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Lars von Trier
Lars von Trier at Cannes in 2000
Born
Lars Trier

(1956-04-30) 30 April 1956 (age 68)
Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
Occupation(s)Film director and screenwriter
Spouse(s)Cæcilia Holbek (m. 1987-1995)[1]
Bente Frøge (m. 1997-present)

Lars von Trier (Danish pronunciation: [ˈlɑːs fʌn ˈtʁiːˀɐ]; born Lars Trier; 30 April 1956)[2] is a Danish film director and screenwriter. He is closely associated with the Dogme 95 collective, although his own films have taken a variety of different approaches.[3]

Von Trier began making his own films at the age of 11 after receiving a Super-8 camera as a gift, and his first publicly released film was an experimental short called The Orchid Gardener, in 1977. His first feature film came seven years later, The Element of Crime, in 1984. As of 2010, he has directed a further 10 feature films, 5 short films and 4 television productions.[3]

He is currently married to second wife Bente Frøge.[4] Von Trier suffers periodically from depression, as well as various fears and phobias, including an intense fear of flying. As he himself once put it, "Basically, I'm afraid of everything in life, except filmmaking".[5]

Early life and career

Lars Trier was born in Kongens Lyngby, north of Copenhagen, the son of Inger Trier (née Høst, 1915—1989). He had believed that his biological father was Ulf Trier (1907—1978), until his mother revealed to him on her deathbed that he had been conceived as a result of an affair she had with her employer, Fritz Michael Hartmann. His mother considered herself a communist, while his father was social democrat, and both were committed nudists,[4] and the young Lars went on several childhood holidays to nudist camps. They regarded the disciplining of children as reactionary. Trier has noted that he was brought up in an atheist family, and that although Ulf Trier was Jewish, he was not religious. He did not discover the identity of his biological father until 1989. His parents did not allow much room in their household for "feelings, religion, or enjoyment", and also refused to make any rules for their children,[6] with complex results for von Trier's personality and development.[7] The young Lars found in cinema an outlet to the outside world through which he could learn about subjects otherwise forbidden from his study by his parents. He began making his own films at the age of 11 after receiving a Super-8 camera as a gift and continued to be involved in independent moviemaking throughout his high school years.[3]

In 1979, he was enrolled in the National Film School of Denmark.[8] His peers at the film school nicknamed him "von Trier". The name is sort of an inside-joke with the von (German "of" or "from" used as a nobiliary particle), suggesting nobility, while Lars is a very common and Trier not an unusual name in Denmark.[9] He reportedly kept the "von" name in homage to Erich von Stroheim and Josef von Sternberg, both of whom also added it later in life.[10] During his time as a student at the school he made the films Nocturne (1980) and The Last Detail (Den sidste detalje, 1981),[11] both of which won Best Film awards at the Munich International Festival of Film Schools,[12] and he graduated with Images of a Relief (Befrielsesbilleder, 1982) in 1983.

Europe trilogy

After graduation he began work on the Europe trilogy, which started with a cerebral serial killer drama, The Element of Crime (Forbrydelsens element 1984). The film, which won a technical award at the Cannes Film Festival, was extremely stylized and marked a radical departure from normal Danish cinema.

This film was followed by Epidemic (1987), which was also shown as part of the official programme at Cannes. The film is partly a dark science fiction-tale of a future plague epidemic, and partly chronicles two filmmakers (played by Lars von Trier and screenwriter Niels Vørsel) preparing that film, with the two storylines ultimately colliding.

For television von Trier directed Medea (1988), which won the Jean d'Arcy prize in France. It was based on a screenplay by Carl Th. Dreyer and starred Udo Kier.

He completed the Europe-trilogy in 1991 with Europa (released as Zentropa in the U.S.), which won the Prix du Jury at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival[13] and picked up awards at other major festivals.

In 1990 he also directed the music video for the worldwide hit "Bakerman" by Laid Back.[14] This video was reused in 2006 by the English DJ and artist Shaun Baker who did a remake of Bakerman.

Zentropa and The Kingdom

In 1992 he co-founded together with producer Peter Aalbæk Jensen the movie production company Zentropa Entertainment, named after a train company in Europa, their most recent film at the time.[8] The reason for doing this was to achieve financial independence and to have total creative control. The production company has produced many movies other than von Trier's own as well as television series. It is also the world's only mainstream film studio to have produced hardcore sex films: Constance (1998), Pink Prison (1999), HotMen CoolBoyz (2000) and All About Anna (2005).

In order to make money for his newly founded company,[15] he made The Kingdom (Riget, 1994) and The Kingdom II (Riget II, 1997), a pair of miniseries recorded in the Danish national hospital, the name "Riget" being a colloquial name for the hospital known as Rigshospitalet (lit. The Kingdom's Hospital) in Danish. A projected third installment in the series has been derailed due to the death of Ernst-Hugo Järegård, who played Helmer, one of the major characters.

Dogme 95

In 1995, Lars von Trier and Thomas Vinterberg presented their manifesto for a new cinematic movement which they called Dogme 95. It would however take a while before the first of these films appeared, and at this point many thought of the concept mainly as a radical idea with no future.

Von Trier's next film, Breaking the Waves (1996) which won the Grand Prix at Cannes, features Emily Watson, who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress. Its grainy images and hand-held photography pointed towards Dogme95. Breaking the Waves is the first film in von Trier's 'Golden Heart Trilogy' which also includes The Idiots (1998) and Dancer in the Dark (2000).

Also in 1996, von Trier conducted an unusual theatrical experiment in Copenhagen involving 53 actors, which he titled Psychomobile 1: The World Clock. A documentary chronicling the project was directed by Jesper Jargil, and was released in 2000 with the title De Udstillede (The Exhibited).

Lars von Trier made his own contribution to the Dogme 95 movement with The Idiots (Idioterne, 1998), and even overcame his dislike of traveling to present it in person at the Cannes Film Festival, where it was nominated for a Palme d'Or.

As originator of the Dogme 95 concept, which has led to international interest in Danish film as a whole, he has inspired filmmakers all over the world.[16] Trier and Thomas Vinterberg, who created the Dogme 95 Manifesto and the "Vow of Chastity" together with their fellow Dogme directors Kristian Levring and Søren Kragh-Jacobsen shared in 2008 the European Film Award European Achievement in World Cinema.

Explicit images

Von Trier's use of sexually explicit images in The Idiots (1998) started a wave[citation needed] of arthouse mainstream films with unsimulated sex, such as Catherine Breillat's Romance (1999), Baise-Moi (2000), Intimacy (2001), Vincent Gallo's The Brown Bunny (2003) and Michael Winterbottom's 9 Songs (2004).

In 1998, Lars von Trier also made history by having his company Zentropa be the world's first mainstream film company to produce hardcore pornographic films. Three of these films, Constance (1998), Pink Prison (1999) and the adult/mainstream crossover-feature All About Anna (2005), were made primarily for a female audience, and were extremely successful in Europe, with the first two being directly responsible for the March 2006 legalizing of pornography in Norway.[17]

Women too like to see other people having sex. What they don’t like is the endless close-ups of hammering bodyparts without a story. Lars von Trier is the first to have realised this and produced valuable quality porn films for women.

— Stern #40, 27 September 2007[18]

Lars von Trier's initiative spearheaded a European wave of female-friendly porn films from directors such as Anna Span, Erika Lust and Petra Joy, while von Trier's company Zentropa was forced to abandon the experiment due to pressure from English business partners.[19] In July 2009, women's magazine Cosmopolitan ranked Pink Prison as #1 in its Top Five of the best women’s porn, calling it the "role model for the new porn-generation".[20] Lars von Trier would return to explicit images in his self-directed Antichrist (2009), exploring darker themes.

2000s

In 2000, von Trier premiered a musical featuring Icelandic musician Björk, Dancer in the Dark. The film won the Palme d'Or at Cannes.[21] The song "I've Seen It All" (which Trier co-wrote) received an Academy Award nomination for Best Song.

The Five Obstructions (2003), made by Lars von Trier and Jørgen Leth, is a documentary, but also incorporates lengthy sections of experimental films. The premise is that Lars von Trier challenges director Jørgen Leth, his friend and mentor, to remake his old experimental film The Perfect Human (1967) five times, each time with a different 'obstruction' (or obstacle) specified by von Trier.[22]

He then directed two films in his announced 'U.S. trilogy': Dogville (2003), starring Nicole Kidman and Manderlay (2005), starring Bryce Dallas Howard in the same role - as Grace. Both films are extremely stylized, with the actors playing their parts on a nearly empty soundstage with little but chalk marks on the floor to indicate the sets. Both films had huge casts of major international actors (Harriet Andersson, Lauren Bacall, James Caan, Danny Glover, Willem Dafoe, etc.), and questioned various issues relating to American society, such as intolerance in Dogville and slavery in Manderlay.

Controversy erupted on the 2004 set for Manderlay when actor John C. Reilly walked off the Trollhättan, Sweden, set in late March. Reilly walked off the film when he learned that an upcoming scene involved the slaughter of a donkey for food. The film's producer says the animal—who was old and not expected to live much longer—was killed off camera by a certified veterinarian, in accordance with Swedish law. Reilly was replaced by Zeljko Ivanek.[23]

The U.S. was also the scene for Dear Wendy (2005), a feature film directed by von Trier's "Dogme-brother" Thomas Vinterberg from a script by von Trier. It starred Jamie Bell and Bill Pullman and dealt with gun worship. Both Manderlay and Dear Wendy failed to attract much of an audience, and were along with other simultaneous flops from important local directors perceived as confirmation of a creative crisis in Danish cinema.[24]

In 2006, von Trier released a Danish-language comedy film, The Boss of it All. It was shot using a process that von Trier has called Automavision, which involves the director choosing the best possible fixed camera position and then allowing a computer to randomly choose when to tilt, pan or zoom.

It was followed by an autobiographical film, De unge år: Erik Nietzsche sagaen del 1 (2007), scripted by von Trier but directed by Jacob Thuesen, which tells the story of von Trier's years as a student at the National Film School of Denmark. It stars Jonatan Spang as von Trier's alter ego, called "Erik Nietzsche", and is narrated by von Trier himself. All main characters in the film are based on real people from the Danish film industry, with the thinly veiled portrayals including Jens Albinus as director Nils Malmros, Dejan Cukic as screenwriter Mogens Rukov and Søren Pilmark in an especially unflattering portrayal as sex-obsessed school principal Henning Camre.

Lars von Trier's next feature film was a horror movie, Antichrist, about "a grieving couple who retreat to their cabin in the woods, hoping a return to Eden will repair their broken hearts and troubled marriage; but nature takes its course and things go from bad to worse". The film, which has sexually explicit content, stars Willem Dafoe and Charlotte Gainsbourg. It premiered in competition at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival, where the festival's jury honoured the movie by giving the Best Actress award to Gainsbourg.[25] The Cannes Film Festival Ecumenical Jury, which gives prizes for movies that promote spiritual, humanist and universal values, also "honoured" the film with a special "anti-award"; a spokesman for the jury described it as "the most misogynist movie from the self-proclaimed biggest director in the world."[26] In 2010 the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter reported on their website that the film production company Zentropa is reportedly making more revenue from suing movie pirates in Germany that have downloaded Antichrist illegally than from box office and DVD sales, demanding a payment of around 1,300 euros per download to avoid legal action.[27]

2010s

Von Trier's latest work is Melancholia, a psychological disaster drama;[28] shot between 22 July and 8 September 2010 at Film i Väst's studios in Trollhättan, Sweden,[29] and with exteriors in the area surrounding the Tjolöholm Castle,[30] the €5 million ($7 million) budget movie[31] is set to be released in Denmark on 26 May 2011 through Nordisk Film.[32] Magnolia Pictures has acquired the distribution rights for North America.[33] The film is in competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.[34]

Von Trier announced that after finishing Melancholia he hopes to begin production of The Nymphomaniac, a film about the sexual awakening of a woman.[35] The director explained how he got the idea for the upcoming project: "my DP on [Melancholia], Manuel Claro, at one point voiced a surprising prejudice. He urged me not to fall into the trap that so many aging directors fall into – that the women get younger and younger and nuder and nuder. That's all I needed to hear. I most definitely intend for the women in my films to get younger and younger and nuder and nuder."[36]

Phobias

Von Trier suffers from multiple phobias, including an intense fear of flying.[37] His fear of air travel frequently places severely limiting constraints on him and his crew, necessitating that virtually all of his films be shot in either Denmark or Sweden, even those set in the United States or other foreign countries. Von Trier has had a number of his films featured at the Cannes Film Festival over the course of his career, and each time has insisted on driving from Denmark to France for the festival and back.

On numerous occasions von Trier has also stated that he suffers from occasional depression which renders him incapable of performing his work and unable to fulfill social obligations.[38]

Filming techniques

Lars von Trier has said that "a film should be like a stone in your shoe". In order to create original art he feels that filmmakers must distinguish themselves stylistically from other films, often by placing restrictions on the filmmaking process. The most famous restriction is the cinematic "vow of chastity" of the Dogme95 movement with which he is associated, though only one of his films, The Idiots, is an actual Dogme 95 film. In Dancer in the Dark, jump shots[39] and dramatically-different color palettes and camera techniques were used for the "real world" and musical portions of the film, and in Dogville everything was filmed on a sound stage with no set where the walls of the buildings in the fictional town were marked as a line on the floor.

Von Trier often shoots digitally and operates the camera himself, preferring to continuously shoot the actors in-character without stopping between takes. In Dogville he let actors stay in character for hours, in the style of method acting. These techniques often put great strain on actors, most famously with Björk during the filming of Dancer in the Dark. Often he uses the same regular group of actors in many of his films: some of his frequently used actors are Jean-Marc Barr, Udo Kier and Stellan Skarsgård.

He is heavily influenced by the work of Carl Theodor Dreyer[40] and the film The Night Porter.[41] He was so inspired by the short film The Perfect Human directed by Jørgen Leth that he challenged Leth to redo the short five times in feature film The Five Obstructions.[42]

Trilogies

Von Trier has on occasion referred to his films as falling into thematic and stylistic trilogies. This pattern began with his first feature film, marking the beginning of The Europa Trilogy, though he claims a trilogy was not initially planned, instead being applied to the films in retrospect. The Europe trilogy illuminated the traumas of Europe in the past and future. This trilogy includes The Element of Crime (1984), Epidemic (1988) and Europa (1991).

The Golden Heart trilogy was about naive heroines who maintain their 'golden hearts' despite the tragedies they experience. This trilogy consists of Breaking the Waves (1996), The Idiots (1998) and Dancer in the Dark (2000). While all three films are sometimes associated with the Dogme 95 movement, only The Idiots is a certified Dogme 95 film.

The USA: Land of Opportunities trilogy follows the character of Grace, and is set in a stylized American past. Von Trier has stated he was inspired to make a trilogy about the United States as a reaction to Americans at the Cannes film festival who said he had no right to make the Dancer in the Dark,[8] which was often viewed as being critical of a country he has never been to (and has no intention of ever visiting, due to his phobia of travel); however, von Trier himself has stated in interviews he did not intend it to be a criticism of America, saying the film takes place in a "fictional America". Lars von Trier proposed the films as ‘a series of sermons on America’s sins and hypocrisy’, inspired by the fact that American movie makers have made many movies about places across the world to which they have not travelled. All three movies will be shot in the same distinctive style, on a bare sound stage with no set and buildings marked by lines on the floor. This style is inspired by 1970s televised theatre. The trilogy will consist of Dogville (2003), Manderlay (2005) and the so far unproduced Wasington.

The Kingdom (Riget) was planned as a trilogy of three seasons with 13 episodes in total, but the third season was not filmed due to death of star Ernst-Hugo Järegård shortly after completion of the second season.

Biological father

In 1989, von Trier's mother revealed on her deathbed that the man who he thought was his father was not, and that she had had a tryst with her former employer, Fritz Michael Hartmann (1909–2000),[43] who descended from a long line of Roman Catholic classical musicians (His grandfather was Emil Hartmann, his great grandfather J.P.E. Hartmann, his uncles included Niels Gade and Johan Ernst Hartmann and thus Niels Viggo Bentzon was his cousin). She stated that she did this in order to give her son "artistic genes".[44]

Until that point I thought I had a Jewish background. But I'm really more of a Nazi. I believe that my biological father's German family went back two further generations. Before she died, my mother told me to be happy that I was the son of this other man. She said my foster father had had no goals and no strength. But he was a loving man. And I was very sad about this revelation. And you then feel manipulated when you really do turn out to be creative. If I'd known that my mother had this plan, I would have become something else. I would have shown her. The slut![45]

In fact Trier's statement is misleading. Fritz Michael Hartmann was not German and during the German occupation of Denmark, when working as a civil servant, Hartmann joined a resistance group (Frit Danmark) and actively counteracted any pro-German and pro-Nazi colleagues in his department.[46] Also a member of this infiltrative resistance group was Hartmann's colleague Viggo Kampmann who would later become prime minister of Denmark.[47]

After four awkward meetings with his biological father, the man refused further contact.[48] The revelations led von Trier to attempt to "erase" the connections with his stepfather by converting to Catholicism, and to rework his filmmaking into a style emphasizing "honesty".[3]

I don't know if I'm all that Catholic really. I'm probably not. Denmark is a very Protestant country. Perhaps I only turned Catholic to piss off a few of my countrymen.[45]

Controversy at 2011 Cannes Film Festival

On 19 May 2011, Cannes Film Festival's board of directors declared von Trier persona non grata for saying he was a Nazi in a rambling answer to a question about his German roots in a press conference for his film Melancholia the day before. It was the first time the film festival had ever done this.[49][50] Von Trier expressed "sympathy for and understanding of" Adolf Hitler and Albert Speer,[51] and then jokingly claimed to be a Nazi:[52][53]

What can I say? I understand Hitler, but I think he did some wrong things, yes, absolutely. ... He's not what you would call a good guy, but I understand much about him, and I sympathize with him a little bit. But come on, I'm not for the Second World War, and I'm not against Jews.

— Press Conference for Melancholia, Cannes, 2011[54]

Hours later, Von Trier released a brief statement of apology about his comments at the press conference: "If I have hurt someone this morning by the words I said at the press conference, I sincerely apologise. I am not anti-semitic or racially prejudiced in any way, nor am I a Nazi." [77] The next day, the festival directors held an extraordinary meeting, deciding his remarks were "unacceptable, intolerable and contrary to the ideals of humanity and generosity that preside over the very existence of the festival. [...] The board of directors condemns these comments and declares Lars von Trier persona non grata at the Festival de Cannes, with effect immediately."[55] Afterwards, Von Trier held a news conference of his own in Danish. His first remark to the Danish journalists was: "If any of you journalists will beat me, so just do it. I will enjoy it." He went on to say that "The Holocaust is the worst crime that ever happened. I have nothing against Jews. I have a Jewish name, and all my children have Jewish names." He admitted that his remarks about the Nazis had been misguided, saying "It was really stupidly done and it was in the wrong forum. At the press conference with Danish journalists, there were no problems, but I do not think the international journalists understand my Danish humor." But he also said he was proud to have been kicked out of the Cannes festival: "I am proud to have been declared 'persona non grata'. It is perhaps the first time in cinematic history, it has happened. ... I think one reason is that French people treated the Jews badly during World War II. Therefore, it is a sensitive topic for them. I respect the Cannes festival very highly, but I also understand that they are very angry at me right now."[56][55]

Speaking to other news outlets he said that his comments were "very sarcastic and very rude, but that's very Danish." He also added, "I don't sympathize with Hitler for one second."[57]

Honours

Lars von Trier was made a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog on 14 January, 1997.[58]

Filmography

Main article: Lars von Trier filmography

References

Notes

  1. ^ Lumholdt, Jan (2003). Lars von Trier: interviews. Univ. Press of Mississippi. pp. 22–23. ISBN 9781578065325. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
  2. ^ Krak, Ove Holger (2004). Kraks blaa bog 2004 (in Danish). Krak. p. 1184. ISBN 9788772257976. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d "Biography". Starpulse.com. 30 April 1956. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  4. ^ a b In "Trier on von Trier", by Stig Bjorkman, 2005
  5. ^ Burke, Jason (13 May 2007). "Guardian UK interview 2007". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
  6. ^ Nicodemus, Katja (10 November 2005). "Lars von Trier, Katja Nicodemus: "I am an American woman" (17/11/2005) - signandsight". Die Zeit. Retrieved 14 October 2010. I come from a family of communist nudists. I was allowed to do or not do what I liked. My parents were not interested in whether I went to school or got drunk on white wine. After a childhood like that, you search for restrictions in your own life.
  7. ^ "Copenhagen: Lars von Trier". Visit-copenhagen.com. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  8. ^ a b c "The Tomb: Lars von Trier Interview". Timeout.com. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  9. ^ "How many have the name - Statistics Denmark". Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  10. ^ Roman, Shari (15 September 2001). Digital Babylon: Hollywood, Indiewood & Dogme 95. IFILM. ISBN 9781580650366. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  11. ^ Lumholdt, Jan (2003). Lars von Trier: interviews. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 72. ISBN 9781578065325. Retrieved 11 October 2010. Nocture was the more important of the two and it also won a prize at the film festival in Munich
  12. ^ Cowie, Peter (15 June 1995). Variety International Film Guide 1996. Focal. p. 40. ISBN 9780240802534. Retrieved 11 October 2010. ...he won two consecutive awards at the European Film School competition in Munich with Nocturne and The Last Detail
  13. ^ "Festival de Cannes: Europa". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  14. ^ Schepelern, Peter (2000). Lars von Triers film: tvang og befrielse (in Danish). Rosinante. p. 313. ISBN 9788762101647. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  15. ^ Lars von Trier fan site biography
  16. ^ Chaudhuri, Shohini (2005). Contemporary world cinema: Europe, the Middle East, East Asia and South Asia. Edinburgh University Press. p. 37. ISBN 9780748617999. Retrieved 12 October 2010. The Dogme concept has, moreover, spilled across national borders and inspired filmmaking outside Denmark.
  17. ^ "Norwegian Media Authority none-censorship decision" (PDF). Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  18. ^ Stern #40, 27 September 2007
  19. ^ Thomas Vilhelm: Filmbyen (Ekstra Bladets Forlag, 2003), ISBN 978-87-7731-274-8, page 74
  20. ^ Cosmopolitan (German edition), July 2009, page 30
  21. ^ "Festival de Cannes: Dancer in the Dark". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 11 October 2009.
  22. ^ "The Five Obstructions (2003) | FILM REVIEW; A Cinematic Duel of Wits For Two Danish Directors". Movies.nytimes.com. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
  23. ^ Hohenadel, Kristin (30 April 2004). "Departure | Movies". EW.com. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  24. ^ "Børsen: ''1990'ernes filmfest er forbi''". Markedsforing.dk. 19 September 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  25. ^ "Cannes jury gives its heart to works of graphic darkness". Irishtimes.com. 5 May 2009. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  26. ^ "Antichrist gets an anti-award in Cannes". Nationalpost.com. Retrieved 15 July 2010. [dead link]
  27. ^ http://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/film-tv/11000-kronor-for-en-filmbiljett
  28. ^ Submitted by Caterpillar on Fri, 10/09/2009 - 4:57pm. "Lars Von Trier has Melancholia". Dreadcentral.com. Retrieved 15 July 2010. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ Pham, Annika (28 July 2010). "Von Trier's Melancholia kicks in". Cineuropa. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
  30. ^ Erlandsson, Martin (11 August 2010). "Dunst och Skarsgård filmar i norra Halland". Hallandsposten (in Swedish). Retrieved 13 February 2011.
  31. ^ "No More Happy Endings for Lars von Trier, End of the World Coming!". Bloody-disgusting.com. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  32. ^ "Melancholia". Danish Films. Danish Film Institute. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
  33. ^ Lodderhose, Diana (13 February 2011). "Magnolia takes 'Melancholia'". Variety. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
  34. ^ "Festival de Cannes: Official Selection". Cannes. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  35. ^ Pham, Andrias (24 March 2011). "Lars von Trier to Make 'The Nymphomaniac' Next?". Slashfilm. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
  36. ^ Juul Carlsen, Per (2011). Neimann, Susanna (ed.). "The Only Redeeming Factor is the World Ending". FILM (72). Danish Film Institute: 5–8. ISSN 1399-2813. Retrieved 12 May 2011. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  37. ^ Lumholdt, Jan (2003). Lars von Trier: interviews. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 114. ISBN 9781578065325. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  38. ^ Goss, Brian Michael (January 2009). Global auteurs: politics in the films of Almodóvar, von Trier, and Winterbottom. Peter Lang. p. 118. ISBN 9781433101342. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  39. ^ Hurbis-Cherrier, Mick (13 March 2007). Voice & vision: a creative approach to narrative film and DV production. Focal Press. p. 82. ISBN 9780240807737. Retrieved 11 October 2010. Lars von Trier uses jump cuts as an aesthetic device throughout Dancer in the Dark
  40. ^ Stevenson, Jack (2002). Lars von Trier. British Film Institute. p. 23. ISBN 9780851709024. Retrieved 11 October 2010. During work on a TV adaptation of the never-filmed Dreyer script, Medea, in 1988, von Trier claimed to have a telepathic connection with him. He even claimed his golden retriever, Kajsa, was also in spiritual contact with Dreyer ...
  41. ^ Loughlin, Gerard (2004). Alien sex: the body and desire in cinema and theology. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 195. ISBN 9780631211808. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  42. ^ Livingston, Paisley; Plantinga, Carl R. (3 December 2008). "58". The Routledge companion to philosophy and film. Routledge. pp. 631–40. ISBN 9780415771665. Retrieved 11 October 2010. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ Philipps-Universität Marburg; Universität-Gesamthochschule-Siegen (32 December 2003). Medien Wissenschaft (in German). Niemeyer. p. 112. Retrieved 11 October 2010. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  44. ^ Grodal, Torben Kragh; Laursen, Iben Thorving (2005). Visual authorship: creativity and intentionality in media. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 124. ISBN 9788763501286. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  45. ^ a b Nicodemus, Katja (10 November 2005). "Lars von Trier, Katja Nicodemus: "I am an American woman" (17/11/2005) - signandsight". Die Zeit. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
  46. ^ Entry on Fritz Michael Hartmann in the Database of the Danish Resistance Movement Template:Dk icon
  47. ^ Skov, Jesper (2004). ""Viggo Kampmann under besættelsen" [[:Template:Dk icon]]" (PDF). Siden Saxo (4): 39. Retrieved 21 May 2011. {{cite journal}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  48. ^ "Stranger and fiction". The Sydney Morning Herald. 22 December 2003.
  49. ^ Barchfield, Jenny; Younis, Zara (May 2011). "Cannes festival bans Danish filmmaker Lars von Trier for Hitler sympathy remarks". Washington Post. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  50. ^ "Von Trier 'persona non grata' at Cannes after Nazi row". BBC News. 19 May 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  51. ^ Dargis, Manohla (19 May 2011). "A Provocateur Steals Cannes Spotlight". New York Times. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  52. ^ Higgins, Charlotte (18 May 2011). "Lars von Trier provokes Cannes with 'I'm a Nazi' comments". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  53. ^ Sharp, Rob (19 May 2011). "Von Trier stirs up controversy with Nazi claim". The Independent. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  54. ^ Bagnetto, Laura Angela (22 May 2011). "Lars von Trier - Nazi or Nutter?". Radio France Internationale. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  55. ^ a b Hoyle, Ben (20 May 2011). "Von Trier gets kicked out of Cannes after his 'I am a Nazi' joke fails to raise a laugh". The Times. London. p. 9. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  56. ^ Kastrup, Kim (19 May 2011). "Trier: - Jeg er stolt over at være bortvist" (in Danish). Ekstra Bladet. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  57. ^ http://thefilmstage.com/2011/05/19/lars-von-trier-banned-from-cannes-which-hes-a-little-proud-of-gives-brief-apology-for-comments/
  58. ^ Entry in the Danish database borger.dk

Further reading

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