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Costa Concordia disaster

Coordinates: 42°21′55″N 10°55′17″E / 42.365347°N 10.921400°E / 42.365347; 10.921400
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42°21′55″N 10°55′17″E / 42.365347°N 10.921400°E / 42.365347; 10.921400

Costa Concordia disaster
The Costa Concordia shipwrecked aground
EventSinking of cruise ship Costa Concordia
CauseRan aground on a reef
LocationOff Isola del Giglio, Tuscany, Italy
42°21′53″N 10°55′16″E / 42.36486°N 10.92124°E / 42.36486; 10.92124
Date13 January 2012
CaptainFrancesco Schettino (Italy)[1]
On board4,229
Passengers: 3,229[2]
Crew members: 1,000[2]
Deaths11[3]
Injuries64
Missing23[4]
Rescuedabout 4,197
OriginCivitavecchia, Italy
DestinationSavona, Italy
OperatorCosta Cruises, the Carnival Corporation
Location of the grounding off Isola del Giglio

The Italian cruise ship Costa Concordia partially sank on 13 January 2012 after hitting a reef off the Italian coast. It ran aground at Isola del Giglio, Tuscany, requiring evacuation of 4,197 people on board.[5] At least 11 people were killed, including ten passengers and one crewman;[3][6][1] 64 others were injured (three seriously)[7] and 23 are missing.[4] Two passengers and a crewmember trapped below deck were rescued.[7][8] The captain, Francesco Schettino, and first officer, Ciro Ambrosio, were arrested on suspicion of involuntary manslaughter after sailing much closer to the shore than permitted.[9][10][11] The Costa Concordia entered service for Costa Cruises in July 2006 as the largest ship built in Italy at the time, measuring 114,500 GT, 290.2 metres (952 ft) long, and costing €450 million (US$569 million). By tonnage, it is the largest passenger shipwreck in history,[12] replacing the RMS Queen Elizabeth. Industry analysts believe the vessel is a constructive total loss.[13]

Shipwreck

The investigation showed that Costa Concordia suffered an impact at 21:42 local time.[14] The webcam for the ship shows the last update on 13 January at 20:31 GMT.[15] The ship was sailing off Isola del Giglio, having left Civitavecchia earlier that evening at the beginning of a seven-day cruise sailing to Savona and then visiting Marseille, Barcelona, Palma, Cagliari, and Palermo.[16] According to the local coast guard, 3,206 passengers and 1,023 crew members were on board at the time.[17]

The Costa Concordia on her starboard side showing a rock embedded in the port side of her damaged hull

It was reported[18] that the captain did not mention any mechanical problems but had stated that they were 300 metres (330 yd) from the rocks (i.e., about the length of the vessel) and hit a rock which was not marked on charts. This reef was about 800 metres (870 yd) south of the entrance to the harbour, Giglio Porto, on the island's east coast. The vessel continued for approximately another 1,000 metres (1,100 yd) until just north of the harbour entrance. The vessel then turned in an attempt to get close to the harbour. This turn shifted the centre of gravity to the starboard side of the ship, and it listed over to that side initially by about 20°, finally coming to rest in about 25 fathoms (150 ft; 46 m) of water at an angle of heel of about 80°. The ship has a 48.8-metre (160 ft) gash on her port side,[19] with a large rock embedded in the ship's hull.[20]

Costa Cruises CEO, Pier Luigi Foschi, stated[21] that the company's ships have computer-programmed routes and "alarms, both visual and sound, if the ship deviates by any reason from the stated route as stored in the computer and as controlled by the GPS", but that these alarms can be "manually" overridden. Lloyd's List has published a nautical chart showing the differences between the vessel's route (automatically reported position points) on this cruise compared with its track on the previous week.[22] Costa Cruises confirmed that the course taken was "not a defined route for passing Giglio."[23]

Several reasons have been alleged as to why the captain drew near Giglio. One report states it was for the benefit of the maître d'hôtel of the ship, who is from the island, though the maître d'hôtel did not request the close passing. The captain called the latter to the bridge to witness the passing, and reportedly the maître d'hôtel cautioned, "Careful, we are extremely close to shore." The maître d'hôtel's sister had posted a Facebook message in Italian saying: "Soon the Concordia ship will pass very close. A big greeting to my brother who finally gets to have a holiday on landing in Savona". The maître d'hôtel's father recalled, "Antonello called me earlier to say the ship would be passing the island at around 21.30 and they would come and give us a horn blow to say hello. It was something they often did." Another allegation was that the "sail-past [was] a "salute to an old colleague, a former admiral from the cruise line", who was not on the island at the time.[24] La Stampa published a letter from August 2011 in which Giglio Porto's mayor Sergio Ortelli thanked the Concordia's captain for the "incredible spectacle" of a previous close pass. "It's a very nice show to see, the ship all lit up when you see it from the land. This time round it went wrong," Mayor Ortelli said.[25]

External audio
audio icon Initial announcement
(in Italian)

Passengers were in the dining hall when there was a sudden, loud bang, which a crew member (speaking over the intercom) ascribed to an "electrical failure". "We told the guests everything was okay and under control and we tried to stop them panicking," cabin steward Deodato Ordona recalled. The ship lost cabin electrical power shortly after the initial collision.[citation needed] A few minutes after the impact, the captain was warned by the head of the engine room that the breach was an irreparable tear of 70 metres.[26] It was about an hour before a general emergency was announced, he said. "The boat started shaking. The noise – there was panic, like in a film, dishes crashing to the floor, people running, people falling down the stairs," said a survivor. Those on board said the ship suddenly tilted to the port side.[27] Passengers were later advised to put on their life-jackets.[10] When the ship later turned around, attempting to head back to the harbour, it began to list approximately 20° to the starboard side, the change creating problems in launching the lifeboats. The president of Costa Cruises, Gianni Onorato, said normal lifeboat evacuation had become "almost impossible" because the ship had listed so quickly.[28]

Wrecked aground and listing at about 80 degrees, with used lifeboats in foreground

In a press release dated 15 January, Costa Cruises stated, in part: "We are working with investigators to find out precisely what went wrong aboard the Costa Concordia. While the investigation is ongoing, preliminary indications are that there may have been significant human error on the part of the ship’s Master, Captain Francesco Schettino, which resulted in these grave consequences. The route of the vessel appears to have been too close to the shore, and the captain’s judgment in handling the emergency appears to have not followed standard Costa procedures."[29] This contrasts with statements by the captain and his representatives. Speaking on Italian television, the ship's captain insisted the rocks that the Concordia hit were not marked on his map. "On the nautical chart, it was marked just as water," Schettino said, adding that the ship was about 300 metres from shore. But Nicastro, the Coast Guard spokesman, insisted that the waters where the ship ran aground were well-mapped. Local fishermen say the island coast of Giglio is known for its rocky sea floor. "Every danger in this area is on the nautical chart," Nicastro said. "This is a place where a lot of people come for diving and sailing. ... All the dangers are known."[30]

Evacuation and rescue efforts

External videos
video icon Passengers evacuating
video icon Italian Coast Guard infrared
aerial video of evacuation
video icon Daytime aerial video
video icon Rescuers rappelling on top
deck; views inside ship

Some passengers had jumped into the water to swim to shore, while others, ready to evacuate the vessel, were delayed by crew members up to 45 minutes, as they resisted immediately lowering the lifeboats.[31] Three people reportedly drowned after jumping overboard, and another seven were critically injured.[32] Local fire chief Ennio Aquilino said his men, "plucked 100 people from the water and saved around 60 others who were trapped in the boat."[33]

The first daylight pictures showed the ship lying on her starboard side and half submerged, not far outside Giglio Harbour.[34] Five helicopters from the Coast Guard, Navy and Air Force took turns airlifting survivors still aboard and ferrying them to safety.[35]

Rescued passengers huddle ashore

On 14 January divers searched the waters until 18:00 then stopped for the night.[36] Divers and firefighters continued to search for survivors who may be trapped in the ship, and rescued a Korean newlywed couple trapped in a cabin two decks above the water line,[37] and a crewman with a broken leg. One diver stated that in their rescue process, they would find a path into the ship and tie down obstacles such as mattresses, before making noise to alert trapped people.[38]

On 16 January, the ship shifted about 1.5 centimetres (0.6 in) on a 37-metre (120 ft) ledge in violent waters, interrupting rescue work and sparking fears that the ship could be pushed into 68-metre (224 ft) deep waters[39] or that the fuel in the ship could leak.[40] Operations resumed about three hours later.[39]

Passengers and personnel

By nationality, the passengers were 989 Italians, 569 Germans, 462 French, 177 Spanish,[41] 130 Indians,[42] 126–129 US citizens,[41][43][44] 127 Croatians, 108 Russians, 74 Austrians, 69 Swiss,[41] 47 Brazilians,[45] 45 Ukrainians,[46] and at least 34 Dutch;[47] 26 were Chinese citizens of Hong Kong, 25 British citizens, 21 Australians, 17–18 Argentines, 13 Taiwanese, 12 Canadians, 12 Chinese citizens of the mainland, 12 Poles, 11 Hungarians, 11 Portuguese, 10 Romanians,[48] 10 Colombians, 10 Chileans, 9 Turkish,[41] 8 Bulgarians, 8 Peruvians,[49] 4 Israelis, 4 Danes, [50], 3 Macedonians[51] 2 South Africans, 2 Paraguayans, 2 Finns,[52] and 1 New Zealander.[53] There were an undetermined number of passengers from South Korea,[54] Mexico,[55] and Ireland.[56]

The nationalities of all crew and personnel aboard have not been enumerated, but it consisted of citizens of 20 to 40 countries.[57] Some are Italians (including the captain),[54] but approximately a fifth of the personnel were the 202 Indians and 296 Filipinos.[58][57] Other nationalities include 170 Indonesians,[59] 12 British, 6 Brazilians,[45][60] 3 Russians,[61] and an unspecified number of Colombian, Peruvian, Spanish, Honduran, and Chinese nationals.[62][57][1]

Aftermath

Casualties

11 people are known to have died,[3] and 64 others were injured.[7] More than 24 hours after the accident, three people (two passengers and one crewman) trapped below deck were rescued.[7] 20 passengers and three crew are still unaccounted for as rescue workers continued to search the partly submerged ship.[3] The ship's "black box"—which "logged [the] ship's movements and conversations between crew"—[63] was also recovered.[64]

Passengers and crew were housed in available buildings and makeshift shelters in Giglio Porto and elsewhere on Isola del Giglio.

Salvage

When the search for survivors and bodies is complete, Dutch salvage firm Smit International is to remove the vessel's 500,000 gallons[65] of fuel as requested by the ship's owner and insurer. Smit has also offered to remove the wreckage of the Costa Concordia, but the owner has not contracted any firm for this.[66][67] A Greenpeace representative said that poor weather conditions may cause a spill as the ship is jolted by waves.[65]

Carnival Corporation has issued an investor disclosure stating that "The vessel is expected to be out of service for the remainder of our current fiscal year if not longer." [68] On 16 January, the CEO of Costa said that the ship could be refloated by giant inflatable buoys and then tugged away. However, he called it "one of the most difficult [undertakings] in the world."[69]

Investigation

Captain Francesco Schettino (aged 52), who has worked for Costa Cruises for 11 years,[1] and the ship's first officer, Ciro Ambrosio, have been arrested[70] on suspicion of manslaughter and on abandoning ship before passengers were evacuated.[9][71] They were questioned on 14 January.[72] Officials are trying to determine why the ship did not issue a mayday and why it was navigating so close to the coast. "At the moment we can't exclude that the ship had some kind of technical problem, and for this reason moved towards the coast in order to save the passengers, the crew and the ship. But they didn't send a mayday," said officer Emilio Del Santo of the Coastal Authorities of Livorno, "The ship got in contact with us once the evacuation procedures were already ongoing."[73]

Approximately two-thirds of the multinational ship personnel coming from at most 40 countries were not qualified seamen. Although trained in basic seamanship skills, they were more "the equivalent of hotel staff" according to John Dalby of Marine Risk Management (MRM). They handled services like laundry, cooking, entertainment, cleaning, minding children, and waiting tables.[57]

Several passengers asserted that the crew didn't help or were untrained in launching the lifeboats. This was denied by the crew and personnel themselves. An Indian crewmember stated: "The crew members, whether Filipino or Colombians or Indians, tried to the best of our ability to help passengers survive the shipwreck. Comments by some of the passengers that we were unhelpful have hurt us."[58] One of the missing crewmen, a waiter named Terence Russell Rebello, was last seen helping the passengers.[58]

Costa Cruises CEO, Pier Luigi Foschi, however, praised the crew and personnel despite difficulties resulting from the apparent lack of direction from ship officers and problems in communication. Although all of them can speak at least basic English, most spoke no Italian. This was echoed by Marco Mandirola, president of the International Boatmen-Linesmens Association (IBLA) who stated: "It’s actually a great result to evacuate 4,000 people and save practically all of them, with the ship listing heavily at night after such a delay in issuing orders ... I wouldn’t blame the crew. I think they behaved as professionally as possible. Onboard personnel that aren’t part of the ship’s crew do a series of courses but they’re not sailors."[57]

Loss

An Italian broker and industry experts believe the ship is a constructive total loss, with damages estimated at US$500 million or higher.[13] Costa Cruises has not commented on the fate of the ship as yet.[29] Shares in the Carnival Group, that owns the ship, initially fell by 18% when trading opened on the London Stock Exchange on 16 January following a statement by the group that the sinking of the ship could cost them up to US$95 million (€75 million, £62 million). The insurance excess on the vessel was $30 million.[74]

Environmental impact

Italy declared a state of emergency when pictures showed an unknown liquid leaking from the ship.[75]

Reactions

Company

The Carnival Group's chairman and CEO, Micky Arison, said that: "At this time, our priority is the safety of our passengers and crew. We are deeply saddened by this tragic event and our hearts go out to everyone affected by the grounding of the Costa Concordia and especially to the families and loved ones of those who lost their lives."[74]

Media

The shipwreck dominated the Italian media in the days after the disaster, as well as media of other countries. Corriere della Sera stated that Italy owed the world a "convincing explanation" for the wreck and called for harsh punishments of those found responsible. Il Giornale said the wreck was a "global disaster for Italy". Il Messaggero said there was "anguish over those still missing". La Repubblica called the event "a night of errors and lies". La Stampa criticized the captain for not raising the alarm and refusing to go back on board the ship.[76]

Rich Lowry, writing for the New York Post, compared Schettino's actions unfavourably with those of Edward Smith, captain of the RMS Titanic. Lowry suggests that when the Titanic sank, it was "women and children first", but this chivalry was less noticeable aboard the Costa Concordia.[77]

See also

References

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  50. ^ Fire danskere reddet fra forulykket skib
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