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Fallingwater

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Fallingwater
Fallingwater is located in Pennsylvania
Fallingwater
LocationMill Run, Pennsylvania
Nearest cityPittsburgh
Built1936 - 1939
ArchitectFrank Lloyd Wright
Architectural styleOrganic architecture
Visitationabout 135,000
NRHP reference No.74001781[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHPJuly 23, 1974
Designated NHLMay 23, 1966[2]

Fallingwater is a house designed by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1935 in rural southwestern Pennsylvania, 50 miles southeast of Pittsburgh. The home was built partly over a waterfall on Bear Run in the Mill Run section of Stewart Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania, in the Laurel Highlands of the Allegheny Mountains.

Hailed by Time shortly after its completion as Wright's "most beautiful job",[3] it is also listed among Smithsonian's Life List of 28 places "to visit before you die."[4] Fallingwater was featured in Bob Vila's A&E Network production Guide to Historic Homes of America.[5] It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966.[2] In 1991, members of the American Institute of Architects named the house the "best all-time work of American architecture" and in 2007, it was ranked twenty-ninth on the list of America's Favorite Architecture according to the AIA.

History

Edgar Kaufmann Sr. was a successful Pittsburgh businessman and founder of Kaufmann's Department Store. His son, Edgar Kaufmann, Jr., studied architecture briefly under Wright.

Edgar Sr. had been prevailed upon by his son and Wright to itemize the cost of Wright's utopian model city. When completed, it was displayed at Kaufmann’s Department Store and Wright was a guest in the Kaufmann home, “La Tourelle”, a French Norman estate designed by celebrated Pittsburgh architect Benno Janssen (1874-1964) in the stylish Fox Chapel suburb in 1923 for Edgar J. Kaufmann. The Kaufmanns and Wright were enjoying refreshments at La Tourelle when Wright, who never missed an opportunity to charm a potential client, said to Edgar Jr. in tones that the elder Kaufmanns were intended to overhear, “Edgar, this house is not worthy of your parents...” The remark spurred the Kaufmanns' interest in something worthier. Fallingwater would become the end result.

The Kaufmanns owned some property outside Pittsburgh with a waterfall and some cabins they used as a rural retreat. When the cabins there deteriorated to the point that something had to be rebuilt, Mr. Kaufmann contacted Wright.

In November 1934, Wright visited Bear Run and asked for a survey of the area around the waterfall. One was prepared by Fayette Engineering Company of Uniontown, Pennsylvania including all the site's boulders, trees and topography, and forwarded to Wright in March of 1935. It took nine months for his ideas to crystallize into a design, quickly sketched up in time for a visit by Kaufmann to Taliesin in September 1935.[6][7] It was then that Kaufmann first became aware that Wright intended to site the home above the falls,[8] rather than below them to afford a view of the cascades as he had expected.[9]

Design and construction

The structural design for Fallingwater was undertaken by Wright in association with staff engineers Mendel Glickman and William Wesley Peters, who had been responsible for the columns featured in Wright’s revolutionary design for the Johnson Wax Headquarters.

Preliminary plans were issued to Kaufmann for approval on October 15, 1935,[10] after which Wright made a further visit to the site and provided a cost estimate for the job. In December 1935 an old rock quarry was reopened to the west of the site to provide the stones needed for the house’s walls. Wright only made periodic visits during construction, instead assigning his apprentice Robert Mosher as his permanent on-site representative.[10] The final working drawings were issued by Wright in March 1936 with work beginning on the bridge and main house in April 1936.

The strong horizontal and vertical lines are a distinctive feature of Fallingwater

The construction was plagued by conflicts between Wright, Kaufmann, and the construction contractor. Uncomfortable with what he perceived as Wright's insufficient experience using reinforced concrete Kaufmann had the artictect's daring cantilever design reviewed by a firm of consulting engineers. Upon receiving their report Wright took offense and immediately requested Kaufmann to return his drawings and indicated he was withdrawing from the project. Kaufmann relented to Wright's gambit and the engineer’s report was subsequently buried within a stone wall of the house.[10]

After a visit to the sitein June 1936 Wright rejected the concrete work for the bridge, which had to be rebuilt.[citation needed]

For the cantilevered floors Wright and his team used upside down T-shaped beams integrated into a monolithic concrete slab which both formed the ceiling of the space below and provided resistance against compression. The contractor, Walter Hall, also an engineer, produced independent computations and argued for increasing the reinforcing steel in the first floor’s slab. Wright rebuffed the contractor. While some sources state that it was the contractor who quietly doubled the amount of reinforcement,[11] according to others,[10] it was at Kaufmann’s request that his consulting engineers redrew Wright’s reinforcing drawings and doubled the amount of steel specified by Wright. This additional steel not only added weight to the slab but was set so close together that the concrete often could not properly fill in between the steel, which weakened the slab.[citation needed] In addition, the contractor did not build in a slight upward incline in the formwork for the cantilever to compensate for the settling and deflection of the cantilever once the concrete formwork was removed. As a result, the cantilever developed a noticeable sag. Upon learning of this, Wright temporarily replaced Mosher with Edgar Tafel.[12]

With Kaufmann’s approval the consulting engineers arranged for the contractor to install a supporting wall under the main supporting beam for the west terrace. When Wright discovered it on a site visit he had Mosher discreetly remove the top course of stones. When Kaufmann later confessed to what had been done, Wright showed him what Mosher had done and pointed out that the cantilever had held up for the past month under test loads without the wall’s support.[13]

In October 1937 the main house was completed.

Cost

The house cost a total of $155,000,[14] broken down as follows:[6] house $75,000, finishing and furnishing $22,000, guest house, garage and servants' quarters $50,000, architect's fee $8,000.


According to the westegg.com inflation calculator; the total project price of $155,000.00 is the equivalent of approximately $2.4 million in 2009.


The cost of restoration in 2002 is reported at $11.4 million.

Use of the house

Fallingwater was the family's weekend home from 1937 to 1963. In 1963, Kaufmann, Jr. donated the property to the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy. In 1964 it was opened to the public as a museum. Nearly six million people have visited the house since (as of January 2008). It currently hosts more than 120,000 visitors each year.[14]

Style

Interior of Fallingwater depicting a sitting area with furnishings designed by Wright

Fallingwater stands as one of Wright's greatest masterpieces both for its dynamism and for its integration with the striking natural surroundings. Wright's passion for Japanese architecture was strongly reflected in the design of Fallingwater, particularly in the importance of interpenetrating exterior and interior spaces and the strong emphasis placed on harmony between man and nature. Tadao Ando once stated: "I think Wright learned the most important aspect of architecture, the treatment of space, from Japanese architecture. When I visited Fallingwater in Pennsylvania, I found that same sensibility of space. But there was the additional sounds of nature that appealed to me."[15]

The extent of Wright's genius in integrating every detail of his design can only be hinted at in photographs. This organically designed private residence was intended to be a nature retreat for its owners. The house is well-known for its connection to the site: it is built on top of an active waterfall which flows beneath the house. The fireplace hearth in the living room integrates boulders found on the site and upon which the house was built — ledge rock which protrudes slightly through the living room floor was left in place to demonstrably link the outside with the in. Wright had initially intended that the ledge be cut flush with the floor, but this had been one of the Kaufmann family's favorite sunning spots, so Mr. Kaufmann insisted that it be left as it was.[citation needed] The stone floors are waxed, while the hearth is left plain, giving the impression of dry rocks protruding from a stream.

Integration with the setting extends even to small details. For example, where glass meets stone walls there is no metal frame; rather, the glass and its horizontal dividers were run into a caulked recess in the stonework, so that the stone walls appear uninterrupted by glazing. There are stairways leading directly down to the stream, below the house. And in a connecting space which transitions from the main house to the guest and servant level a natural spring drips water inside, which is then channeled back out. Bedrooms are small, some with low ceilings to encourage people outward toward the open social areas, decks, and outdoors.

Bear Run and the sound of its water permeating the house, the home's immediate surroundings, and locally quarried stone walls and cantilevered terraces resembling the nearby rock formations are meant to be in harmony. The design incorporates broad expanses of windows and balconies which reach out into their surroundings. A glass encased interior staircase leads down from the living room and allows direct access to the rushing stream below. In conformance with Wright's views the main entry door is away from the falls.

Driveway leading to the entrance of Fallingwater

On the hillside above the main house stands a three bay carport, servants' quarters, and a guest bedroom. These attached outbuildings were built two years later using the same quality of materials and attention to detail as the main house. The guest quarters feature a spring-fed swimming pool which overflows to the river below. After Fallingwater was deeded to the public the carport was enclosed at the direction of Kaufmann, Jr., to be used by museum visitors to view a presentation on the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy, the home was entrusted to at the end or their guided tours. Kaufmann, Jr. designed its interior himself, to specifications found in other Fallingwater interiors designed by Wright.

Repair work

The cantilevers at Fallingwater

Fallingwater's structural system includes a series of very bold reinforced concrete cantilevered balconies; however, the house had problems from the beginning. Pronounced deflection of the concrete cantilevers was noticed as soon as formwork was removed at the construction stage.[16]

The Western Pennsylvania Conservancy conducted an intensive program to preserve and restore Fallingwater. From 1988, a New York City-based architecture and engineering firm was responsible for the materials conservation of Fallingwater. During this time the firm reviewed original construction documents and subsequent repair reports; evaluated conditions and probes; analyzed select materials; designed the re-roofing and re-waterproofing of roofs and terraces; specified the restoration for original steel casement windows and doors; reconstructed failed concrete reconstructions; restored the masonry; analyzed interior paint finishes; specified interior paint removal methods and re-painting; designed repair methods for concrete and stucco; and developed a new coating system for the concrete.

Given the humid environment directly over running water mold had proven a problem. The elder Kaufmann called Fallingwater "a seven-bucket building" for its leaks, and nicknamed it "Rising Mildew".[17] Condensation under roofing membranes was also an issue due to the lack of a thermal break.[18] However, with the completion of re-roofing and re-waterproofing, the building is comparatively leak-free for the first time in its history.


References

  1. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. Retrieved 2006-03-15.
  2. ^ a b "Fallingwater". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-07-02.
  3. ^ "Usonian Architech". TIME magazine Jan. 17, 1938. 1938-01-17. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
  4. ^ "Smithsonian Magazine — Travel — The Smithsonian Life List". Smithsonian magazine January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
  5. ^ Bob Vila (1996). ""Guide to Historic Homes of America."" (html). A&E Network.
  6. ^ a b McCarter, page 59.
  7. ^ Toker, Franklin (2003). Fallingwater Rising: Frank Lloyd Wright, E. J. Kaufmann, and America's Most Extraordinary House. Knopf. ISBN 1-4000-4026-4.
  8. ^ "[W]hy did the client say that he expected to look from his house toward the waterfall rather than dwell above it?" Edgar Kaufmann, Jr., Fallingwater: A Frank Lloyd Wright Country House, New York: Abbeville Press, p. 31. (ISBN 0-89659-662-1)
  9. ^ McCarter, page 7.
  10. ^ a b c d McCarter, page 12.
  11. ^ Feldman, Gerard C. (2005). "Fallingwater Is No Longer Falling". STRUCTURE magazine (September): pp. 46–50.
  12. ^ McCarter, pages 12 and 13.
  13. ^ McCarter, pages 13.
  14. ^ a b Plushnick-Masti, Ramit (2007-09-27). "New Wright house in western Pa. completes trinity of work". Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
  15. ^ "Tadao Ando, 1995 Laureate: Biography" (PDF). The Hyatt Foundation. 1995. Retrieved 5 November 2009.
  16. ^ Silman, Robert and John Matteo (2001-07-01). "Repair and Retrofit: Is Falling Water Falling Down?" (PDF). Structure Magazine. Retrieved 2007-09-20.
  17. ^ (Brand 1995)
  18. ^ "Fallingwater Part 2: Materials-Conservation Efforts at Frank Lloyd Wright's Masterpiece," by Pamela Jerome, Norman Weiss and Hazel Ephron © 2006 Association for Preservation Technology International (APT).http://www.jstor.org/pss/40004684

Bibliography

  • Trapp, Frank (1987). Peter Blume. Rizzoli, New York.
  • Hoffmann, Donald (1993). Frank Lloyd Wright’s Fallingwater: The House and Its History (2nd ed.). Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-27430-6.
  • Brand, Stewart (1995). How Buildings Learn: What Happens After They're Built. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-013996-6.
  • McCarter, Robert (2002). Fallingwater Aid (Architecture in Detail). Phaidon Press. ISBN 0-7148-4213-3.

Further reading

  • Edgar Kaufmann, Jr., Fallingwater: A Frank Lloyd Wright Country House (Abbeville Press 1986)
  • Robert McCarter, Fallingwater Aid (Architecture in Detail) (Phaidon Press 2002)
  • Franklin Toker, Fallingwater Rising: Frank Lloyd Wright, E. J. Kaufmann, and America's Most Extraordinary House (Knopf, 2005)
  • Lynda S. Waggoner and the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy, Fallingwater: Frank Lloyd Wright's Romance With Nature (Universe Publishing 1996)
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