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Health literacy

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Health literacy is the ability to read, understand and use healthcare information to make decisions and follow instructions for treatment. There are multiple definitions of health literacy, in part because health literacy involves both the context (or setting) in which health literacy demands are made (e.g., health care, media, Internet or fitness facility) and the skills that people bring to that situation (Rudd, Moeykens, & Colton, 1999). Studies reveal that up to half of patients cannot understand basic healthcare information. Low health literacy reduces the success of treatment and increases the risk of medical error. Various interventions, such as simplified information and illustrations, avoiding jargon, "teach back" methods and encouraging patients questions, have improved health behaviors in persons with low health literacy. Health literacy is of continued and increasing concern for health professionals, as it is a primary factor behind health disparities. The Healthy People 2020 initiative of the United States Department of Health and Human Services has included it as a pressing new topic, with objectives for addressing it in the decade to come.[1]

Characteristics

There are many factors that determine the health literacy level of health education materials or other health interventions. Reading level, numeracy level, language barriers, cultural appropriateness, format and style, sentence structure, use of illustrations, interactiveness of intervention, and numerous other factors will affect how easily health information is understood and followed.

A study of 2,600 patients conducted in 1995 by two US hospitals found that between 26% and 60% of patients could not understand medication directions, a standard informed consent or basic health care materials.[2]

History

The young and multidisciplinary field of health literacy emerged from two expert groups; physicians and other health providers and health educators, and Adult Basic Education (ABE) and English as a Second Language (ESL) practitioners. Physicians are a source of groundbreaking patient comprehension and compliance studies. Adult Basic Education / English for Speakers of Languages Other Than English (ABE/ESOL) specialists study and design interventions to help people develop reading, writing, and conversation skills and increasingly infuse curricula with health information to promote better health literacy. A range of approaches to adult education brings health literacy skills to people in traditional classroom settings, as well as where they work and live.

Biomedical approach

The biomedical approach to health literacy that became dominant (in the U.S.) during the 1980s and 1990s often depicted individuals as lacking, or “suffering” from, low health literacy, assumed that recipients are passive in their possession and reception of health literacy, and believed that models of literacy and health literacy are politically neutral and universally applicable. This approach is found lacking when placed in the context of broader ecological, critical, and cultural approaches to health. This approach has produced, and continues to reproduce, numerous correlational studies.[3]

Where there are adequate levels of health literacy, that is where the population has sufficient knowledge and skills and where members of a community have the confidence to guide their own health, people are able to stay healthy, recover from illness and live with disease or disability.[4]

McMurray states that health literacy is important in a community as it addresses health inequities, as those at the lower levels of health literacy are often the ones who live in lower socio-economic communities. Being aware of information relevant to improving their health, or how to access health resources creates higher levels of disadvantage. For some people, a lack of education and health literacy that would flow from education prevents them from becoming empowered at any time in their lives.

A more robust view of health literacy includes the ability to understand scientific concepts, content, and health research; skills in spoken, written, and online communication; critical interpretation of mass media messages; navigating complex systems of health care and governance; and knowledge and use of community capital and resources, as well as using cultural and indigenous knowledge in health decision making (Nutbeam, 2000; Ratzan, 2001; Zarcadoolas, Pleasant, & Greer, 2002). This view sees health literacy as a social determinant of health that offers a powerful opportunity to reduce inequities in health.

This perspective defines health literacy as the wide range of skills, and competencies that people develop over their lifetimes to seek out, comprehend, evaluate, and use health information and concepts to make informed choices, reduce health risks, and increase quality of life (Zarcadoolas, Pleasant, & Greer, 2006). While definitions vary in wording, they all fall within the conceptual framework offered in this definition.

Defining health literacy in that manner builds the foundation for a multi-dimensional model of health literacy built around four central domains:[5]

  • fundamental literacy,
  • scientific literacy,
  • civic literacy, and
  • cultural literacy.

Patient Safety and Outcomes

According to an Institute of Medicine (2004) report, low health literacy negatively affects the treatment outcome and safety of care delivery.[6] These patients have a higher risk of hospitalization and longer hospital stays, are less likely to comply with treatment, are more likely to make errors with medication,[7] and are more ill when they seek medical care.[8][9]

The mismatch between a clinician's level of communication and a patient's ability to understand can lead to medication errors and adverse medical outcomes. The lack of health literacy affects all segments of the population, although it is disproportionate in certain demographic groups, such as the elderly, ethnic minorities, recent immigrants and persons with low general literacy.[10] Health literacy skills are not only a problem in the public. Health care professionals (doctors, nurses, public health workers) can also have poor health literacy skills, such as a reduced ability to clearly explain health issues to patients and the public.[11][12] A well arranged layout, pertinent illustrations, and intuitive format can improve the usability of health care literature. This in turn can help in effective communication between health care providers and patients and their families.[13]

Risk Identification

Identifying patients at risk due to low health literacy is productive. Health behaviors such as correct medication use, taking advantage of health screening and effective preventive measures such as exercise and smoking cessation improved when low literacy patients were given visual aids, easy readability brochures or videotapes.[14] Several tests of health literacy have been developed to validate research studies,[9] but a practical, three-minute assessment can be completed in a doctor's office.[15][16] A recent review on health literacy in the Journal of the American Medical Association's "Rational Clinical Examination Series" showed that single-item questions can be useful. The simple inquiry, "How confident are you in filling out medical forms by yourself?" gives a likelihood ratio (LR) for limited literacy of 5.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.8-6.4) for an answer of "a little confident" or "not at all confident"; an LR of 2.2 (95% CI, 1.5-3.3) for "somewhat confident"; and an LR of 0.44 (95% CI, 0.24-0.82) for "quite a bit" or "extremely confident."[17]

Intervention

Once identified, low health literacy patients benefit from providing limited but clear information at each visit, avoidance of medical jargon, using illustrations of important concepts and confirming information by a "teach back" method. A program called "Ask Me 3"[18] is designed to bring public and physician attention to this issue, by letting patients know that they should ask three questions each time they talk to a doctor, nurse, or pharmacist:

  • What is my main problem?
  • What do I need to do?
  • Why is it important for me to do this?

A public information program by the US Department of Health and Human Services encourages patients to improve healthcare quality and avoid errors by asking questions about health conditions and treatment.[19]

Diabetes is a rapidly growing health problem among immigrants—affecting approximately 10 percent of Asian-Americans. It is the fifth-leading cause of death in Asian-Americans between the ages of 45 and 64. In addition, type 2 diabetes is the most common form of the disease. Those who are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes have high levels of blood glucose because the body does not effectively respond to insulin. It is a lifelong disease with no known cure. Diabetes is a chronic, debilitating, and costly social burden—costing healthcare systems about $100 billion annually.[20]

Diabetes disproportionately affects underserved and ethnically diverse populations, such as Vietnamese-American communities. The relationship between the disease and health literacy level is in part because of an individual’s ability to read English, evaluate blood glucose levels, and communicate with medical professionals. Other studies also suggest lack in knowledge of diabetes symptoms and complications.[21] According to an observational cross-sectional study conducted, many Vietnamese-American diabetic patients show signs of poor blood glucose control and adherence due to inadequate self-management knowledge and experience.[22] Diabetes health literacy research is needed to fully understand the burden of the chronic disease in Vietnamese-American communities, with respect to language and culture, health literacy, and immigrant status. Ethnic minority groups and immigrant communities have less knowledge of health promoting behavior, face considerable obstacles to health services, and experience poor communication with medical professionals.[23] According to a recent review, studies has supported an independent relationship between literacy and knowledge of diabetes management and glucose control, but its impact on patients has not been sufficiently described.[24][25] With the demand of chronic disease self-management (e.g., diabetic diet, glucose monitoring, etc.), a call for cultural-specific patient education is needed to achieve the control of diabetes and its adverse health outcomes in low- to middle-income Vietnamese-American immigrant communities.

eHealth Literacy

Due to the increasing influence of the internet for information-seeking and health information distribution purposes, eHealth literacy has become an important topic of research in recent years. The eHealth literacy model is also referred to as the Lily model, which incorporates the following literacies, each of which are instrumental to the overall understanding and measurement of eHealth literacy.[26]

  • Basic or traditional literacy
  • Computer literacy
  • Information literacy
  • Media literacy
  • Science literacy
  • Health literacy

See also

Citations

  1. ^ http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview.aspx?topicid=18
  2. ^ M. V. Williams; et al. (1995). "Inadequate functional health literacy among patients at two public hospitals". JAMA. 274 (21): 677–82. doi:10.1001/jama.274.21.1677. PMID 7474271. Retrieved 2006-06-30. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  3. ^ Pleasant & Kuruvilla, 2008
  4. ^ Anne McMurray (2007). Community Health and Wellness: A Sociological Approach (3rd ed.). Brisbane: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7295-3788-9.
  5. ^ Zarcadoolas et al. 2005, 2006
  6. ^ The Institute of Medicine: Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion (2004)
  7. ^ Terry C. Davis, PhD; Michael S. Wolf, PhD, MPH; Pat F. Bass III, MD; Jason A. Thompson, BA; Hugh H. Tilson, MD, DrPH; Marolee Neuberger, MS; and Ruth M. Parker, MD (2006). "Literacy and Misunderstanding Prescription Drug Labels". Annals of Internal Medicine. 145 (12): 887–94. PMID 17135578. Retrieved 2006-11-30.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Quick Guide to Health Literacy
  9. ^ a b M. V. Williams; et al. (1995). "The test of functional health literacy in adults: a new instrument for measuring patients' literacy skills". J Gen Intern Med. 10 (10): 537–41. doi:10.1007/BF02599568. PMID 8576769. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  10. ^ 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy The Health Literacy of America’s Adults Retrieved 9 September 2006
  11. ^ American Society of Anesthesiology abstracts (October 25, 2005), Aaron M. Fields, M.D., Kirk H. Shelley, M.D., Ph.D., Craig Freiberg, M.D. (Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine)Patients and Jargon: Are We Speaking the Same Language?, retrieved 2008-10-18
  12. ^ The Center for Advancement of Health (March 2003): Talking the Talk: Improving Patient-Provider Communication, retrieved 2008-10-18
  13. ^ Gill, P.S.; Gill, T.S.; Kamath, A.; whisnant, B. (2012). "Readability Assessment of Concussion and Traumatic Brain Injury Publications by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention". International Journal of General Medicine. 5: 923–933. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S37110.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  14. ^ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: Evidence Report/Technology Assessment: Number 87 Literacy and Health Outcomes
  15. ^ Barry D. Weiss, MD; et al. (2005). "Quick Assessment of Literacy in Primary Care: The Newest Vital Sign". Annals of Family Medicine. 3 (6): 514–522. doi:10.1370/afm.405. PMC 1466931. PMID 16338915. Retrieved 2006-06-30. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  16. ^ The Newest Vital Sign: a Health Literacy Assessment Tool
  17. ^ Powers, BJ; Trinh, JV; Bosworth, HB. (2010). "Can this patient read and understand written health information?". JAMA. 304 (1): 76–84. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.896. PMID 20606152. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author-name-separator= (help); Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  18. ^ Ask Me Three
  19. ^ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality:Questions Are the Answer, retrieved 2008-10-18
  20. ^ Cabiglio, Josie. Diabetes on the rise among Asians. Nguoi Viet 2. Web. 7 Dec 2010. http://nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm/anmviewer.asp?a=41207&z=126
  21. ^ Glazier, R.H. “Neighborhood recent immigration and hospitalization in Toronto, Canada.” Canadian Journal of Public Health 95 (2004): 130-134.
  22. ^ Mull, Dorothy S. et al. “Vietnamese diabetic patients and their physicians.” Western Journal of Medicine 175 (2001): 307-311. Print.
  23. ^ Simich, Laura. “Health Literacy and Immigrant Populations.” Public Health Agency of Canada and Metropolis Canada (2009): 1-18. Print.
  24. ^ Schillinger, Dean et al. “Association of Health Literacy With Diabetes Outcomes.” Journal of American Medical Association 288 (2002): 475-481. Print.
  25. ^ Schillinger, Dean et al. “Does Literacy Mediate the Relationship Between Education and Health Outcomes? A Study of a Low-Income Population with Diabetes.” Public Health Reports 121 (2006): 245-254. Print.
  26. ^ Journal of Medical Internet Research: [1]

Sources

  • Nutbeam, D. (2000). Health literacy as a public health goal: A challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century. Health Promotion International, 15(3), 259–267.
  • A tale of two health literacies? Public health and clinical approaches to health literacy, Health Promotion International, 2008, retrieved Feb. 28, 2008 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  • Ratzan, S. C. (2001). Health literacy: Communication for the public good. Health Promotion International, 16(2), 207–214.
  • Literacy and Health: Implications for Active Living (PDF), WellSpring, 2007, p. 4 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)[dead link]
  • Rudd, R., Moeykens, B. Colton, TC. (1999) Health and literacy: A review of medical and public health literature. In J. Comings, B. Garners, & C. Smith, eds. Annual Review of Adult Learning and Literacy, Volume I. New York, NY: Jossey-Bass.
  • Zarcadoolas, C., Pleasant, A., & Greer, D. (2005). Understanding health literacy: An expanded model. Health Promotion International, 20, 195–203.
  • Zarcadoolas, C., Pleasant, A., & Greer, D. (2006). Advancing health literacy: A framework for understanding and action. Jossey-Bass: San Francisco, CA.
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