity, Flea joined Navarro in a Jane's Addiction reunion tour in 1997, filling in for ex-Jane's Addiction bassist Eric Avery. Rumors spread that the band was breaking up, until Navarro stated otherwise: "I want to clarify that the Chili Peppers are not breaking up...Flea and I are more than happy to do both projects, time permitting."[26]

Flea also had plans to record a solo album. He asked Chili Peppers manager Lindy Goetz to help him promote the record and his future solo career.[26] Flea eventually abandoned the idea in favor of offering his bass services to other artists. He performed on over forty records from 1995 to 1998, ranging from Alanis Morissette's Jagged Little Pill to former Minutemen bassist Mike Watt's debut solo album Ball-Hog or Tugboat?. He also worked with Tori Amos and Michael Stipe on a track for the soundtrack to the 1995 Johnny Depp film Don Juan DeMarco.[27] Navarro was fired from the Chili Peppers in 1998, and Flea questioned whether or not the Red Hot Chili Peppers would stay together: "the only way I could imagine carrying on is if we got John [Frusciante] back in the band."[28] Frusciante had completed drug rehabilitation in 1997 after a severe addiction to heroin and crack cocaine left him on the brink of death.[29] Flea visited Frusciante in early 1998, inviting him back to the Chili Peppers; an emotional Frusciante readily accepted.[30]

1998–present: Californication, By the Way and Stadium Arcadium

The band, with Frusciante back on guitar, began writing new songs during the summer of 1998 in Flea's garage.[2] He and Kiedis were less confident in writing the album, after the disappointing results of One Hot Minute.[2] Flea had also recently broken up with his girlfriend of two years, Marissa Pouw, causing him to enter a state of depression,[31] which was only lifted when his daughter, Clara, comforted him after several weeks of crying.[2]

Flea was heavily influenced by electronica during the writing and recording of Californication and he attempted to emulate this when writing bass lines for the album.[31] Californication took less than two weeks to record; by contrast, One Hot Minute took over a year. When Californication was released on June 8, 1999 it received overwhelmingly positive critical reviews and sold fifteen million copies worldwide—more than Blood Sugar Sex Magik.[2] The Chili Peppers played Woodstock 1999, with Flea playing completely naked—something he would do again at the Reading and Leeds Festivals the same year.[31]

Flea felt like the public school system was seriously lacking in exposing children to music by drastically reducing, and sometimes eliminating, art related programs.[32] He founded the Silverlake Conservatory of Music, a school dedicated to help youth progress in music, because of this.[32][33] "I just wanted to fill the void that public education has cut from their curriculum. They've dropped the ball by cutting out music programs", Flea laments, "I grew up in LA public schools and was in the music department. It was really an important thing for my life, it gave me something to hold onto, and it was an important access for me. Without music I would've gotten into a lot of trouble and there are a lot of kids like me out there. I just wanted to try to provide something like what I got."[32]

File:FleaHydePark2004.jpg
Flea with Red Hot Chili Peppers performing "Can't Stop" in London's Hyde Park on June 25, 2004

Red Hot Chili Peppers spent most of 2001 writing their eighth studio album, By the Way. The entire band began listening to more melodic, textured music that would reflect heavily on the album.[2] Frusciante became the driving force behind By the Way, causing initial strife between him and Flea.[31] If the bassist introduced a funk rhythm into his bass lines, the guitarist would consequently disapprove.[31] By the Way was released on July 9, 2002 to positive critical reviews. Although not as successful as Californication or Blood Sugar Sex Magik, By the Way would go on to sell over nine million copies worldwide.[34] The ensuing tour, however, was extremely profitable; the Chili Peppers performed three concerts in London's Hyde Park to over 250,000 attendees and a total gross accumulation of $17.1 million.[35] It became the highest grossing concert at a single venue in history.[35]

After another two year world tour, the Chili Peppers wrote their ninth studio album Stadium Arcadium. In 2005, Flea became engaged to his girlfriend Frankie Rayder, and she bore his second daughter Sunny Bebop later the same year.[36] Unlike By the Way, both Flea and Frusciante were more musically conjoined when writing the record. They found inspiration in Jimi Hendrix, Jimmy Page, and Eddie Van Halen among others.[37] The double album was ultimately released on May 9, 2006 to generally positive reviews, selling over seven million copies in less than two years.[38] In November 2007, Flea's $4.8 million Corral Canyon home in Malibu was burnt down by a wildfire.[39] The location was not, however, his primary residence and had been vacated pending sales.[39]

Musical style

Any instrument is just a vehicle to express who you are and your relationship to the world. No matter what level you’re doing it on, playing music is an opportunity to give something to the world.

Flea (Bass Player, June 2006)[40]

Flea has displayed a wide variety of techniques throughout the years, ranging from his initial use of slapping and popping to the more traditional methods he has employed since Blood Sugar Sex Magik. Greg Prato of Allmusic has noted that "by combining funk-style bass with psychedelic, punk, and hard rock, Flea created an original playing style that has been copied numerous times."[41] Flea has been considered as one of the greatest bassists of all time, with Greg Tate of Rolling Stone saying "if there were a Most Valuable Bass Player award given out in rock, Flea could have laid claim to that bitch ten years running."[42] Smashing Pumpkins front man Billy Corgan recalls that when he first saw the Chili Peppers in 1984, "Flea was playing so aggressively that he had worn a hole in his thumb and he was literally screaming in pain in-between songs because it hurt so bad. Someone kept coming out and pouring crazy glue into the hole."[9] Flea's sound is also determined by what type of instrument he plays. Before Californication, he did not believe the actual bass held much significance: "what mattered was how you hit them [basses] and your emotional intent, and I still think that's the bottom line."[40] Flea owns a 1961 Fender Jazz Bass, treasuring it for its "old wood sound".[40] He has contributed to the Red Hot Chili Peppers' sound not only with the bass but by playing trumpet, as well; it can be heard on several songs, such as "Subway to Venus" from their fourth album Mother's Milk or "Warlocks" from their ninth album Stadium Arcadium.

Technique

Flea's bass playing has changed considerably throughout the years. When he joined Fear his technique centered largely around traditional punk rock bass lines,[43] however he was to change this style when the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed. He began to incorporate a "slap" bass style that drew influence largely from Bootsy Collins.[44] However, this technique caused Flea to receive attention from the music world and was often copied, and he therefore felt it necessary to completely remove slap-bass styles from his repertoire following Mother's Milk.[41] Consequently, Blood Sugar Sex Magik saw a notable shift in style as it featured none of his signature technique but rather styles that focused more on traditional and melodic roots.[45] His intellectual beliefs on how to play the instrument were also altered: "I was trying to play simply on Blood Sugar Sex Magik because I had been playing too much prior to that, so I thought, 'I've really got to chill out and play half as many notes'. When you play less, it's more exciting—there's more room for everything. If I do play something busy, it stands out, instead of the bass being a constant onslaught of notes. Space is good."[45] During the writing and recording of One Hot Minute, Flea integrated some use of slap-bass progressions, but continued to center his technique around the philosophy of "less is more" rather than complexity: "I can't even think of anything I played that was complex [on the record]; even the slapping stuff is simple. It's original-sounding, and I'm proud of that—but what I played was more a matter of aesthetic choice."[45] This led Flea to alter the way he wrote music by playing alone, instead of the jam sessions that would dictate how the band conceived songs: "[One Hot Minute] is the least jam-oriented record we've made. I mean, we definitely jammed on the ideas, but there's only one groove on the whole album that came from a jam, 'Deep Kick'. The rest of it came from my sitting down with a guitar or bass."[45]

Flea became interested in electronica during the Californication era and he attempted to emulate the same atmosphere given off by synthesizers into his bass playing: "I feel the most exciting music happening is electronica, without a doubt."[31] He ultimately decided against this, acknowledging that, aside from Frusciante, the band was not moving in the same direction.[31] Californication also saw him incorporate more funk-driven bass lines than he had on One Hot Minute. In By the Way, much of the bass-lines were entirely stripped of funk. Flea felt the chords Frusciante had written were not supportive of his typical technique; furthermore, he does not feel the musical direction of the record was specifically melodic, but instead "a result of each one of us being who we are. The way we [the band] compose music is a very communal thing."[46]

Influences

Flea's stepfather was in a bebop band that frequently jammed in his presence; he, therefore, became fascinated with the trumpet soon after.[2][41][9] Flea credits his continued interest in music to jazz performers like Miles Davis, Louis Armstrong, John Coltrane and Dizzy Gillespie.[47] After Kiedis introduced him to punk and rock, Flea became infatuated with artists like The Germs, Styx, David Bowie and Defunkt.[2][48] Flea's early influences before Blood Sugar Sex Magik were mainly funk artists like Bootsy Collins, Parliament Funkadelic, Sly & the Family Stone, and The Meters.[49] They would become a notable aspect of the Red Hot Chili Peppers' sound up to Mother's Milk. Originally, Flea was given the impression by punk bands that one should play as hard and fast as they possibly could, but ultimately rejected this philosophy during Blood Sugar Sex Magik: "I was so into being raw [...] it was all bullshit."[40] On Californication and By the Way, Flea drew influence from electronica, gothic rock bands like The Cure and Siouxsie & the Banshees and New Wave music rather than funk.[33] During Stadium Arcadium he experienced another shift in interest. Instead of the melodic music he had listened to during the two previous albums, he enjoyed the work of "flashy" guitar players like Jimi Hendrix, Eddie Van Halen, and Jimmy Page, exclusively.[37]

Film and television appearances

File:FleaBigLebowski.jpg
Flea (far right) portrayed one of the three German nihilists in the 1998 film The Big Lebowski

Flea has pursued a minor acting career since the mid 1980s. His first role was as young punk Razzle in the Penelope Spheeris film Suburbia (1984). Shortly thereafter he starred alongside the Chili Peppers, who played themselves, in the skate drama Thrashin' (1986). In 1987 he portrayed the character Milo in the punk rock western Dudes alongside Jon Cryer. The Bruce Weber documentary Let's Get Lost (1988) shows him to be an enthusiastic and knowledgeable young fan of the film's subject, jazz trumpeter Chet Baker. He portrayed the character Needles in Back to the Future Part II (1989) and Back to the Future Part III (1990), though in an interview he referred to Part II as "a multi-million dollar piece of trash."[50] He played a minor role in the 1991 independent film My Own Private Idaho as the character Budd. Flea has, more recently, made appearances in the films The Chase (1994) as a monster truck driver, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1997) as a musician, and The Big Lebowski (1998), as a German nihilist. He has also lent his voice as the character Donnie to the animated series The Wild Thornberrys.

In 1991 the Red Hot Chili Peppers released a black and white film documenting the recording of Blood Sugar Sex Magik titled Funky Monks. They have released two video concerts, Off the Map in 2001 and Live at Slane Castle in 2004—the latter of which had over eighty thousand attendees.[51] Flea has also appeared in television broadcasts with Red Hot Chili Peppers on several occasions. Several months before Frusciante's departure in 1992, the band performed two songs on Saturday Night Live—Kiedis felt the show was an embarrassment due to the guitarist, who purposely played out of tune and incorrectly.[52][26] Later that year, the band appeared in the popular animated comedy The Simpsons on the episode "Krusty Gets Kancelled". At Woodstock 1994, Kiedis proposed the band perform the first few songs in metallic suits with giant light bulbs placed on their heads.[53] Flea was initially reluctant but eventually agreed: "when we got to play, the energy of the whole thing took over."[54] In 1996, he guest starred on an episode of The Ben Stiller Show. On the episode, Flea beats Stiller in a game of basketball. For the 1999 Woodstock Festival, he played the concert naked.[31] The band has also performed on Late Night with David Letterman three times.[55]

Discography

Further information: Red Hot Chili Peppers discography

References

  • Apter, Jeff (2004-11-23). Fornication: The Red Hot Chili Peppers Story. Omnibus Press. ISBN 1-84449-381-4. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Kiedis, Anthony (2004-10-06). Scar Tissue. Hyperion. ISBN 1-4013-0101-0. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

Notes

  1. ^ Apter, 2004. pp. 78–88
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Cite error: The named reference MOJO was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. pp. 234–235
  4. ^ a b c Prato, Greg. "Red Hot Chili Peppers Biography". Allmusic. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
  5. ^ Apter, 2004. p. 110
  6. ^ Apter, 2004. p. 127
  7. ^ a b c d Apter, 2004. pp 130–141
  8. ^ a b c "Red Hot Chili Peppers Albums Charting". Billboard. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  9. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference VH1behindthemusic was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ a b Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 234
  11. ^ Fricke, David (June 15, 2006). "Tattooed Love Boys: After twenty-three years, nine albums, death, love, and addiction, the Red Hot Chili Peppers are at Number One for the very first time". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2007-10-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  12. ^ a b Apter, 2004. pp. 178–190
  13. ^ Mother's Milk 2003 reissue liner notes
  14. ^ Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 242
  15. ^ Nothing's Shocking liner notes
  16. ^ "Stone Cold Rhymin' credits". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
  17. ^ a b c d Apter, 2004. pp. 205–212
  18. ^ "RIAA Searchable Database". RIAA. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
  19. ^ "Red Hot Chili Peppers Artist Chart History: Singles". Billboard. Retrieved 2007-12-16. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  20. ^ Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. pp. 261–262
  21. ^ a b c Apter, 2004. pp. 220–236
  22. ^ Funky Monks, 1991. Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc.
  23. ^ a b Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 282
  24. ^ David Fricke. "The Naked Truth". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2007-08-10. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  25. ^ Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. pp. 341–344
  26. ^ a b c d e Apter, 2004. pp. 290–302
  27. ^ Apter, 2004. p. 281
  28. ^ Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. pp. 390–395
  29. ^ Wilonsky, Robert (December 12, 1996). "Blood on the Tracks". Phoenix New Times Music. Retrieved 2007-06-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  30. ^ Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 408
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h Apter, 2004. pp. 304–311
  32. ^ a b c "Flea's Circus: Silverlake Music Conservatory Throws Hullabaloo Fundraiser". LAist. March, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  33. ^ a b Apter, 2004. pp. 327–338
  34. ^ "Red Hot Chili Peppers: First Single Preview". Total Guitar. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
  35. ^ a b Waddell, Ray (June, 2007). "Chili Peppers Hot in London's Hyde Park". Yahoo! Music. Retrieved 2008-01-20. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  36. ^ Red Hot Chili Peppers. iTunes Originals. iTunes. September 8, 2006
  37. ^ a b Gallori, Paolo (2006). Intervista a John Frusciante (TV interview). You Tube. Retrieved 2007-12-16.
  38. ^ "Red Hot Chili Peppers – Live Earth". BBC. June, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  39. ^ a b "Fire wrecks Chili Pepper's home". BBC News. November, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  40. ^ a b c d Leigh, Bill (June, 2006). "A Rock Star & A Jazz Legend Find Common Ground In Music's Beauty and Depth". Bass Player. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |acccessdate= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference AMGbio was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  42. ^ Tate, Greg (June, 1999). "Californication review". Rolling Stone magazine. Retrieved 2008-01-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  43. ^ "Interview with Flea in 1988". VPRO. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
  44. ^ Cite error: The named reference apterpgs70 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  45. ^ a b c d Malandrone, Scott (October, 1995). "Flea Interview". Bass Player.
  46. ^ "2002 Interview with Flea". YouTube. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
  47. ^ Cite error: The named reference apterpg20 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  48. ^ Cite error: The named reference apterpg35 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  49. ^ "Flea's Influences". YouTube. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
  50. ^ "Red Hot Chili Peppers; Nozems-A-GoGo". VPRO. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
  51. ^ "Live At Slane Castle". Play.com. Retrieved 2007-07-21.
  52. ^ Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. pp. 300–301
  53. ^ Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 315–323
  54. ^ Apter, 2004. p. 276
  55. ^ "Red Hot Chili Peppers Television broadcasts". The Side. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
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