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Leet (or 1337, l33+, or 133+) is a linguistic phenomenon associated with the underground culture centered on telecommunications, manifested primarily on the Internet. For the purposes of this text, leet is defined as the corruption or modification of written text. For example, the term "leet" itself is often written "l33t" or "1337". Such corruptions are frequently referred to as "Leetspeak" or "13375p34k," et cetera (see below for cipher definitions). In addition to corruption of standard language, new colloquialisms have been added to the parlance. It is also important to note that Leet itself is not solely based upon one language or character set. In fact, Greek, Russian, Chinese, and other languages have been subjected to the Leet "cipher". As such, while it may be referred to as a "cipher", a "dialect", or a "language", Leet does not fit squarely into any of these categories. This article primarily concerns the English Language variant of Leet.

The name Leet itself is derived from the word elite (also 31337, not 3|173). Elite has been used in the past to designate a group of users as belonging to a higher social echelon than other users. Originally, "elite" had been reduced to one syllable, "'leet". The origins of the use of "elite" itself is popularly considered to stem from the classic game Elite for the BBC Master/Micro and contemporary machines, where Elite was the highest status in a series of combat rankings.

Origins of Leet

Leet finds its base in written communication over electronic media. Most simply, it has evolved as a way of forming exclusive cliques in on-line communities, notably Bulletin Board Systems and online multiplayer games (see Examples of Leet in videogaming).

The mechanism began simply: taking standard text and corrupting it with a dynamic cipher, with only those privy to the cipher understanding what was being conveyed in the ciphertext. Through this, newcomers to a given community were excluded from communication with those who had defined (and continued to evolve) the cipher.

Primitive Leet was generally much less elaborately substituted than modern forms. Typical transpositions included:

  • f / ph ("fone phreaks")
  • z / s (generally only in the final position, ie. "phi1ez" but not "za1ezman")
  • 1 / l (usually only once in a word, ie. "1iar", but not "1ist1ess")
  • k / c (ex: "krap" as opposed to "crap", and "cill" in place of "kill")
  • 0 / o (ex: 0mg instead of omg, 0wned instead of owned, etc.)

For users of the Commodore 64 or the Sinclair ZX Spectrum, communities began to use PETSCII pictographic characters as letter substitutes. Over time these tendencies of replacing letters became increasingly exaggerated.

Another early phenomenon was the prefix "k-" (for kilo) to some words, the most common and enduring example being "k-rad". The roots of the term "k-rad" are most likely mocking of the mid- to late-80s use of the term "radical" (compare "extreme" of the 90s), which was itself abbreviated to "rad." V. was also used, as an abbreviation for very. This may have come from the v. in modem protocols, possibly via v.fast, although it's also a longstanding usage in British English so may have spilled over into American leet via increased international communication.

After the emergence of Leet on bulletin boards and other non-real-time communications media, Leet found a sort of renaissance in real-time protocols such as Internet Relay Chat (IRC) and Instant messaging (such as AIM). It can be said that something of a conflict exists between those who use Leet in communication on such realtime services, and those who do not.

Through this process, Leet acquired an increasingly expanding vocabulary. As Internet slang grew (such as w00t, teh, and so on), it was absorbed into Leet (and subsequently enciphered). Along the way, additional languages began to be enciphered with Leet-like processes (see "krieg", "ist" below). In this regard, Leet resembles a creole language, a pidgin, or mixed language.

In addition to the broader vocabulary, Leet's ciphers became even more complex and dynamic. Where originally, a one-to-one relationship existed between the source and cipher text (such as "E" -> "3"), newer one-to-many and many-to-many ciphers began to emerge (such as "A" -> "@", "4", and so on).

Several outside sources have been instrumental in the formation and evolution of Leet as a dialect or cipher. Primarily, the exclusive nature of enciphering text in communities drove the evolution of the cipher. Additionally, in online games where certain text was forbidden (such as swearing, causing corruptions like "fucked" -> "phux0red"), newer, more clever ciphers had to be created to prevent software limitations from hindering communication. The same sort of evolution has been spurred by e-mail content filters which may prevent a user from including certain words in their "written" communication. As such, in addition to the socially exclusionary properties of using a cipher, it may be said that Leet is used as a means to defeat regular expression engines used for matching content in written communication.

More recently, the exclusive value of Leet as a cipher has been reduced. As Leet has become popular in the common Internet vernacular, many users who would previously have been excluded by enciphered text have caught on to the cipher. Even highly irregular ciphers (see below for a full discussion of various ciphers) have proven to be easily decipherable by users determined to do so. Because of this, using Leet in discussion has become a bit of a novelty or joke. Users, instead of attempting to exclude other people with the cipher, have instead been using Leet to indicate that they are part of the Leet-using counterculture, or to mock the existence thereof.

Curiously, as Leet's effectiveness as a cipher has waned, it has evolved due to its continued use in communities which tend to value it solely for humor value. The process of using Leet for humor, combined with its highly flexible and dynamic nature, causes it to metamorphose into further derivations of its original cipher. Thus, Leet evolves, its vocabulary expands, and new expressions emerge from older constructs.

Sociological considerations

File:Jeopardy-1337.jpg
An example of 1337 in Jeopardy.
File:Biddersrow.jpg
...and another on The Price is Right.
File:Google 1337.png
Google's home page, translated into leet.

Because of the problems surrounding its lack of a spoken component, as well as its (seemingly) ethnocentric beginnings, there has recently been something of a stigma attached to use of the Leet cipher. Because of its popularity with children, parenting organizations have seen fit to warn parents about the cipher. Parents, it is reasoned, may not be able to understand what their children are saying in email, SMS's, or instant messaging, and dismiss it as nonsense. It is argued that children may be discussing such nefarious things as drug use. Guides have been published to help parents decipher their children's Leet-enciphered communication.

Despite the hurdles to attaining social acceptance, Leet has become such a part of common culture that the cipher is used even in mainstream advertising, such as the Sears Kenmore "HE4T" washing machine and dryer. Entire websites have been written with the Leet cipher, such as Something Awful's JeffK, and Google's "xx-hacker" dialect.

Practical uses

Arguably, the first use of Leet was on the BBSs of the late 1980s. On public BBSs administrators would frequently search for illegal or undesirable material, and remove them if found. As a way to combat this, many terms that are now common terminology in Leet appeared. "Wares" would become "W4R3Z," "porn" would become "pr0n," exploits would become "spl01tz," etc. Leet continued to evolve in this fashion, so when the new terms were picked up by administrators they were quickly replaced. [1]

A more modern and legal use of leet is as a cipher that is opaque to computer systems. Computer security systems often disallow the use of common English words as passwords. Leet's use as a way of ciphering English words and phrases as strings of punctuation characters can make it useful as a means of creating memorable passwords that such systems will accept. A system that will refuse "Now is the time" as a password will often be quite happy to accept "|\|0\/\/ 15 7|-|3 71|\/|3".

Another location for similar text obfuscation is in multiplayer gaming, especially involving other characters from the ASCII set. Some multiplayer games allow for users to be evicted (kicked out) by issuing a simple command such as "!kick username." To foil this method, some users have resorted to making their usernames difficult to type. An example of this would be "É|ï†è Ħàχǒr". Due to the fact that one usually has to use the character map to type these, which is impossible in some games, the user can become virtually impossible to kick off the server. However, on many modern games they may be kicked by selecting them in a menu.

Leet can also be used to transmit obscenities via channels that may be monitored by automatic filtering software, or indeed any other communication intended for another human. If one is concerned that one's communications may be monitored, leet is one way of attempting to defeat this monitoring.

Similarly, simple leet is often found on websites selling or distributing pirated software or cracks, and in the unwelcome solicitations of email spam. Some expamples of solicitation Leet are: W1ndOws 20OO, PhOt0sh0p, Natura1 Pen1s en1argement pi11. Note that this type of leet tends to be simple and easy to read, as it is intended to foil computers but communicate to potential customers.

The Leet cipher and syntax

The Leet cipher is a highly dynamic, subjective cipher. It can be applied to many languages and character sets. As it incorporates new vocabulary and morphemes, the set of transliterations and corruptions increases. As the cipher was originally based upon English and the Latin alphabet, it is possible to derive a very basic set of common transliterations and corruptions. Leet speak is also known to some as n00bish (a language used primarily by chat/forum noobs).

Common transliterations

The cipher itself is highly dynamic, and subject to stylistic interpretation. A simple list of transliterations follows:

A B C D E * F G H I * J K L * M N O P Q R * S T * U V W X Y Z *
4
/\
@
/-\
^
aye
∂ 		8

13
|3
ß
P>
|:
!3
(3
/3
)3 		[
¢
<
(
© 		)
|o
[)
I>
|>
 ?
T)
I7 		3
&
£
ë
[-
|=- 		|=
ƒ
|#
ph
/= 		6
&
(_+
9
C-
gee
(γ,
[,
{,
(. 		#
/-/
[-]
]-[
)-(
(-)
 :-:
|~|
|-|
]~[
}{
]-[
 ?
}-{ 		1
 !
¡
|
eye
3y3
][
] 		_|
_/
¿
</
(/ 		X
|<
|{
]{ 		1
£
7
1_
|
|_ 		|v|
[V]
{V}
em
AA
|\/|
/\/\
(u)
(V)
(\/)
/|\
^^
/|/|
//\ 		^/
|\|
/\/
[\]
<\>
{\}
[]\
// []
/V
₪ 		0
()
oh
[]
p 		|*
|o
|º
 ?
|^(o)
|>
|"
9
[]D
|̊
|7 		(_,)
()_
0_
<| 		2
|?
/2
|^
lz
®
[z
12
Я
|2
.- 		5
$
z
§
ehs
es 		7
+
-|-
1
']['
† 		(_)
|_|
v
L| 		\/
\/\/
vv
'//
\\'
\^/
(n)
\V/
\X/
\|/
\_|_/
\_:_/
Ш 		><
Ж
}{
ecks
×
χ
)( 		j
`/
Ч 		2
-/_
 %
>_
* Note the use of 7 for either L or T, the use of 2 for either R or Z, the use of £ for either E or L, and the use of 1 for either I, L, or T.

J, Q, and Y typically are not transliterated and are often used as themselves. There are some common Leet alternatives for other sounds, e.g. "ck" is often replaced with an "x" (based on the Greek letter Chi) as in "hax0r" and "sux0rs" (hacker and sucks/suckers). Sometimes an "0r" is added in place of "er".

Additionally, letters in the middle of words may be transposed. This has become the subject of some discussion in the linguistics community [1]. People seem to be able to discern meaning from words in which the first and last morphemic letters are correctly placed, even if some of the intervening letters are incorrectly placed.

While the intentional transposition of letters in language is novel [citation needed] Davis and Rawlinson have demonstrated that readers of most languages are capable of understanding the meaning of a word, provided complex phonemes and diphthongs are not corrupted. Because the meaning is easily conveyed, even with severe corruption of the original wording, the transpositions and substitutions can become quite elaborate.

Word endings

Use of "x0r" and "z0r"

The suffix "-x0r" (also "-z0r", or other variations thereof) can be used, like the standard English -er and -or, to derive an agent noun from a verb, such as "pwnx0r" or "hax0r", meaning one who pwns or hacks, respectively. It can also be suffixed to the stem of any verb, with no apparent change in meaning. The resulting verbs can be conjugated as regular English verbs.

In the phrase "r0x0r j00r b0x0rz", "b0x0rz" may not refer to "boxers" (i.e. underwear) but might refer to "boxes" (in computer slang: computers, though boxen or b0x3n may be more commonly used in this context). The more naïve interpretation "rocks your boxers" is still meaningful, however, as the sentiment is much the same and is often used to carry a connotation that one was 'rocked' so hard they felt it in their boxer shorts. This is also similar to the phrase "to scare one's pants off".

An increasingly common use of the "-xor" is changing its grammatical usage to be deliberately incorrect. Instead of using "Bob r0x0r", "Bob am teh r0x0r" or "Bob are teh r0x0r" is deliberately used to increase the level of irony and to separate it from less ironic, true Leet. This deliberate misspelling is similar to the cult following of the All your base are belong to us phrase. Indeed, the online and computer communities have been international from their inception, so that spellings and phrases typical of non-native speakers are quite common.

Due to the phonetic sound of "xor" (ksor), Leet speakers quickly began using "zor" and "zorz" as well and in similar context. "zorz" however is often used on the end of every major word in a sentence for comedic effect such as "H0ly sh1tz0rz j00 0wnzorzed him upz0r!1"

Also, using "ri" in combination with "xor" brings about long suffixes for higher levels of irony (e.g., "I am t3h sux0rix0rage"). Additionally, the suffix "-izzle" may be added to words in the same way as "zor," "xor," and similar may be used. This practice entered the popular culture based upon rapper Snoop Dogg's use of the term.

Use of the -age suffix

Many times, a verb will be changed into a noun simply by adding -age in addition to adding 'ness' to the end of an adjective, such as speak becoming speakage or leet becoming leetage, as in "1 k//0w 1337//355 5p34k4g3" (I know leetness speakage) or "h15 pwn4g3 sh00d b3 ph34r3d" (His pwnage or ownage, should be feared). The addition of this suffix to the lexicon of popular culture is attributed to Pauly Shore.

Due to the fluid nature of Leet, such (derived) nouns can subsequently be used (again) as verbs: "h3 pwn4g3d m3," for example.

Other variations include phrases such as "I am t3h pwnage" (I am the ownage), signifying that the person saying this believes he is highly skilled, and "tht was t3h suck4ge" (That was the suckage), i.e. "that sucked".

Words ending in -ed

Words ending in -ed may have -t substituted. A common example of this would be pwned -> pwnt. This should not be confused with misspellings such as samrt for smart. Additionally, it is fairly common for the e to be dropped, being replaced by an apostrophe (Ex: pwned -> pwn'd).

Grammar

Leet, like other hacker slang, enjoys a looser grammar than standard English. The loose grammar, just like loose spelling, encodes some of the level of emphasis, ironic or otherwise, a reader must rely more on intuitive parsing of Leet to determine the meaning of a sentence rather than the actual sentence structure. In particular, speakers of Leet are fond of verbing nouns, turning verbs into nouns (and back again) as forms of emphasis (e.g. "Bob rocks" is weaker than "Bob r0xx0rz" (spelling) is weaker than "Bob is t3h r0xx0r" (grammar)). Leet, like in other hacker slang, employs overgeneralization in construction of new words. For example, if "h4xx0r3d" is the past tense of the verb "to hack" (hack->haxxor->haxxored), then "bl0wz0r3d" would be easily understood to be the past tense conjugation of "to blow", even if the reader had not seen that particular word before (e.g: "I g0+ t3h qu4d damag3 4nd bl0wz0r3d h1m up!!1"). "Pwnz0r3d" is used often in the same way as owned hence "1 pwnz0r3d his @$5 L4s+ N1gh+ on C$" (I "pwned" his ass last night on CS (Counter-Strike))

Also, any word ending in -xor (eg h4xx0r) can be construed as a noun, thus rendering "I @m t3h h@xx0r" grammatically correct.

Thirdly, the 'xx' in haxxor can also mean 'ck' Thus, hackor

Rhyming and rhythm

While Leet is not generally spoken, it can be deemed close to stress-timed. Care is taken by users of Leet to combine similarly timed words, or to encipher words into ways such that they have a common rhythm or rhyme. The archetypal example of this is the phrase "roffle my woffles" (note both spelling error, "woffle", and word timing) (roffle my woffles is derived from roflmfao). Other examples would be "r0xed j00r s0x" (in this case, only matching sounds). Leet can be highly lyrical and stylistic (even poetic) the way a typical pidgin language can be.

Over-exclamation and other emphasis

Another common feature of Leet is over-exclamation, where a sentence is postfixed with many exclamation marks: pHu><x0|2z j00 L4yMUr!!!!!!!!!!

In some cases, because the exclamation symbol (!) resides on the same key as the number one ("1"), over-exclamation can be accidentally typed with extraneous digits, owing to the excitement of the typist: y0 d00d th1s 5h1zZ47 R0Xx0rzZ!!!!!11. This was especially likely in the context of online multiplayer games, such as Quake. Some sarcastically take the exclamation even further and replace some of the digits with words: "y0 d00d th1s 5h1zZ47 RoXx0rzZ!!!!!!11eleven1111one". Some Leet speakers purposely type exactly one "1" for every 3 "!"s. This is an action satirical of newbies (n00bs) and users of AOL speak who let go of the shift key too soon, causing some of their intended exclamation marks to become the number 1.

Other common typos and uses, whether intentional or otherwise, are the use of the adjacent ~ (tilde) and @ keys; the number 4 (from Hungarian Leet speakers using "Shift + 4" for "!"); the intentional typing of the words "one," "eleven," "eleventyone", and other similar actions. Along this line is the misspelling of "?" following the same line of "!" The most common being "/" and "slash", as in: W@t r j00 ta1kin b0u+, n00b???//??/?SLASH//?QUESTIONMARK? ("What are you talking about newb?") A similar derivation comes from the location of the Z key next to the left shift. When typing words such as OMG or OMFG, it has become common to instead type zOMFG or ZOMFG to simulate the accidental typing of the Z in an effort to press the shift key.

In addition to variations on punctuation-based emphasis, it is common to combine two (or more) words and capitalize them to show emphasis. Perhaps most common would be the combination of "omg" and "wtf" to produce "OMGWTF". Also common is "NOWAY/NOWAI" (from "no way"). Constructions such as these are frequently reduced to abbreviations when their use becomes frequent, and repeated typing becomes time consuming (such as "holy fucking shit" -> "HOLYFUCKINGSHIT" -> "HFS!").

As with most alternate Leet spellings or grammar, inclusion of these traits in a sentence is often done on purpose. The intent is typically to either lighten the mood, strengthen a point (by mocking someone who may not be party to the discussion), or convey a sense of irony, depending on the context.

Vocabulary

Main article: Internet slang

Many words originally derived from Leet slang have now become part of the modern Internet slang, such as "pwned". The primary driving force of new vocabulary in Leet is the need to describe new phenomena. Another force is common (intentional) misspelling such as "teh", and especially the "z" at the end of words ("skillz"). Another prominent example of a surviving Leet expression is the ever-popular "w00t" (now sometimes purposely done as w0t0). Gamers in particular may use Leet in a sarcastic manner, e.g. "ph34/2 m`/ 1337 sk1llz" ("Fear my leet skills"), as the practice is frowned upon by the community.

Additionally, new words (or corruptions thereof) may arise from a need to make one's username unique. As Internet gaming reaches more people, the number of names available to a given user is drastically reduced. While many users may wish to have the username "Muad'Dib", in many cases it is only possible for one user to have the moniker. As such, degradations of the name may evolve, such as "M00ad'd33b" and so on. As the Leet cipher is highly dynamic, there are virtually limitless combinations of phonemes and transliterations.

In addition to the common transliterations and enciphering, misspelling (intentionally) is particularly prevalent in Leet dialects.

Frequently, common typing errors are also absorbed. Transposition of adjacent characters is a common construction (make -> maek, you -> yuo, is -> si). Other common misspellings now standard in Leet are:

  • "evar", "evah", and "eva" for "ever." Generally used the phrase "Worst. <something>. Evar." (Worst. Game. Evar.) This construct is largely credited as a reference to a phrase oft uttered by The Comic Book Guy, a recurring character on The Simpsons, which itself is a reference to a complaint uttered about the quality of the show by participants in the alt.tv.simpsons newsgroup.
  • German "ist" for "is" has crept into Leet, including English encipherings. Frequently used with word "death". (mp3 ist death.) Also, "krieg" — German for "war" — in this context means, approximately, "favourable". (mp3 ist krieg).
  • Uber (from German über "above", "over") has also made its way into gaming communities to represent a quality of superiority. It usually appears as a prefix attached to adjectives ("His rushes are uberquick") although it is occasionally used as a standalone descriptor ("Her playing style is uber").
  • "smrt" or "samrt" for "smart" (The former may also be an intentional reference to an episode of The Simpsons in which Homer misspells smart in song whilst burning his high school diploma: "I am so smart! I am so smart! S-M-R-T! I mean S-M-A-R-T!")
  • "teh" or "t3h" for "the". "Teh" is the archetypal example of Leet's letter-transposition construction. Additionally, "teh" may have a different grammatical function from "the". Consider the following: "I rock" versus "I am teh r0xx0r." "Teh" is often used to show sarcasm, carrying far less seriousness than the traditional "The". Other examples of 'teh are 'I am teh back', 'Teh song pwns' and 'teh book of d00m'.
  • "gom" for "omg" for "oh my god/gosh!". Originating from gomgomgom in which the user moved the last g to the beginning.
  • "r" for "are", "y" for "why" and "u" for "you," although this is also (possibly more often) considered to be chatroom speak, and mocked.

Kekeke

It is widely believed that the expression "kekeke" comes from Korean players of StarCraft. It is an onomatopoetic Korean phrase similar to the English "hahaha", Spanish "jajaja" or Japanese "huhuhu", and is meant to express laughter. It is often used in-game as an expression of exaltation or as a form of mockery. Commonly, it is associated with a simple Starcraft tactic that involves massing a large number of units and using them to rush an enemy base before an opponent is sufficiently prepared to defend. This is often called a Zerg Rush, after the Starcraft faction for whom the tactic was created. The phrase "OMG Zerg Rush! kekeke!!" is sometimes used outside of the game to indicate any form of overwhelming or swarming force.

Some English speakers use "kekeke" as a form of laughing, although it is still primarily used by Korean speakers.

The phrase also occurs on the MMORPG World of Warcraft, although its origin is completely different. There are two major factions in the game which 'speak' different languages. All chat text entered by a member of one faction will appear jumbled to a member of the other, and vice versa. As a result, members of the Alliance faction will see "kek" when a member of the Horde faction had typed "lol". This is often extended, and "lolololol" becomes "kekekekeke". This has become an in-joke amongst World of Warcraft players.

The term has also found its way to public chat channels on Battle.net.

Kekeke is also used as an "evil laugh" and is used by players using devious tactics and/or playing evil characters. This usage may have its roots in the laugh of Kefka, the main villain from Final Fantasy VI.

Pwn

Main article: pwn

Pwn refers to the domination of a player in a video game (rather than just a win). There are several commonly accepted theories about its origin, all of which referencing its derivation from the word own. The most obvious of these would be the misspelling of the word "own" (since "p" is located directly adjacent to the "o" on the normal English keyboard), but theories differ greatly.

Newbies, the nubcake, n00b, and nub

Main article: newbie

Within Leet, the term "newbie" (and derivations thereof) is used extensively. This is due in part to its origins as a means of segregating the "elite" echelon from outsiders. A contemporary derivative of "newbie" (or "n00b") is the "nubcake" (often spelled "nubcaek").

In primitive Leet as used on BBS systems in the 1980s and into the very early 1990s, the usual term was "greenie" which was derived from the cowboy slang "greenhorn." A variant was "Christmas greenies" which referred to the phenomenon where BBS systems were flooded with new members immediately following Christmas and Hanukkah because modems were a common holiday gift. If the greenie was young, the term "ruggie" (derived from "rugrat" meaning "child") might be used.

Suxxor or sux0rz

Suxxor is a derogatory term which originated in warez culture and currently used in computer gaming communities (such as Everquest and Counter-Strike). The word is a modified version of the verb to suck, and the meaning is roughly the same. There are two main uses, as a verb ("Dude, that suxxorz!") and as a noun ("You are teh suxxor."). They appeared independently: the verb version is antonymous to roxxor (leet for to rock), and a noun could be considered as a counterpart to "haxor" (leet for hacker). The pronunciation is "suck zor". Contrary to some claims, EverQuest's spell "Succor" has nothing to do with that word.

Alternate spellings: sux0r, suxx0r, s0xx0r.

Lol, Rofl, and derivatives thereof

Main article: Rofl
Main article: lol

Among the early Internet slang were "rofl," "lol," and others indicating an appreciation of humor. As such, derivations thereof quickly became incorporated into the Leet vocabulary. Leet is prone to corruptions of words to suit rhythm and rhyming. This, in addition to various plays on the word (such as "ROFLCOPTER," "LOLLERSKATES," "LOLipops," "lollercoaster," etc...) has led to the creation of phrases such as "roffle my woffles". Additionally, many people will say "lawl" in place of "lol" or otherwise phoneticize the acronym's pronounciation.

Parody

As leet has made inroads as a part of culture, so has the incidence of parody. However, one cannot ignore an early satire of spelling substitution commonly wrongly attributed to Mark Twain, A Plan for the Improvement of English Spelling, when considering such parodies.

See also

Terminology

Leet in the Internet Social Corpus

References

Vocabulary

  • Blashki, Katherine. "Game Geek's Goss: Linguistic Creativity In Young Males Within An Online University Forum (94/\/\3 933k'5 9055oneone)" (PDF). Australian Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society. 3 (2). Retrieved 6 March. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Bruce Sterling, The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier ISBN 055356370X.

Syntax and structure

Evolution, current state, and spread

Leet guides and instruction

Translation tools

Examples

  • F3ll0wsh1p of teh R1ng Tongue-in-cheek humorous rendition of Lord of the Rings as if it were a multiplayer shooter game (such as Counter-Strike).
  • Megatokyo The Does anyone speek 1337 episode of a popular online comic
  • The card game Magic: the Gathering has featured leet on two cards.

Examples: Niv-Mizzet and Magical Hacker

  1. ^ Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier ISBN 055356370X.
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