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Scream (1996 film)

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Scream
File:Scream movie poster.jpg
Theatrical poster
Directed byWes Craven
Written byKevin Williamson
Produced byCathy Konrad
Cary Woods
StarringNeve Campbell
David Arquette
Courteney Cox
Matthew Lillard
Rose McGowan
Skeet Ulrich
Drew Barrymore
CinematographyMark Irwin
Edited byPatrick Lussier
Music byMarco Beltrami
Production
company
Woods Entertainment
Distributed byDimension Films
Release date
December 20, 1996
Running time
111 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$15 million
Box office$173,046,663

Scream is a 1996 American horror slasher film created and written by Kevin Williamson and directed by Wes Craven, starring Neve Campbell, Courteney Cox, Drew Barrymore and David Arquette, released on December 20, 1996 as the first installment in the Scream film series. Scream follows the character of Sidney Prescott (Campbell), a high school student in the fictional town of Woodsboro, who becomes the target of the mysterious killer Ghostface. Sidney is accompanied by her boyfriend Billy Loomis (Skeet Ulrich), film geek Randy Meeks (Jamie Kennedy), deputy sheriff Dewey Riley (Arquette) and news reporter Gale Weathers (Cox). The film was unique at the time of its release, combining the violence of the slasher genre with elements of comedy and "whodunit" mystery, placing suspicion on many of the film's characters, while satirizing the cliché of the horror genre made common in films such as Halloween and Friday the 13th.

Scream, originally entitled Scary Movie, was written by Williamson based partly on the Gainesville Ripper and inspired by his passion for horror films, especially Halloween. The script, bought by Dimension Films, was developed into Scream under director Wes Craven with music provided by Marco Beltrami. The production faced censorship issues with the MPAA as well as impediments by locals when filming on location but went on to be released to significant financial and critical acclaim, earning $173 million, several awards and award nominations and becoming the highest grossing slasher film in the US beating out films from popular, established franchises such as A Nightmare on Elm Street, Friday the 13th and even Williamson's main inspiration, Halloween. The soundtrack by Beltrami also received acclaim, cited as "some of the most intriguing horror scores composed in years" and having "cult status". Scream was notable in the genre for casting already established and successful actors which was considered to have helped it find a wider audience including a significant female viewership.

Scream was credited with revitalizing the horror genre in the 1990s, which was considered to be almost dead following an influx of straight-to-DVD titles and numerous sequels to established horror franchises of the 70s and 80s which were drawing both decreasing financial and critical success, by recognizing and exploiting the cliché that films in the genre had become reliant upon. The film's success spawned three sequels, Scream 2 (1997), released less than a year after the original but receiving equal and occasionally higher acclaim, Scream 3 (2000), released to less critical and financial success, and Scream 4 (2011).

Plot

High school student Casey Becker (Drew Barrymore) receives a taunting phone call from an unknown person (voiced by Roger L. Jackson). The situation escalates out of control quickly, with her boyfriend, Steve (Kevin Patrick Walls), being murdered by a masked-killer named Ghostface who then kills Casey, hanging her corpse from a tree.

The following day, the news media descend on the town as the police investigation begins while Sidney Prescott (Neve Campbell) struggles with the impending one-year anniversary of her mother's rape and murder by Cotton Weary (Liev Schreiber). The killer soon targets Sidney, again taunting her by phone before attacking. Evidence leads to her boyfriend Billy Loomis (Skeet Ulrich) being arrested, but he is later freed without charge causing suspicion to fall on several characters including deputy sheriff Dewey Riley, ambitious news reporter Gale Weathers, Sidney's fellow students Stu Macher (Matthew Lillard) and Randy Meeks (Jamie Kennedy) and Sidney's father Neil (Lawrence Hecht). In the wake of the murders, school is suspended and shortly after Principal Himbry is stabbed to death in his office.

At a party held at Stu's house to celebrate the school suspension, Ghostface strikes again, crushing Tatum Riley's (Rose McGowan) neck in a garage door, slashing the throat of Gale's cameraman Kenny (W. Earl Brown) and stabbing Billy and Dewey. The wounded Billy attempts to help Sidney but after obtaining a gun, reveals himself as the killer, having feigned his injuries, and shoots Randy. Stu announces himself as Billy's accomplice as the pair detail their plan to kill Sidney and frame her father, whom they have taken hostage, for their murder spree. The pair admit to having murdered her mother, Maureen, and framing one of her lovers, Cotton Weary, as revenge because of an affair she was having with Billy's father Hank (C.W. Morgan), which drove his mother away. Gale, thought to be dead by the killers, intervenes and allows Sidney to turn the tables on her attackers, killing them both. A badly injured Dewey is taken away by ambulance as Gale makes an impromptu news report about the nights events.

Cast

Further information: List of Scream characters and individual characters

Scream marked a turn for the horror genre in terms of casting which normally involved relatively unknown actors, the genre considered unsuitable for bigger names as it offered lower budgets and often attained negative critical praise.[1] However, young actress Drew Barrymore read the script for the film and became interested in being involved, approaching the production herself to request a role. Barrymore, a member of the Barrymore family dynasty and granddaughter of acclaimed American actor John Barrymore, had become a famous star in her own right starring in E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial and the production were quick to take advantage of her unexpected interest, signing her to play the lead role of Sidney Prescott.[2][3] Her involvement was believed to be instrumental in attracting other popular actors to the film despite the smaller budget and causing Craven to reconsider his decision to not helm the film.[2] Before filming began however, Barrymore was faced with unexpected commitments that meant she would no longer be available to play the demanding lead role and so she instead offered a solution that she play the smaller role of Casey Becker, allowing her to remain involved and allowing the production to retain the advantages of her stature.[3] Killing off one of their biggest stars early into the film was considered a calculated risk but it was believed that it would be so shocking and unexpected that the audience would not expect it.[4] Needing a new Sidney, actresses including Alicia Witt and Brittany Murphy auditioned for the lead and the production also approached Reese Witherspoon though she ultimately never auditioned.[5] Craven had seen Neve Campbell in the TV show Party of Five and had her audition for the part as he thought she could portray a character who was "innocent" but realistically handle herself while dealing with the physical conflict and emotions required of the role, with her being successfully cast.[2][4] Campbell had been reluctant to perform in a horror film so soon after her supporting role in The Craft,[2] but Scream offered her the first opportunity to be the leading star which positively influenced her decision.

File:Scream-cast-at-fountain.jpg
The central young cast of Scream. From left to right; Ulrich, Campbell, Lillard, McGowan and Kennedy.

For the character of news reporter Gale Weathers, the studio wanted a recognizable face and auditioned both Brooke Shields and Janeane Garofalo.[5] Courteney Cox, who was starring in the hit NBC sitcom Friends at the time, like Barrymore, approached the production herself to pursue the role to play a "bitch" character and remove her "nice" Friends image. This image was the very reason that the production refused to consider Cox for the part but she continued to lobby hard to prove she could believably play the character, her efforts ultimately succeeding.[2] Actresses Melinda Clarke and Rebecca Gayheart auditioned for the role of Tatum Riley before Rose McGowan was cast, the casting director believing her to best embody the "spunky", "cynical" but "innocent" nature of the character.[5] It was believed the collective strong female cast of Campbell, Barrymore, Cox and McGowan would help draw a significant female audience to the film.[4] Gayheart would later receive a role in Scream 2.

Kevin Patrick Walls[4] and Justin Whalin were amongst the final candidates for the key role of Sidney's boyfriend Billy Loomis with Whalin taking part in auditions with Campbell.[5][6] Skeet Ulrich ultimately won the role, the production viewing him as "perfect" for the part but also noting a resemblance between him and a young Johnny Depp as he appeared in A Nightmare on Elm Street, one of the many film's Scream references.[5] Ulrich and Campbell had worked together on The Craft shortly before Scream which they believed help them be more comfortable with each other, allowing a more natural portrayal of the relationship between their characters.[7] Walls remained in the film in the minor role of Steve Orth, boyfriend of Barrymore's Casey Becker. David Arquette was also approached for the role of Billy Loomis but after reading the script was more attracted to the role of Dewey Riley and asked to read for the part.[4] The role, described as "hunky", was considered ill-fitting for Arquette's appearance and approach but Arquette was still allowed to audition for the part, taking a softer, funnier approach to the character which Craven appreciated, securing him the role.[2] Matthew Lillard was cast as Billy's friend Stu Macher, described as a "Billy wannabe" in the script, by chance after accompanying his girlfriend-of-the-time to an unrelated audition taking place in the same building as Scream auditions. Casting director Lisa Beach saw Lillard in the hallway and asked him to audition for the part where he successfully met their requirements for the character[5], a role which he got into with "incredible ferocity".[8] The role of Randy Meeks was contested between Jamie Kennedy and Breckin Meyer with the production favoring Kennedy.[5] Having no major role prior to Scream, the studio wanted a more prominent actor than Kennedy in the role but the production were adamant that he was the best choice and successfully fought to keep him in.[3] Roger L. Jackson, voice of the character Ghostface, was picked at the end of several weeks of local casting in Santa Rosa. The production had originally intended to only use his voice temporarily but ultimately decided that it was perfect for the role[9], portraying an "intelligent" and "evil" voice that Craven would later remark had become irreplaceable to the series.[10] To aid the actor's performance, they and Jackson were never allowed to meet each other, preventing them from associating a face with the menacing voice. Jackson would be present on set however, genuinely speaking to the actors by phone to help aid the overall performance.[4]

The cast was rounded out by W. Earl Brown who played Gale Weather's cameraman Kenny, Joseph Whipp who portrayed Woodsboro Sheriff Burke, Lawrence Hecht as Sidney's father Neil Prescott and C.W. Morgan as Billy's father Hank Loomis. Liev Schreiber appeared in a minor role as the framed killer of Sidney's mother Maureen Prescott while Henry Winkler made an uncredited appearance as Principal Himbry, an aggressive school principal. He remained uncredited so as to not draw attention away from the young, main cast.[4]

Production

Writing

Scream was originally developed under the title Scary Movie by Kevin Williamson, an aspiring screenwriter.[2] Williamson, influenced by a news story he was watching about a series of grisly murders by the Gainesville Ripper, began to feel paranoid and upon finding an open window in the house where he was staying, became concerned about intruders.[2] This event inspired Williamson to draft an 18-page script treatment about a young woman, alone in a house, who is taunted by phone and then attacked by a masked killer.[5] The treatment remained as a short story while Williamson developed another script, Teaching Mrs. Tingle, a thriller he would eventually successfully sell but would languish in development hell for many years.[3] In a desperate personal situation, struggling to pay his bills, Williamson secluded himself in Palm Springs and focused on the development of his Scary Movie treatment, hoping for a quick sell to meet his financial needs.[2] Over the course of three days, Williamson developed a full-length script as well as two separate five-page outlines for potential sequels, Scary Movie 2 and Scary Movie 3, hoping to entice buyers of his Scary Movie script with the potential for a franchise.[1][3] In an interview, Williamson would claim that a partial reason for focusing on the Scary Movie script was that it was a film he wanted to watch, born of his childhood love of horror films such as Halloween, but that "nobody else [was] making it".[11] His appreciation for previous horror films became evident in the script, featuring inspiration and references to films including Halloween, Friday the 13th, A Nightmare on Elm Street, When a Stranger Calls and Prom Night.[8] Williamson claimed to have listened to the soundtrack for Halloween when writing the script to gain inspiration, with excerpts of the soundtrack appearing in scenes of the final film.[8]

By June 1995[3], Williamson brought the Scary Movie script to his agent, Rob Paris, to put out for sale though Paris warned him that the saturation of violence and gore in his script would make it "impossible" to sell.[4] As predicted, following the scripts purchase by Miramax, Williamson was required to remove much of the gorier scenes with graphic depictions of the internal organs of gutted murder victims "rolling" down their leg. However, once Craven was secured as the director, he was able to bring much of the excised content back.[8] A scene in a school bathroom featuring the lead character Sidney was going to be removed by Williamson as he felt it was awkward and out of place in the film but Craven insisted it remained, believing it was a strong moment of character development for the Sidney character and her relationship with her deceased mother. Williamson later confirmed that he was glad that Craven proved him wrong concerning the scene.[4] While reviewing the script, Dimension Films head Bob Weinstein realized that the script contained thirty pages (approximately thirty on-screen minutes) without a murder and so instructed Williamson to have a character killed.[4] Williamson wrote in the death of the character Principal Himbry (Henry Winkler) based on this input and in doing so inadvertently solved a problem in the scripts finale. Williamson struggled to find a motivation for several characters to leave a party so that the killer could attack, but with the death of Winkler's character, he was able to use the discovered corpse to lure the other characters away.[4] Concerning the killers motivation, Williamson felt it was essential for the audience to be made aware why the antagonist characters had become killers but that it was potentially scarier if they had no motivation. Input from the studio was split between those who believed a motive was needed for the audience to be given resolution and others who agreed it was scarier without one. Williamson, taking advantage of there being two killers, decided to do both, providing the character of Billy Loomis with the motive of maternal abandonment while the second killer, Stu Macher, jokingly suggests "peer pressure" when prompted.[4]

Development

The script for what was then known as Scary Movie went on sale on a Friday in June but went without bids.[2] By the following Monday however, the script had become the subject of a significant bidding war between a host of established studios including Paramount Pictures, Universal Pictures and Morgan Creek Productions.[12] Producer Cathy Konrad read the script and felt it was exactly what the Weinstein brothers of the fledgling Dimension Films, then a part of Miramax, was looking for as it aimed to focus on genre films, having released several horror films previously. Konrad brought the script to the Bob Weinstein's assistant Richard Potter who read it and brought it to his attention, believing it had potential.[5] As the price increased, studios began to drop out of the bidding until the choice for Williamson was between Oliver Stone, who was at the time working under Cinergi Pictures, and the Weinstein's as a part of Dimension Films under Miramax.[3][4] Williamson ultimately agreed to a bid of $400,000 from Miramax plus a contract for the two potential sequels outlined in the script and a possible third, unrelated film believing that their Dimension Films label would produce Scary Movie immediately and that they would be more willing to not significantly censor the violence in the script.[8][3] Craven also read the script, before he became involved in the production, and considered convincing a studio to buy it for him to direct but it had already been sold by the time.[2]

Craven was approached early on to helm the film because Bob Weinstein felt that, considering his previous works in the genre combining horror and comedy, that he would be the perfect person to bring Williamson's script to screen. Craven however was at the time predisposed with developing a remake of The Haunting and upon consideration, also wanted to distance himself from the horror genre, claiming to have grown weary of the misogyny and violence inherent to it.[5] Weinstein then went on to approach other directors including Robert Rodriguez, Danny Boyle[7], George Romero and Sam Raimi[5] but there was concern when, having read the script, many of the directors believed the film to be purely a comedy, Williamson stating that they "didn't get it".[7] Craven was approached again and continued to pass on the film after several more requests but eventually, production of The Haunting, at that time, collapsed and Craven was freed from commitments, requiring a project.[8] Drew Barrymore had, in the intervening time, become involved in the production at her own request, and upon learning of an established actress wanting to be involved, Craven reasoned that Scary Movie may be different to films he had previously undertaken and contacted Weinstein to accept the job.[5]

As the film neared completion, the Weinstein brothers had the film's title changed from Scary Movie to Scream[3] after being inspired by the Michael Jackson song of the same name that Harvey Weinstein had been listening to on a radio. Bob Weinstein considered "Scary Movie" to be an unsuitable title as, despite the content of horror and violence, it also contained elements of satire and comedy and Weinstein wished for that to be better conveyed by the title.[5] The change, so late into production that their congratulatory gifts still bore the original name[5], was immediately disliked by both Williamson and Craven who considered it "stupid".[4] Both however would later remark that it was a positive change and that Weinstein had been wise to pick the new title.[4] Following a highly-successful screening of the film with a test audience and Miramax executives present, Craven was offered a two-picture contract for sequels to Scream.[8]

As Scream's box office takings continued to grow, Sony Pictures filed a lawsuit against Dimension Films and Miramax claiming that the title Scream was infringing on the copyright of Sony's own Screamers (1995), released the previous year. After the case was settled out of court, the details remaining confidential, Scream 2 producer Marianne Maddalena considered that the case was a result of other issues between the two companies and not truly pertaining to the films moniker. Maddalena did however confirm that the studio was free to use the Scream brand for future films.[1]

Filming

The Fun World "Ghostface" mask as it was first discovered by Marianna Maddalena while scouting the Shadow of a Doubt home.

Filming for Scream took place over eight weeks between April 15th, 1996 and June 8th 1996 on a budget of approximately $15 million.[13] The Weinstein's wanted filming to take place in Vancouver as it was estimated that they could save $1 million in costs compared to shooting in America.[5] Craven however was adamant about filming in the US and making a film that looked "truly American". The argument over where to perform filming almost led to Craven being removed from the project but the Weinstein's ultimately agreed to Craven's desire to keep the production in American territories.[5] The decision was made to film in North Carolina but location scouts found that any locations that seemed appropriate for the films requirements would have required extensive building, repairs or modification to be suitable, inflating the films cost.[2]

Attention was instead turned towards California with scouts discovering Sonoma County and the cities therein, Santa Rosa, Healdsburg and the nearby Tomales Bay. The house of Barrymore's character is situated south-easy of Santa Rosa on Sonoma Mountain Road, directly facing the house used in the horror film Cujo (1983),[4] while the home of Sidney Prescott was found near Calistoga, north of Santa Rosa and Tatum's home was situated on MacDonald Avenue in Santa Rosa, next to the houses used in Pollyanna (1960) and Shadow of a Doubt (1943).[14][15] The home of Lillard's character, the location for the entirety of the film's third act, is a house on Tomales Road, east of Tomales Bay, that had only recently become available after the death of its owners,[4] and the Woodsboro town square, including the fountain sat upon by many of the cast in an early scene, is represented by the Healdsburg town square.[15] For the Woodsboro high school, Craven desired a building that looked "American"[5], and the production approached Santa Rosa High School about using it in the film. The school board insisted on seeing the script and immediately objected to the violence against children (teenagers) and cynical, dark dialog used by the characters including the fictional school principal.[4][3] The matter reached local newspapers who also raised criticism and the ire of parents who objected to such a film taking place at their children's school and comparisons to the kidnap and murder of Polly Klaas three years prior which had left the area sensitive to the violence in the material.[5] The production however received support from the school's students and local residents who recognized the economic benefits to the area generated by the films presence and others who argued for the films First Amendment rights. The dispute resulted in a three-hour debate scheduled for the 16th of April, one day after filming was to begin but, unwilling to be delayed, Craven began filming as scheduled on the 15th with the opening scene of the film featuring Barrymore[3] which took five days to complete.[12] The result of the Santa Rosa debate was that permission be denied and the production was forced to find another location for the school, later discovering the Sonoma Community Center, south-east of Santa Rosa.[3]

Filming met with criticism from the studio early on as Bob Weinstein disliked the Ghostface mask believing it was not "scary" and the studio, upon reviewing the dailies footage of the opening scene, were concerned that it was progressing in a direction they did not want, with consideration that Craven could ultimately be replaced.[5] To assuage their concerns, Craven and editor Patrick Lussier, developed a workprint version of the opening thirteen minutes of the film to represent how the final film may look. After viewing the new footage, the studio were content to let Craven continue as director and Weinstein, having seen the mask in action, was satisfied that it could be scary.[5] The third and final act of the film, set at a house party where Ghostface strikes, was over forty minutes long, shot at a vacant property in Tomales over twenty-one nights.[5] The scene, labelled "Scene 118", was considered the most difficult to shoot as it took place entirely in one location yet featured the individual stories and deaths of multiple characters, meaning the actors spent weeks undertaking intense emotional and physical scenes while coated in fake blood and wounds.[4] As the scene was set during the evening, it also meant that production had no choice but to halt at dawn.[5]

Cinematography

Director of photography Mark Irwin was fired from the production during filming of Scream's finale, a week before principal photography was to be completed, after Craven, upon review of the daily video, found that the footage was out of focus and unusable.[5] Irwin was ordered to fire his camera crew as a result but Irwin rebuffed that if they were to be fired the production would have to also fire him which the production accepted, replacing him with Peter Deming to finish the film.[5]

Visual effects and design

An original mold for the Ghostface mask based on Fun World's design.
File:Visualeffectsscream1.jpg
Barrymore's replica model and the chair used to display Steve Orth's death. Note the person is kneeling behind it.

To produce the many grisly effects for the film, the production recruited KNB Effects team Howard Berger, Robert Kurtzman and Gregory Nicotero. One of their first tasks was the production of a mask for the film's killer. In his script, Williamson had only described the antagonist as "masked killer" leaving Craven with no specification on what type of mask to use or how to then conceal the body.[4] While location scouting, Maddalena discovered the Ghostface mask hanging from a post inside the house previously used for the film Shadow of a Doubt (1943).[5] The difficulty lay in that the mask design was owned by Fun World, a costume company, and though Craven wanted to use it, he was told to create one that the production could own.[5] KNB developed multiple design sketches varying from deformed faces to monstrous visages riddled with fangs but Craven found nothing like the Ghostface design and had KNB develop a mask based on it while different enough to avoid any claim of copyright.[5] The team developed several molds based on the Ghostface design but again, Craven found nothing that compared to the mask he wanted to use.[5] Desperate to use the design, Craven finally convinced the studio to approach Fun World about gaining permission to use the mask in the film and while negotiations were in progress, he had KNB make a mask that could be now much closer to the original mask but appropriate for use in a filming set.[4] The mask they produced was made of a thin-foam and was used in two scenes of the film, the opening with Barrymore's character and again during the murder of Winkler's Principal Himbry, but Craven found that he still disliked the mask due to the slight variations in its design from the original and thus ultimately used the Fun World design for the rest of filming.[4]

To compliment the violence of the picture, KNB Effects created over 50 gallons of fake blood, normally composed of corn syrup and food dye to create the visual effect of severe wounds.[3] For the penetrating effect of knives, the production used blades which could collapse on impact to prevent injury. An umbrella with a retractable tip is used as a stabbing weapon in the finale, and actor Ulrich wore a protective vest beneath his shirt to help prevent harm while a stuntwoman attacked him with it, though during the second thrust she missed the vest and stabbed Ulrich on his chest, impacting a wound from an open heart surgery operation causing genuine pain which was captured on film and used in the release version of Scream.[4]

Two of the largest visual effects in the film were the corpses of Barrymore and Walls characters, Casey Becker and Steve Orth.[3] Their deaths involved the character being gutted from the ribcage to pelvis, essentially hollowing out the torso of internal organs,[16] and displaying "rolling" guts flowing from the wound.[8] To allow Walls to continue to move and feign death while displaying the wound, KNB designed a chair with no back which allowed the actor to kneel behind it while his upper body, head and arms could be positioned within the chair's seating-area.[3] An anatomical model, representing the character's torso and legs was positioned in the chair and disguised such that the actor's upper body and the model appeared to be in one piece,[3] which allowed for the fake abdomen to be filled with rubber, latex and gelatin pieces smeared in fake blood, the "internal organs", which could then fall free.[3] The next effect involved Barrymore's character being gutted and hung, by the neck, from a tree and the team utilized a similar approach was used to the previous model except that it replicated Barrymore's entire body, as it would be impossible to conceal her real body and display the visual effect of her character having been gutted.[3][4]

Post production

After filming completed in June 1996, Craven spent two months editing the final product, encountering repeated conflicts with the film rating body MPAA concerning the content of scenes, being forced to tone down or obscure the more intense scenes and violence to avoid an NC-17 rating, considered "box office suicide" as cinemas and retail chains often refused to stock such rated titles.[17][4]

Though Dimension Films had previously released NC-17-rated films, the rating made those films difficult to market and attract an audience and thus they were desperate for a less restrictive R-rating but the cuts demanded of the film risked removing moments the production felt were key to making the film as high quality as possible.[3] The opening scene featuring Barrymore was one of the most difficult parts to process through the MPAA, who demanded several cuts based on its "intensity". Craven intentionally lied to the MPAA by claiming he had only one take of the scene and could not replace it with something less intense, causing the MPAA to allow it to remain.[4] In total, Craven sent eight different cuts of the film to deal with complaints concerning the gutting-death of Steve Orth (Walls), removing any scenes of the characters internal organs moving, the throat-cut of Kenny, trimming the end of the scene as the MPAA felt the actor's pained-expression was too "disturbing", and shortening the length of time spent viewing the crushed-head of Tatum Riley.[8] Despite addressing these concerns, the MPAA still held issue with the film especially a scene from the finale where the killers (Ulrich and Lillard) stab each other creating large amounts of visible blood, the MPAA demanding that the blood could not be seen in motion[8] (falling to the floor from the body for example), and it seemed unlikely that the film would be able to achieve an R-rating without further significant cuts.[8] With the film's release date drawing closer, Bob Weinstein intervened and personally contacted the MPAA, believing they misunderstood the film and to which genre Scream really belonged by focusing too much on the horror elements.[5] Weinstein explained to the organisation that although he agreed with their assessment of it being "intense", it also had comedic elements and satirized its content and was not just a horror film glorifying violence.[5] The MPAA reviewed their decision and shortly thereafter granted the film an R-rating.[3]

Music

The Scream score was provided by fledging composer Marco Beltrami, his first time scoring a feature film. Beltrami was discovered by Craven's assistant Julie Plec who, while requesting input on composers who were "new", "fresh" and "wonderful" was provided by Beltrami's name by several people. Beltrami was contacted by the production to request samples of his work and Craven, impressed by what he had heard, requested Beltrami come to the set to view the opening thirteen minutes of the film containing the introduction and death of Barrymore's character.[4] He was tasked with scoring a piece for this scene which could then be shown to the producers and the Weinstein brothers who, after viewing the now-scored footage, were happy to hire Beltrami to score the entire film.[18] Beltrami had no prior experience scoring a work of horror and was provided advice from Craven and editor Patrick Lussier on how to deliver the music to raise the audience tension and use stings to punctuate the more intense moments.[18][19] Craven wanted the music to intentionally raise the tension of scenes where it was unnecessary to play with audience expectations of previous horror films, such as increasing the volume to indicate that the killer is hiding behind a door only for nothing to be present upon its opening.[4]

Beltrami decided to intentionally disregard conventional horror score styles and approached the film as a western, taking influence from Ennio Morricone, prolific composer of many western films, in the creation of Scream's music.[20] When scoring a theme for the character of Dewey (Arquette), Beltrami approached him as a "quirky" wild west Sheriff, using a Morricone-style guitar accompaniment to maintain the Western approach.[21] The theme tune of Sidney Prescott, entitled "Sidney's Lament" features a female choral arrangement expressing "sorrow" concerning the characters situation, with Beltrami stating that the voice "spoke" for the character, "lamenting" the loss of her mother.[19] Christian Clemmensen of Filmtracks called the "haunting" vocals of the track the "voice of the franchise" as the song continued to be used throughout the films sequels.[22]

Release

Scream held its premiere on December 18, 1996 at the AMC Avco theater in Westwood, California.[23] Bob Weinstein ordered that the film be released on December 20, 1996, a date others were critical of as it was the Christmas period where seasonal and family films were more prevalent.[5] Weinstein argued this fact was in the films favor as it meant that horror fans and teenagers had nothing interesting to watch during the December period.[5] When Scream's first weekend takings amounted to only $6 million, it was considered that this release date gamble had failed, but the following week, takings did not drop but increased and continued to increase in the following weeks leading to a total U.S. gross of over $100 million and high critical praise.[5]

Box office

The film opened in 1,413 theaters, taking $6,354,586 in its opening weekend. The film made almost $87 million in its initial release, and was then re-released to theatres on April 11, 1997 and went on to make another $16 million, making total a domestic gross of $103,046,663,[24][25] with, as of 2007, a worldwide lifetime gross of $173,046,663.[26] Scream has remained the most successful of the Scream film series accruing a $173,046,663 gross worldwide and receiving a largely positive critical reception, closely followed by Scream 2 with $172,363,301, less than $1 million separating their respective takings and besting Scream 3 by $11 million. As of 2011, Scream is currently the 518th highest grossing movie worldwide.[27] In US territories, without adjusting for inflation, the film is the 20th highest grossing horror film[28] and remains the highest grossing slasher genre film, followed by Scream 2 and Scream 3 at #2 and #3 respectively.[29]

Despite competition from other significant box office fare during its release, including Tom Cruise's Jerry Maguire and Tim Burton's Mars Attacks!, its release date during the Christmas season, and Variety labeling it "D.O.A." before it was even released[2], Scream was the surprise hit of the year, becoming the 15th highest grossing film of 1996, amongst big-budget blockbuster such as Independence Day and Mission: Impossible, and continued to show in cinemas for nearly eight months after its release.[5][30]

Release date
(United States) 		Budget
(estimated) 		Box office revenue Box office ranking
United States Foreign Worldwide Release year All time U.S. All time worldwide
December 20, 1996 $15,000,000[13] $103,046,663[31] $70,000,000[31] $173,046,663[31] #15[31] #436[31] #518[27]

Note(s)

  • Box office ranking accurate as of April 2011.

Critical reception

The reaction to Scream received largely positive critical response from film reviewers, who appreciated the shift from the teen slasher films of the 1980s and their "endless series of laborious, half-baked sequels."[32] Kevin Thomas of The Los Angeles Times called Scream "a bravura, provocative sendup of horror pictures" while Empire's Adam Smith called it "Clever, quick and bloody funny." Williamson's script was praised as containing a "fiendishly clever, complicated plot" which "deftly mixes irony, self-reference and wry social commentary with chills and blood spills."[33] Time Out London lauded the films intelligence and scares while praising the casting saying "at last, a horror movie to shout about!"[34] Scream is "certified fresh" on the review site Rotten Tomatoes which develops an average score based on critics reviews.[35]

Roger Ebert appreciated "the in-jokes and the self-aware characters", but was confused over whether the level of violence was "defused by the ironic way the film uses it and comments on it."[36] The New York Times' Janet Maslin was not as appreciative of the film, saying "not much of 'Scream' is that gruesome", but observes that Craven "wants things both ways, capitalizing on lurid material while undermining it with mocking humor. Not even horror fans who can answer all this film's knowing trivia questions may be fully comfortable with such an exploitative mix."[37]

Scream went on to rank #32 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the '50 Best High School Movies[38] and the opening scene featuring the death of Barrymore's character ranked #13 on Bravo's 100 Scariest Movie Moments. In 2008, Entertainment Weekly dubbed the film a "New Classic" by ranking it #60 in their list of the "100 Best Films of the Last 13 years"[39] and in 2008, Empire magazine ranked the film #482 on their list of "The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time".[40]

Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic
Overall Cream of the Crop
82% (55 reviews)[35] 63% (8 reviews)[41] 65 (25 reviews)[42]

Accolades

Scream received several awards and award nominations following its release, including the Saturn Award's Best Actress for Campbell, Best Writing for Kevin Williamson and Best Horror Film plus nominations for Best Director for Wes Craven and Best Supporting Actor for both Ulrich and Barrymore.[43] Craven was awarded the Grand Prize at the Gérardmer Film Festival.[44] The film was also awarded the 1997 Best Movie by the MTV Movie Awards while Campbell received a nomination for Best Female Performance[45] In 2001, as part of the American Film Institute''s AFI 100 Years... series, Scream became one of the four-hundred nominees in three categories, the first concerning the film itself as part of "100 Thrills"[46], the character Ghostface for "100 Heroes and Villains"[47] and the quote "Do you like scary movies", as spoken by Roger Jackson, for "100 Movie Quotes".[48]

Year Award Category Work Result
1996 Saturn Award Best Actress Neve Campbell Won
Best Direction Wes Craven Nominated
Best Horror Film Scream Won
Best Supporting Actor Skeet Ulrich Nominated
Best Supporting Actress Drew Barrymore Nominated
Best Writer Kevin Williamson Won
1997 MTV Movie Award Best Movie Scream Won
Best Female Performance Neve Campbell Nominated
Gérardmer Film Festival Grand Prize Wes Craven Won
2001 American Film Institute AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills Scream Nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains Ghostface Nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes "Do you like scary movies?" Nominated

Home media

Scream was released in US territories on VHS on December 2, 1997,[49] and on DVD, December 3, 1997.[50] The following year, a Collector's Edition of the film was released on December 8, 1998,[51] containing the film as well as deleted scenes, outtakes, the films theatrical trailer, cast interviews, directors commentary and behind the scenes information.[52]. These releases were all undertaken by Buena Vista Home Entertainment. Following the release of, then series finale, Scream 3, Scream and its sequels were collected in "The Ultimate Scream Collection" by Dimension Films on September 26, 2000, a boxset containing Director's Cut versions of Scream, Scream 2 and Scream 3[53] plus "Behind the Scream" a 30 minute documentary about the production of the three films and additional material including screentests of the involved actors, outtakes and deleted scenes.

Scream remained unreleased in foreign territories including Europe and Japan until 2001 where it was simultaneously released with Scream 2 and Scream 3 on February 26 by Buena Vista Home Entertainment. Each film contained the additional content found in the Collector's Edition version of their US release including deleted scenes, outtakes, theatrical trailers, music videos and commentary from each respective films crew.[54][55][56] Additionally, the three films were collected together in a single pack, again released on February 26 and released as "Scream Trilogy".[57]

Scream was released in US territories on the Blu-ray Disc format on March 29, 2011, two weeks prior to the release of Scream 4, by Lionsgate Home Entertainment, hosting the film in 1080p high definition. The release contained audio commentary, theatrical trailers, outtakes, deleted scenes and various behind-the-scenes clips taken during filming. This release was also bundled with the other two films in a Blu-ray trilogy pack.[58]

Soundtrack

Untitled

The Scream original soundtrack was released on December 17, 1996 by the TVT Records label. The soundtrack features 11 songs by various artists plus a piece from the films score, "Trouble In Woodsboro"/"Sidney's Lament", by Marco Beltrami for a total of 12 tracks, most of which appeared in various scenes in the film. The piece "School's Out" by Alice Cooper appeared in the film following, appropriately, the suspension of Woodsboro high school, but was replaced with a cover version of the song by The Last Hard Men when appearing on the released album. An acoustic cover of Blue Öyster Cult's "Don't Fear the Reaper", performed by Gus Black, plays softly in the background to Sidney and Billy's discussion of their relationship, which analyst Jeff Smith describes as

An ironic comment on the brutality we have just seen in the opening sequence. More importantly, however, the allusion to the Blue Öyster Cult classic recasts the song's title by literalizing its meaning. While the title itself invokes the Reaper as a popular symbol for death, the film presents us with an actual person, who not only dresses as the Grim Reaper but also unleashes homicidal vengeance on the other characters of the film. The irony here, of course, is that Billy himself proves to be one of the film's dual slashers and is, in fact, the "Reaper" to be feared.[59]

The song "Red Right Hand" by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, is heard in the film and went on to be used in Scream 2 and Scream 3 with Nick Cave performing a version of the track written specifically for Scream 3 in that film. An alternate version of the music video "Drop Dead Gorgeous" by Republica featuring clips from the film was shown on music networks such as MTV. Although the song can be heard in the film, it does not show up on the soundtrack album. The song was also used in one of the television promotional spots for the film.

Despite the films acclaim, the soundtrack was not considered a success, failing to ever chart on the Billboard 200.[60] Allmusic awarded the album 3 stars out of 5.[61]

Scream: Music from the Dimension Motion Picture
No.TitleWriter(s)ArtistLength
1."Youth of America"Joey AmmoBirdbrain3:03
2."Whisper"Mark Rew, Keith Brown, Kerry BrownCatherine3:12
3."Red Right Hand"Mick Harvey, Nick Cave and Thomas WydlerNick Cave and the Bad Seeds6:11
4."(Don't Fear) The Reaper"Donald RoeserGus Black4:47
5."Artificial World [Interdimensional Mix]"Julee Cruise, Louis Tucci, Supa D.J. Dmittry, D.J. SilverJulee Cruise with the Flow5:08
6."Better Than Me"Chris RandallSister Machine Gun4:01
7."Whisper to a Scream (Birds Fly)"Ian McNabbSoho (band)5:26
8."First Cool Hive"Richard HallMoby5:16
9."Bitter Pill"Peele WimberleyThe Connells3:41
10."School's Out"Alice Cooper, Michael Bruce, Glen Buxton, Dennis Dunaway, Neal SmithThe Last Hard Men2:17
11."Trouble In Woodsboro"/"Sidney's Lament"Marco BeltramiMarco Beltrami3:28
Total length:46:30

Score

The Scream score by Marco Beltrami was released on July 14, 1998 by Varèse Sarabande on a CD which also contained tracks from the score of Scream 2.[62] However the release was found to lack many of the pieces heard in either film, consisting of only six tracks - "Sidney's Lament", "Altered Ego", "A Cruel World", "Trouble in Woodsboro", "Chasing Sidney" and "NC-17"[22] - with a runtime of only 12 minutes, compared to over an hour of music made for the film and the more common 30-45 minutes of music found in other original scores.[63][62] Some reviewers considered the restricted runtime was a result of the high cost of releasing a composers music commercially combined with Varèse Sarabande's unwillingness to pay.[64]

The score to Scream received generally positive reviews with Mikael Carlsson labeling it as "some of the most intriguing horror scores composed in years"[62] and Filmtracks.com claimed the scores had "cult status", awarding it 3 stars out of 5,[22] while AllMusic said that the score "perfectly captured the post-modern, hip scare-ride of the Scream movies", also giving it 3 stars out of 5.[65]

Scream: Original Score
No.TitleArtistLength
1."Opening Logo"Marco Beltrami0:18
2."The Game Begins"Marco Beltrami10:37
3."Sid's Window"Marco Beltrami0:36
4."Trouble in Woodsboro"Marco Beltrami1:52
5."Gut Someone"Marco Beltrami0:17
6."Sidney's Lament"Marco Beltrami1:14
7."Red Herring"Marco Beltrami2:18
8."Killer Calls Sid"Marco Beltrami2:53
9."Chasing Sidney"Marco Beltrami1:32
10."Sid Looks"Marco Beltrami1:03
11."Billy Looks"Marco Beltrami0:16
12."Interrogation"Marco Beltrami0:23
13."Billy to Cell"Marco Beltrami0:35
14."Backdoor Gail"Marco Beltrami0:45
15."Killer Calls Again"Marco Beltrami0:45
16."Back to School"Marco Beltrami0:45
17."In the Hallway"Marco Beltrami1:29
18."Bang into Billy"Marco Beltrami0:13
19."Bathroom Attack"Marco Beltrami3:03
20."Himbry's Last Stand"Marco Beltrami2:13
21."Girl Talk"Marco Beltrami0:54
22."Video Store"Marco Beltrami0:46
23."Sheriff & Dewey"Marco Beltrami1:22
24."Why She's Here"Marco Beltrami0:45
25."Tatum's Torture"Marco Beltrami2:51
26."Billy Sting"Marco Beltrami0:10
27."Prescott's Car"Marco Beltrami0:28
28."NC-17"Marco Beltrami3:11
29."Late Night With Dewey"Marco Beltrami1:59
30."Off to See Himbry"Marco Beltrami0:44
31."Hairbrush"Marco Beltrami0:37
32."Altered Ego"Marco Beltrami2:57
33."Running for Help"Marco Beltrami2:36
34."Gail Crashes the Van"Marco Beltrami1:36
35."We All Go a Little Mad"Marco Beltrami9:52
36."A Killer Confrontation"Marco Beltrami4:25
37."Billy's Back"Marco Beltrami0:54
38."A Cruel World"Marco Beltrami1:42
Total length:1:10:59

Sequels

Further information: Scream (franchise)
Campbell starred in the three original Scream films as the target of a series of masked killers, returning to the role again eleven years later for Scream 4.

Williamson had provided 5-page proposals for potential sequels to Scream, attached to the film's script, when he originally sold it, hoping to entice prospective buyers with the fact that they were not just buying a film but a franchise. When Dimension Films bought his script they also secured Williamson for two future Scream films, should the original prove successful.[8][3] After a highly positive test screening of Scream at which executives from Dimension Films, then-parent, Miramax had been present, Craven was also signed to direct the two future sequels.[8] After the films box office and critical success, a sequel, Scream 2 was greenlit and sent into production while Scream was still in theaters, given an increased budget and with the surviving cast, Campbell, Cox, Arquette, Kennedy and Schreiber all returning as well as much of the crew from the original including editor Patrick Lussier and composer Marco Beltrami.[1] A third film followed shortly after, again with the crew and surviving cast returning to create what was, at the time, the concluding film in the Scream trilogy, having released three films in a five-year period. The three original films followed the story of Sidney Prescott's encounters with a succession of killers adopting the Ghostface disguise and often the confrontation of her relationship towards her deceased mother, who inadvertently sparked the events of the films.[16][66][67] Scream 2 fared financially and critically equal to its predecessor[31][68] while Scream 3 fared significantly worse on both counts with critics deriding the film as having become what the original had so deftly satirized.[69][70]

Fifteen years after the release of Scream and eleven years after the release of the last film in the series, The Weinstein Company released a new sequel, Scream 4, on April 15, 2011[71] with Campbell, Cox and Arquette all returning to their roles plus Craven, Williamson and Beltrami to the production side. The Weinstein Company has stated that the success of Scream 4 could lead to potential sequels and a new Scream trilogy,[72] with Arquette[73] , Craven[74] and Williamson[75] all having been contracted or expressed interest in appearing in future installments.

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