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This article is about the 1995 film. For the House, M.D. episode, see Brave Heart. For the 1925 film, see Braveheart (1925 film).
Braveheart
File:Braveheart imp.jpg
Theatrical release poster
Directed byMel Gibson
Written byRandall Wallace
Produced byMel Gibson
Alan Ladd, Jr.
Bruce Davey
Stephen McEveety
StarringMel Gibson
Sophie Marceau
Patrick McGoohan
Angus Macfadyen
Brendan Gleeson
Catherine McCormack
Narrated byAngus Macfadyen
Mel Gibson
CinematographyJohn Toll
Edited bySteven Rosenblum
Music byJames Horner
Production
companies
Distributed byParamount Pictures
Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation
Release date
  • May 24, 1995 (1995-05-24)
Running time
177 minutes
CountryTemplate:Film US
LanguageEnglish
Budget$53,000,000
Box office$210,409,945

Braveheart is a 1995 epic historical drama film directed by and starring Mel Gibson. The film was written for the screen and then novelized by Randall Wallace. Gibson portrays William Wallace, a 13th century Scottish warrior who gained recognition when he came to the forefront of the First War of Scottish Independence by opposing King Edward I of England (portrayed by Patrick McGoohan), who was also known by the nickname "Longshanks".

The film won five Academy Awards at the 68th Academy Awards, including the Academy Award for Best Picture and Best Director, and was nominated for an additional five.

Plot

In the 13th century, after several years of political unrest, Scotland is invaded and conquered by King Edward I of England (known as "Longshanks") (Patrick McGoohan). Longshanks summons the defeated Scottish nobles to a meeting but, instead of discussing terms as they were led to expect, he simply hangs them en masse. Young William Wallace witnesses the treachery of Longshanks, survives the death of his father and brother, and is taken abroad by his uncle where he is educated.

Twenty or so years later, Longshanks attracts English noblemen to Scotland by granting them land and special privileges, including Primae Noctis, the right of the lord to take a Scottish bride into his bed on her wedding night. When Wallace returns home, he (Mel Gibson), intending to live peacefully, falls in love with his childhood sweetheart, Murron MacClannough (Catherine McCormack), and they marry in secret so that she does not have to spend a night in the bed of the English lord.

The next day an English soldier tries to rape Murron and she fights him off, drawing blood. She and Wallace then attempt to flee. After sending Murron off on horseback and arranging to rendezvous with her later, Wallace manages to escape to safety. However, Murron is captured and publicly executed by the village magistrate, who proclaims that "an assault on the King's soldiers is the same as an assault on the King himself." In retribution, Wallace and his fellow villagers slaughter the English garrison and execute the magistrate. Scots from the surrounding clans join Wallace, and they join forces to kill the English lord.

Now compelled to rebel against the English, Wallace leads his army to victory at the Battle of Stirling Bridge, as well as the sacking of the city of York. All the while, Wallace seeks the assistance of Robert the Bruce (Angus Macfadyen), son of nobleman Robert the Elder and chief contender for the Scottish crown. Despite his growing admiration for Wallace and his cause, Robert the Bruce is dominated by his father who wishes to secure the throne for his son by submitting to the English.

Worried by the threat of the rebellion, Longshanks sends the wife of his son Edward, the French princess Isabelle (Sophie Marceau), to negotiate with Wallace. Wallace refuses the bribe sent with Isabelle by Longshanks and she becomes enamored of him after meeting him in person. At the same time and unbeknownst to Isabelle and Wallace, Longshanks gathers an army to invade Scotland. Warned of the coming invasion by a messenger sent by Isabelle, Wallace implores the Scottish nobility, who are more concerned with their own welfare, that immediate action is needed to counter the threat and take back the country and they agree to support Wallace.

Personally leading the English army, Longshanks confronts the Scots at the bloody Battle of Falkirk, where noblemen Lochlan and Mornay betray Wallace and, rather than attacking, withdraw when summoned. The Scots lose the battle and Wallace is nearly killed when, in a last desperate act, he charges toward the departing Longshanks on horseback to personally kill him. However, he is intercepted by one of the king's lancers, who turns out to be Robert the Bruce. Realizing the Bruce has betrayed him, Wallace simply gives up and is nearly captured by the English. The Bruce, immediately remorseful of his betrayal, sends Wallace off to safety before he is captured. Wallace then goes into hiding and while in hiding, and in retribution for their betrayal of him at Falkirk, Wallace brutally murders Mornay and Lochlan. He then wages a protracted guerrilla war against the English.

Robert the Bruce, intending to join Wallace and commit troops to a war against the English, then sets up a meeting with him in Edinburgh. Unknown to either man, however, Robert the Bruce's father has conspired with other nobles to capture Wallace and hand him over to the English. Learning of his treachery, the Bruce disowns his father.

In London Wallace is brought before an English magistrate, tried for high treason and, after refusing to acknowledge Longshanks as his king, sentenced to be purified by pain. Following an earlier tryst with Wallace, Isabelle exacts her own revenge on the now terminally ill Longshanks by telling him she is pregnant with another man's child and intends to end Longshank's line and rule in his son's place.

Meanwhile, Wallace is taken to the Tower of London, where a crowd has gathered to witness his execution. Despite being hanged, racked and disemboweled alive, Wallace refuses to submit to the king and beg for mercy. Awed by his courage, the watching Londoners begin to yell for mercy and the magistrate offers him one final chance. Instead, the defiant Wallace uses the last of his strength to shout, "Freedom!" Just before the axe falls, Wallace sees his friends Hamish and Stephen watching from the crowd and a vision of Murron in the crowd smiling at him.

In 1314, nine years after Wallace's death, Robert the Bruce, now Scotland's king and still guilt-ridden over his involvement in Wallace's betrayal, leads a Scottish army before a ceremonial line of English troops on the fields of Bannockburn where he is to formally accept English rule. As he begins to ride toward the English, the Bruce stops and turns back to his troops. Invoking Wallace's memory, he implores them to fight with him as they did with Wallace. He then leads his army into battle against the English, with him and his men chanting Wallace's name as they charge. This surprises the English soldiers, who were not expecting to fight.

The film ends with a voice-over from Robert the Bruce, which intones that Scotland won their freedom in this battle.

Cast

Conception

The script for Braveheart was based partly on Blind Harry's 15th century epic poem, The Actes and Deidis of the Illustre and Vallyeant Campioun Schir William Wallace. In defending his script against criticism, Randall Wallace has said, "Is Blind Harry true? I don't know. I know that it spoke to my heart and that's what matters to me, that it spoke to my heart."[1] However some important aspects of the plot, e.g. his affair with Princess Isabella, are based neither on history nor Blind Harry.

Production

Gibson's production company, Icon Productions had difficulty raising enough money even if he were to star in the film. Warner Bros. was willing to fund the project on the condition that Gibson sign for another Lethal Weapon sequel, which he refused. Paramount Pictures only agreed to American and Canadian distribution of Braveheart after 20th Century Fox partnered for international rights.[2]

While the crew spent six weeks shooting on location in Scotland, the major battle scenes were shot in Ireland using members of the Irish Army Reserve as extras. To lower costs, Gibson had the same extras portray both armies. The opposing armies are made up of reservists, up to 1,600 in some scenes, who had been given permission to grow beards and swapped their drab uniforms for medieval garb.[3]

According to Gibson, he was inspired by the big screen epics he had loved as a child, such as Stanley Kubrick's Spartacus and William Wyler's The Big Country.

The film was shot in the anamorphic format with Panavision C- and E-Series lenses.[4]

Gibson toned down the film's battle scenes to avoid an NC-17 rating from the MPAA, with the final version being rated R for "brutal medieval warfare."[5]

In addition to English being the film's primary language, French, Latin, and Scottish Gaelic are also spoken.

Release and reception

Box office

On its opening weekend, Braveheart grossed US$9,938,276 in the United States and $75.6 million in its box office run in the United States and Canada.[6] Worldwide, the movie grossed $210,409,945 and was the 18th highest grossing film of 1995.[6]

Reviews

Braveheart met with generally positive reviews. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 79% with an average score of 7/10. The film's depiction of the Battle of Stirling Bridge is often considered one of the best movie battles in cinema history.[7][8] In a 2005 poll by British film magazine Empire, Braveheart was #1 on their list of "The Top 10 Worst Best Pictures".[9]

Scottish actor and comedian Billy Connolly infamously dismissed Braveheart as "a piece of pure Australian shite."[10]

Around the world

The film generated huge interest in Scotland and in Scottish history, not only around the world, but also in Scotland itself. Fans come from all over the world to see the places in Scotland where William Wallace fought for Scottish freedom, and also to the places in Scotland and Ireland to see the locations used in the film. At a Braveheart Convention in 1997, held in Stirling the day after the Scottish Devolution vote and attended by 200 delegates from around the world, Braveheart author Randall Wallace, Seoras Wallace of the Wallace Clan, Scottish historian David Ross and Bláithín FitzGerald from Ireland gave lectures on various aspects of the film. Several of the actors also attended including James Robinson (Young William), Andrew Weir (Young Hamish), Julie Austin (the young bride) and Mhairi Calvey (Young Murron).

Awards and honors

The movie was nominated for ten Oscars and won five.[11]

Won
Award Nominee
Best Picture Mel Gibson
Alan Ladd, Jr.
Bruce Davey
Stephen McEveety
Best Director Mel Gibson
Best Cinematography John Toll
Best Sound Editing Lon Bender
Per Hallberg
Best Makeup Peter Frampton
Paul Pattison
Lois Burwell
Nominated
Award Nominee
Best Original Screenplay Randall Wallace
Best Original Score James Horner
Best Sound Andy Nelson
Scott Millan
Anna Behlmer
Brian Simmons
Best Film Editing Steven Rosenblum
Best Costume Design Charles Knode

American Film Institute Lists

Cultural effects

The film is credited by Lin Anderson, author of Braveheart: From Hollywood To Holyrood as having played a significant role in affecting the Scottish political landscape in the mid to late 1990s.[18]

Revival of Scottish nationalism

With the release of the film in 1995 and the opening of the Scottish parliament in 1999, the film brought about something of a revival of Scottish nationalism; it was reported that members of the Scottish National Party were seen promoting their party outside where the film was originally shown/filmed.[citation needed]

Wallace Monument

File:BraveStatue 1200x1600.jpg
Tom Church's 'Freedom' statue.

In 1997, a 12-ton sandstone statue depicting Mel Gibson as William Wallace in Braveheart was placed in the car park of the Wallace Monument near Stirling, Scotland. The statue, which was the work of Tom Church, a monumental mason from Brechin,[19] included the word "Braveheart" on Wallace's shield. The installation became the cause of much controversy; one local resident stated that it was wrong to "desecrate the main memorial to Wallace with a lump of crap."[20] In 1998 the face on the statue was vandalised by someone wielding a hammer. After repairs were made, the statue was encased in a cage every night to prevent further vandalism. This only incited more calls for the statue to be removed as it then appeared that the Gibson/Wallace figure was imprisoned. The statue was described as "among the most loathed pieces of public art in Scotland."[21] In 2008, the statue was returned to its sculptor to make room for a new visitor centre being built at the foot of the Wallace Monument.[22]

Historical Accuracy and Trivia

Randall Wallace, the writer of the screenplay, has acknowledged Blind Harry's 15th century epic poem The Acts and Deeds of Sir William Wallace, Knight of Elderslie as a major source of inspiration for the film.[23]

Scottish historian Elizabeth Ewan describes Braveheart as a film which "almost totally sacrifices historical accuracy for epic adventure".[24] The title of the film is also historically inaccurate as the "brave heart" refers in Scottish history to that of Robert the Bruce, and an attribution by William Edmondstoune Aytoun, in his poem Heart of Bruce, to Sir James the Good: "Pass thee first, thou dauntless heart, As thou wert wont of yore!", prior to Douglas's demise at the Battle of Teba in Andalusia.[25]

It was Robert the Bruce who was called "Braveheart", not Wallace. Nevertheless, both men are considered National Heroes of Scotland.

Robert the Bruce describes himself as the "17th Earl of Bruce". His father, Robert Bruce the Elder, reminds his son that he is the 17th person to be successively named Robert Bruce. In reality, Robert the Bruce was the 7th Robert Bruce and the 7th Lord of Annandale.

The film begins in 1280; Wallace was said to have been born c. 1272, so the young William Wallace would have been around 8 years old. The narrator, Robert the Bruce, mentions that Malcolm Wallace was a landowner. Only members of the nobility owned land; Sir Malcolm Wallace was a minor noble, and upon his death, his land passed to William. Thus, William Wallace was also not a commoner.

Robert the Bruce states that the King of Scotland had died without a heir (implied to have taken place before the events of the film). King Alexander III died in a horse riding accident in 1286, six years after the film's introduction; indeed, King Alexander had died without a heir.

According to Blind Harry, Wallace began his war against the English after the Sherriff of Lanark, Sir William de Heselrig, had Wallace's wife, Marion Braidfute, executed. Later that night, Wallace snuck into Lanark Castle and stabbed Heselrig to death as he slept. The men of Lanark then killed the English garrison and set the castle on fire.

Wallace was already a knight even before the Battle of Stirling Bridge.

The first major battle sequence (where Mel Gibson gives his "Freedom" speech) is meant to represent the battle of Stirling Bridge, which occured on September 11, 1297. The film's depiction of the Battle of Stirling Bridge shows the Scots facing off against the English on a flat plain on equal terms, when in reality, it took place at a bridge where the outnumbered Scots were able to concentrate their forces on the overextended English who were in the process of crossing the bridge. The battle plan itself was the brainchild of William Wallace and another resistance leader, Andrew Moray. Moray, who died from wounds sustained in the battle, is completely absent from the film. Instead, two characters, Campbell the Elder, and his son Hamish Campbell, act as Wallace's lieutenants.

The scenes depicting Princess Isabella and her handmaiden, Nicolette, speaking French while at the English court for privacy are inaccurate. From the time of the Norman invasion the language spoken by the English royal court and the vast majority of the nobility, at least at court, would have been French. The Norman dialect was the dominant tongue until the time of King Henry II who introduced a more mainstream French conversational dialect due to his Angevin upbringing. Edward Longshanks was only 3 generations removed as he was Henry II's great-grandson. Historian Alex von Tunzelmann, writing in The Guardian, noted several historical inaccuracies: William Wallace never met Princess Isabella, as she married King Edward II three years after Wallace's death (and was no older than ten when Wallace died); thus she never slept with him. Also, as her marriage to Edward took place after he had ascended the throne, she never held the title Princess of Wales.

The infamous primae noctis ("Law of the First Night") decree, seen in action early in the film, was never used by King Edward. Little or no historical evidence has been unearthed from the Middle Ages to support the idea that such a right ever actually existed.[26]

In the film and in real life, King Edward I personally commanded the English army at the Battle of Falkirk on July 22, 1298. He was a master tactician who learned how to conduct large-scale battles while he fought against the Mamelukes during the Eighth and Ninth Crusades.

The film depicts the Longshanks' death as Wallace shouts "FREEDOM!" at his execution; in reality, Wallace was executed on August 23, 1305, and King Edward I died on July 7, 1307, while leading another English invasion of Scotland.

As depicted in the film, the real Wallace suffered the "Three Deaths" at his execution, a punishment reserved for traitors and other major enemies of the Crown. The first "death" was "half-hanging", in which the condemned is hanged until he lost consciousness; this was repeated several times. The second "death" was disembowelment; the intestines were removed and then ceremoniously burned in front of the victim. The third and final death was beheading. As a final indignity, the body was then drawn and quartered; a horse was tied to each limb and the horses were flogged until they tore the condemned's corpse into four pieces. Wallace's head was impaled on a spike and set on London Bridge, and his quartered body was sent back to Scotland as a warning to the Scottish people.

The English charged the Scots at Bannockburn, not the other way around.[27]

In 1996, shortly after the film's release, Scottish mason Tom Church unveiled a statue of William Wallace as he was portrayed by Mel Gibson; Church had his statue publicly displayed near the National Wallace Monument. The local people were offended by the statue and vandalized it several times; it was later surrounded by a steel security fence, and finally removed in 2008.

Historian Sharon Krossa notes that the film contains numerous historical errors, beginning with the wearing of belted plaid by Wallace and his men. She points out that in the period in question, "no Scots ... wore belted plaids (let alone kilts of any kind)."[28] Moreover, when Highlanders finally did begin wearing the belted plaid, it was not "in the rather bizarre style depicted in the film."[28] She compares the inaccuracy to "a film about Colonial America showing the colonial men wearing 20th century business suits, but with the jackets worn back-to-front instead of the right way around."[28] She remarks "The events aren't accurate, the dates aren't accurate, the characters aren't accurate, the names aren't accurate, the clothes aren't accurate—in short, just about nothing is accurate."[29] The belted plaid (feileadh mor) with the baldric (leine) was not introduced until the 16th Century.

In 2009, the film was second on a list of "most historically inaccurate movies" in The Times.[30][dead link] In the 2007 humorous non-fictional historiography An Utterly Impartial History of Britain, author John O'Farrell notes that Braveheart could not have been more historically inaccurate, even if a "Plasticine dog" had been inserted in the film and the title changed to William Wallace and Gromit.[31] The final scenes of the film also suggest that William Wallace and Edward I of England died at exactly the same moment, which is false. Wallace was executed in 1305 and Edward I died in 1307.

Screenwriter Randall Wallace is very vocal about defending his script from historians who have dismissed the film as a Hollywood perversion of actual events.[citation needed] In the DVD audio commentary of Braveheart, director Mel Gibson acknowledges many of the historical inaccuracies[citation needed] but defends his choices as director, noting that the way events were portrayed in the film were much more "cinematically compelling" than the historical fact or conventional mythos.

Portrayal of Robert the Bruce

File:Brave mel.jpg
Mel Gibson as William Wallace wearing woad.

The portrayal of Robert I of Scotland (Robert the Bruce) in the film is considered by historians to be wildly inaccurate. In particular his taking the field on the English side in the battle of Falkirk is completely fictitious; Bruce was not present at Falkirk. Although he repeatedly changed alliances between the Scots loyalists and the English, mostly for political reasons, Bruce never betrayed Wallace directly, and Wallace was a staunch supporter of Bruce's claim to the throne.

Portrayal of Prince Edward

The depiction of the Prince of Wales (the future King Edward II) as an effeminate homosexual in the film drew accusations of homophobia against Gibson. The real Edward II did father five children by two different women, but was also thought to have had sexual affairs with men, not least with Piers Gaveston. Gibson replied that "The fact that King Edward throws this character out a window has nothing to do with him being gay ... He's terrible to his son, to everybody."[32] Gibson defended his depiction of Prince Edward as weak and ineffectual, saying,

I'm just trying to respond to history. You can cite other examples – Alexander the Great, for example, who conquered the entire world, was also a homosexual. But this story isn't about Alexander the Great. It's about Edward II.[33]

Gibson asserted that the reason that Longshanks kills his son’s lover is because the king is a "psychopath".[34] (This is another inaccuracy as Piers Gaveston lived on into the reign of Edward II.) Gibson expressed bewilderment that some filmgoers would laugh at this murder:

We cut a scene out, unfortunately . . . where you really got to know that character (Edward II) and to understand his plight and his pain. . . . But it just stopped the film in the first act so much that you thought, 'When's this story going to start?'[35]

Anglophobia

Braveheart has been accused of Anglophobia. The film was referred to in The Economist as "xenophobic"[36] and John Sutherland writing in The Guardian stated that, "Braveheart gave full rein to a toxic Anglophobia",[37] [38] and writes that a worrying aspect of the film is its appeal to "neo-fascist groups and the attendant psyche."[39] According to The Times, MacArthur said "the political effects are truly pernicious. It’s a xenophobic film."[38] The Independent has noted, "The Braveheart phenomenon, a Hollywood-inspired rise in Scottish nationalism, has been linked to a rise in anti-English prejudice".[40]

Soundtrack

The soundtrack for Braveheart was composed and conducted by James Horner, and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra. The soundtrack, comprising 77 minutes of background music taken from significant scenes in the film, was noticeably successful, and album co-producer Simon Rhodes produced a follow-up soundtrack in 1997 titled More Music from Braveheart. International and French versions of the soundtrack have also been released.[citation needed]

Braveheart (1995)

  1. "Main Title" – 2:51
  2. "A Gift of a Thistle" – 1:37
  3. "Wallace Courts Murron" – 4:25
  4. "The Secret Wedding" – 6:33
  5. "Attack on Murron" – 3:00
  6. "Revenge" – 6:23
  7. "Murron's Burial" – 2:13
  8. "Making Plans/Gathering the Clans" – 1:52
  9. "Sons of Scotland" – 6:19
  10. "The Battle of Stirling" – 5:57
  11. "For the Love of a Princess" – 4:07
  12. "Falkirk" – 4:04
  13. "Betrayal & Desolation" – 7:48
  14. "Mornay's Dream" – 1:15
  15. "The Legend Spreads" – 1:09
  16. "The Princess Pleads for Wallace's Life" – 3:38
  17. "'Freedom'/The Execution/Bannockburn" – 7:24
  18. "End Credits" – 7:16

More Music from Braveheart (1997)

  1. "Prologue: 'I Shall Tell You of William Wallace'" [Narration: Robert The Bruce]
  2. "Outlawed Tunes on Outlawed Pipes"
  3. "The Royal Wedding" [Narration: Robert The Bruce]
  4. "'The Trouble with Scotland'" [King Edward The Longshanks]
  5. "Scottish Wedding Music"
  6. "Prima Noctes"
  7. "The Proposal" [William Wallace and Murron]
  8. "'Scotland Is Free!'" [William Wallace]
  9. "Point of War/Johnny Cope/Up in the Morning Early"
  10. "Coversing with the Almighty" [Stephen, William Wallace, Hamish, Campbell]
  11. "The Road to the Isles/Glendaruel Highlanders/The Old Rustic Bridge by the Mill"
  12. "'Sons of Scotland!'" [William Wallace]
  13. "Vision of Murron"
  14. "'Unite the Clans!'" [William Wallace]
  15. "The Legend Spreads" [Scottish Highlanders]
  16. "'Why Do You Help Me?'" [William Wallace And Princess Isabelle]
  17. "For the Love of a Princess"
  18. "'Not Every Man Really Lives'" [William Wallace and Princess Isabelle]
  19. "'The Prisoner Wishes to Say a Word'" [The Executioner and William Wallace]
  20. "'After the Beheading' [Robert The Bruce]
  21. "'You Have Bled with Wallace!'" [Robert The Bruce]
  22. "Warrior Poets" [William Wallace]
  23. "Scotland the Brave/The Badge of Scotland/The Meeting of the Waters"
  24. "Leaving Glen Urquhart/The Highland Plaid/Jock Wilson's Ball"
  25. "Kirkhill/The Argyllshire Gathering/The Braemar Highland Gathering"

Album length: 68:53

See also

References

  1. ^ Anderson, Lin. "Braveheart: From Hollywood to Holyrood." Luath Press Ltd. (2005): 27.
  2. ^ Michael Fleming (2005-07-25). "Mel tongue-ties studios". Daily Variety.
  3. ^ Braveheart 10th Chance To Boost Tourism In Trim[dead link], Meath Chronicle, August 28, 2003 . Retrieved 30 April 2007.
  4. ^ Chris Probst (1996-06-01). "Cinematic Transcendence". American Cinematographer. 77 (6). Los Angeles, California, United States: American Society of Cinematographers: 76. ISSN 0002-7928.
  5. ^ Classification and Rating Administration, Motion Picture Association of America. "Reasons for Movie Ratings (CARA)".
  6. ^ a b "Braveheart (1995)". Boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
  7. ^ "The best -- and worst -- movie battle scenes". CNN. 2007-03-30. Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  8. ^ Noah Sanders (2007-03-28). "Great Modern Battle Scenes - Updated!". Double Viking. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  9. ^ "Mel Gibson's "Braveheart" Voted Worst Oscar Winner". hollywood.com.
  10. ^ Leo Suryadinata, Nationalism and Globalism, East and West (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asia Studies) 2000, pg 248
  11. ^ "The 68th Academy Awards (1996) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
  12. ^ AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies Nominees
  13. ^ AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains Nominees
  14. ^ AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes Nominees
  15. ^ AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees
  16. ^ AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) Ballot
  17. ^ AFI's 10 Top 10 Ballot
  18. ^ Boztas, Senay (2005-07-31). "Wallace movie 'helped Scots get devolution' - [Sunday Herald]". Braveheart.info. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
  19. ^ "Wallace statue back at home of sculptor". The Courier. 16 October 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
  20. ^ By Hal G.P. Colebatch on 8.8.06 @ 12:07AM. "The American Spectator". Spectator.org. Retrieved 2009-02-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Kevin Hurley (19 September 2004). "They may take our lives but they won't take Freedom". Scotland on Sunday. Retrieved 16 October 2009.
  22. ^ "Wallace statue back with sculptor". BBC News. 16 October 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2009.
  23. ^ Anderson, Lin. Braveheart: From Hollywood to Holyrood. Luath Press Ltd. (2005), p. 27.
  24. ^ Ewan, Elizabeth. "Braveheart." American Historical Review 100, no. 4 (October 1995): 1219–21.
  25. ^ Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers and Other Poems / Aytoun, W. E. (William Edmondstoune), 1813-1865
  26. ^ The jus primae noctis as a male power display: A review of historic sources with evolutionary interpretation
  27. ^ von Tunzelmann, Alex (2008-07-30). "Braveheart: dancing peasants, gleaming teeth and a cameo from Fabio". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2008-08-03.
  28. ^ a b c Krossa, Sharon L. "Braveheart Errors: An Illustration of Scale". Retrieved 2009-06-15.
  29. ^ Krossa, Sharon L. "Regarding the Film Braveheart". Retrieved 2009-11-26.
  30. ^ White, Caroline (August 4, 2009). "The 10 most historically inaccurate movies". London: The Times. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
  31. ^ O'Farrell, John (2007), An Utterly Impartial History of Britain, Doubleday, p. 126
  32. ^ "Gay Alliance has Gibson's 'Braveheart' in its sights", Daily News, May 11, 1995, retrieved February 13, 2010
  33. ^ The San Francisco Chronicle, May 21, 1995, “Mel Gibson Dons Kilt and Directs” by Ruth Stein
  34. ^ Matt Zoller Seitz. "Mel Gibson talks about Braveheart, movie stardom, and media treachery". Dallas Observer. Retrieved 2008-01-27.[dead link]
  35. ^ USA Today, May 24, 1995, “Gibson has faith in family and freedom” by Marco R. della Cava
  36. ^ "Economist.com". Economist.com. 2006-05-18. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
  37. ^ "John Sutherland". The Guardian. London. 2003-08-11. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
  38. ^ a b "Braveheart battle cry is now but a whisper". London: Times Online. 2005-07-24. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
  39. ^ Colin, McArthur (2003). Brigadoon, Braveheart and the Scots: Distortions of Scotland in Hollywood Cinema. I.B.Tauris. p. 5. ISBN 1860649270.
  40. ^ Burrell, Ian (1999-02-08). "Most race attack victims `are white': The English Exiles - News". London: The Independent. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
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