Capital punishment in California

Executions in California are carried out at the San Quentin State Prison. The gas chamber once used for the purpose of capital punishment has since been converted to an execution chamber by lethal injection. Two chairs once sat where the restraining table is now located.

Capital punishment is a legal form of punishment in the U.S. state of California. The first recorded execution in the area that is now California was on 11 April 1778 when four Native Americans were shot in San Diego County for conspiracy to commit murder. These were the first of 709 executions before the Furman v. Georgia decision of the United States Supreme Court. Since 1976, 13 people have been executed by the state. As of 13 August 2009 there are 685 people, including 16 women, on California's "Death Row".

History

Four methods have been used historically for executions. Up until just before California was admitted into the Union, executions were carried by firing squad. Then in 1849, hanging was adopted as the method of choice (except for two Native Americans shot in December 1851 and January 1852).

The penal code was modified on 14 February 1872 to state that hangings were to take place inside the confines of the county jail or other private places. The only people allowed to be present were the sheriff of the county, a physician, the District Attorney of the county, who would select at least 12 "reputable citizens". No more than two "ministers of the gospel" and no more than five people selected by the condemned could also be present.

Executions were moved to the state level in 1889 when the law was modified so that hangings would take place in one of the State Prisons — San Quentin State Prison and Folsom State Prison. According to the California Department of Corrections, although there was no law providing which prison was chosen by the trial judge, it was customary for recidivists to be sent to Folsom. Under these new laws, the first execution at San Quentin was Jose Gabriel on 3 March 1893 for murder. The first hanging at Folsom was Han Chin also for murder on 13 December 1895. A total of 215 inmates were hanged at San Quentin and a total of 92 were hanged at Folsom.

California adopted the gas chamber as its sole method in 1937 (though two more hangings took place for people already sentenced). The first people to die in the San Quentin gas chamber (the only one in the state) were Albert Kessell and Robert Cannon on 2 December 1938. Three more people had their death sentences carried out within a fortnight. Up until 1967, 194 people were executed by lethal gas, including four women. The last person was Aaron Mitchell on 12 April 1967.

The Supreme Court of California ruled in People v. Anderson that the current death penalty laws were unconstitutional and oversaw the commuting of 107 death sentences in the state in 1972. This included such people as Sirhan Sirhan and Charles Manson. Following the ruling, the California Constitution was modified. The statute was also modified to make the death penalty mandatory for a number of crimes including first degree murder in specific instances, kidnapping where a person dies, train wrecking where a person dies, treason against the state, and assault by a life prisoner if the victim dies within a year.

In a later decision in 1976, the Supreme Court of California again held the death penalty statute was unconstitutional as it did not allow the defendant to enter mitigating evidence. A further 70 prisoners had their sentences commuted following this. The next year, the statute was modified to deal with these issues. Life imprisonment without possibility of parole was also added as a punishment for capital offenses. A later change to the statute was in 1978 after Proposition 7 passed. This gave an automatic appeal to the Supreme Court of California, who would directly affirm or reverse the sentence and conviction without going through an intermediate appeal to the California Courts of Appeal. (The state supreme court is currently sponsoring a proposed state constitutional amendment that would allow the assignment of capital appeals to the Courts of Appeal to alleviate the backlog of capital appeal cases.)

The latest change of method came in January 1993, when the lethal injection was given as a choice for people sentenced to death. David Mason chose to die of lethal gas, because he wanted to suffer for his crimes. This was changed in 1994 to have lethal injection as the default method. The first person executed under these new laws was William Bonin on 23 February 1996. 13 people have been executed since California reinstated the death penalty in 1977, but 56 others have died on death row of other causes, including 14 of suicide (since 10/25/2007).

In February 2006, a de facto moratorium on capital punishment was enforced in California as the state was unable to obtain the services of a licensed medical professional to carry out the execution of Michael Morales. The occurrence came as a result of an injunction made by the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals which held that an execution could only be carried out by a medical technician legally authorized to administer IV medications. The lethal injection procedure, if wrongfully performed, could lead to suffering for the condemned, potentially constituting cruel and unusual punishment.

In 2008, Law officers and families of victims who support the death penalty rallied at the gate of San Quentin State Prison Tuesday to promote a new journal that details arguments in favor of capital punishment.

Several other victims' families testified to the California Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice in opposition to capital punishment, explaining that whilst they had suffered great losses, they did not view retribution as morally acceptable, and that the high cost of capital punishment was preventing the solving of cold cases. But others who contest this argument says the greater cost of trials where the prosecution does seek the death penalty is offset by the savings from avoiding trial altogether in cases where the defendant pleads guilty to avoid the death penalty.

Current legislation

Method

Under the California Penal Code § 3604:

"The punishment of death shall be inflicted by the administration of a lethal gas or by an intravenous injection of a substance or substances in a lethal quantity sufficient to cause death…"

Pursuant to subsection (b) of that Code section, if the prisoner does not make a decision on the method within 10 days after the warden's service upon the inmate of an execution warrant, then the default is given as lethal injection.

In October 1994, a United States federal judge ruled that the gas chamber was an unconstitutionally cruel and unusual punishment in Fierro v. Gomez, 865 F.Supp. 1387 (N.D. Cal. 1994), and this was upheld by the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in February 1996, Fierro v. Gomez, 77 F.3d 301 (9th Cir. 1996). The Supreme Court of the United States never ruled on the case, however, as California amended its statute to provide lethal injection as the default method while the case was pending on appeal. The Supreme Court of the United States, however, did subsequently hold in Stewart v. LaGrand, 526 U.S. 115 (1999) that by selecting a particular method of execution an inmate waives his right to challenge that method's constitutionality. This means that lethal gas still theoretically remains an option in California should an inmate opt for it.

Capital offenses

The penal code provides for possible capital punishment in:

• treason against the state of California, defined as levying war against the state, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort.
• perjury causing execution of an innocent person
• first-degree murder with special circumstances
  • for financial gain (1)
  • the defendant had previously been convicted of first or second degree murder (2)
  • multiple murders (3)
  • committed using explosives (4) ; (6)
  • to avoid arrest or aiding in escaping custody (5)
  • the victim was an on-duty peace officer; federal law enforcement officer or agent; or firefighter (7) ; (8) ; (9)
  • the victim was a witness to a crime and the murder was committed to prevent them from testifying (10)
  • the victim was a prosecutor or assistant prosecutor; judge or former judge; elected or appointed official; juror; and the murder was in retaliation for the victim's official duties (11) ; (12) ; (13) ; (20)
  • the murder was "especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel, manifesting exceptional depravity" (14)
  • the murderer lay in wait for the victim (15)
  • the victim was intentionally killed because of their race, religion, nationality, or country of origin (a Hate crime) (16)
  • the murder was committed during the commissioning of robbery; kidnapping; rape; sodomy; performance of a lewd or lascivious act upon the person of a child under the age of 14 years; oral copulation; burglary; arson; train wrecking; mayhem; rape by instrument; carjacking; torture; poisoning (17)
  • the murder was intentional and involved the infliction of torture (18)
  • poisoning (19)
  • the murder was committed by discharging a firearm from a motor vehicle (21)
  • the defendant is an active member of a criminal street gang and was to further the activities of the gang (22)
• train wrecking which leads to a person's death.

Public opinion

The Field Research Corporation found in February 2004 that when asked how they personally felt about capital punishment, 68% supported it and 31% opposed it (6% offered no opinion). This was a fall from 72% two years previous, and a rise from 63% in 2000. The 2004 poll was asked about the time that Kevin Cooper had his execution stayed hours before his scheduled death after 20 years on Death Row.

When asked if they thought the death penalty generally fair and free of error in California, 58% agreed and 32% disagreed (11% offered no opinion). When the results were broken down along ethnicity, of the people who identified themselves as African American, 57% disagreed that the death penalty was fair and free of error.

Post-Gregg executions

A total of 13 individuals convicted of murder have been executed by the state of California since 1976. All were by lethal injection, except for those indicated by an asterisk which were by gas chamber.

	Executed person	Date of execution	Victims	Under Governor
1	Robert Alton Harris*	21 April 1992	John Mayeski and Michael Baker.	Wilson
2	David Edwin Mason*	24 August 1993	Joan Picard, Arthur Jennings, Boyd Johnson, Antionette Brown and Dorothy Land.	Wilson
3	William George Bonin	23 February 1996	Marcus Grabs, Donald Hyden, David Murillo, Dennis Frank Fox, Charles Miranda, James McCabe, Ronald Gatlin, Harry Todd Turner, Russell Rugh, Glenn Barker, Steven Wood, Darin Lee Kendrick, Lawrence Sharp and Steven Jay Wells.	Wilson
4	Keith Daniel Williams	31 May 1996	Lourdes Meza, Miguel Vargas and Salvador Vargas.	Wilson
5	Thomas Martin Thompson	14 July 1998	Ginger Fleischli.	Wilson
6	Jaturun Siripongs	9 February 1999	Packovan Wattanporn and Quach Nguyen.	Davis
7	Manuel Pina Babbitt	4 May 1999	Leah Schendel.	Davis
8	Darrell Keith Rich	15 March 2000	Annette Fay Edwards, Patricia Ann Moore, Linda Diane Slovik, and Annette Lynn Selix.	Davis
9	Robert Lee Massie [2][3]	27 March 2001	Boris G. Naumoff.	Davis
10	Stephen Wayne Anderson	29 January 2002	Elizabeth Lyman.	Davis
11	Donald Jay Beardslee	19 January 2005	Stacey Benjamin and Patty Geddling.	Schwarzenegger
12	Stanley Tookie Williams	13 December 2005	Albert Owens, Yen-Yi Yang, Tsai-Shai Lin, and Yee-Chen Lin.	Schwarzenegger
13	Clarence Ray Allen	17 January 2006	Bryon Schletewitz, Josephine Rocha, and Douglas White.	Schwarzenegger

See also

• Capital punishment in the United States

References

• Inmates Executed, 1978 to Present. California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. Retrieved on 2007-11-12.
• Executions in California 1778–1967
• Capital Punishment Information from the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
• "Two-thirds of California voters favor the death penalty, But a sizeable minority believe it has not been fairly implemented (PDF)" (PDF). Field Research Corporation. 5 March 2004.