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Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2

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For the first satellite named Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3, see Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3.

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Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2 (Korean: 《광명성―3》호 2호기[1]; Hancha: 光明星3號2號機; RR: Gwangmyeongseong-3 ho 2-hogi; MR: Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 ho 2-hogi; English: Bright Star-3 Unit 2 or Lodestar-3 Unit 2) is the first North Korean satellite, an Earth observation spacecraft that was launched on 12 December 2012, 00:49 UTC, in order to replace the mission of the original Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3, which failed to reach orbit on 13 April 2012.[2] The governments of the United States, South Korea and Japan, still formally at war with North Korea, see the launch as a ballistic missile test, the media in Japan using the term "missile" rather than "Launch Vehicle".[3]

The launch came during the period when the DPRK was commemorating the first anniversary of the death of former leader Kim Jong-il and just before the first South Korean domestic launch of a satellite and the South Korean presidential election on 19 December 2012. The successful launch makes the DPRK the tenth space power capable of putting satellites in orbit using its own launch vehicles.

North Korea declared the launch successful, and the South Korean military and North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) reported that initial indications suggested that an object had achieved orbit.[4][5] North Korea had previously claimed the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1 and Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 launches successful,[6][7] despite American military sources confirming that they failed to achieve orbit.[8][9]

Etymology

The name “Kwangmyeongseong” is richly symbolic for North Korean nationalism and the Kim family cult. While Soviet records recount that the late North Korean leader Kim Jong-il was born in the village of Vyatskoye near Khabarovsk in the Russian Far East,[10] DPRK internal sources claim that Kim was born on Mount Baekdu and that on that day a bright lodestar ("kwangmyeongseong") appeared in the sky.[11]

Background

The launch of Kwangmyeongseong-3 was the fourth North Korean attempt to orbit a satellite, and North Korea claimed that two of the previous launches had placed their payloads into orbit despite several other countries confirming that the launches had failed, and no independent confirmation that the satellite was in orbit.[12] The first attempt occurred in August 1998, with a Baekdusan carrier rocket attempting to launch Kwangmyeongseong-1; the second occurred in April 2009 with Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2, and the third in April 2012 with the original Kwangmyeongseong-3. The April 2012 launch was the only one which North Korea acknowledged to have failed.

The launch made North Korea the tenth country to place a satellite into orbit using an indigenously developed carrier rocket,[13] after the Soviet Union, the United States of America, France, Japan, the People's Republic of China, the United Kingdom, India, Israel and Iran.

Pre-launch announcement

The launch was announced on 1 December 2012, when the Korean Central News Agency reported that the Korean Committee of Space Technology informed them that they "[plan] to launch another working satellite, second version of Kwangmyeongseong-3, manufactured by its own efforts and with its own technology, true to the behests of leader Kim Jeong-il," with a prospective launch window of 10–22 December 2012 given. The launcher splashdown zones were reported to the International Maritime Organization, indicating a polar orbit was intended.[14]

On 8 December 2012, KCNA reported that the KCST answered the "question raised by KCNA, as regards the launch of the second version of Kwangmyeongseong-3 satellite" and also reported that the launch period was extended to the 29th of December 2012.

Satellite

North Korea said the satellite would estimate crop yields and collect weather data as well as assess the country's forest coverage and natural resources. It also said the satellite weighed about 100 kg (220 lbs) and that its planned lifetime was about two years.[15]

Launch

Satellite ground track of Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2, 14 December 2012

On 12 December 2012, Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 was launched from the Sohae Satellite Launching Ground at 00:49:46 UTC (09:49 KST).[16] The North American Aerospace Defense Command was able to track the rocket at this time. The first stage impacted the ocean 200 kilometres (120 mi) off the west coast of South Korea at 00:58, with the fairing coming down one minute later 100 kilometres (62 mi) downrange. At 01:01, the rocket flew over Okinawa, with the second stage impacting 300 kilometres (190 mi) east of the Philippines four minutes later.[16][17] During the ascent the rocket performed a dog-leg manoeuvre to increase its inclination sufficiently to attain sun-synchronous orbit.

The satellite was deployed into a sun-synchronous polar orbit with an apogee of 584 kilometres (363 mi), a perigee of 499 kilometres (310 mi), 97.4 degrees of orbital inclination, and an orbital period of 95 minutes and 29 seconds.[18] The spacecraft separated from the rocket's third stage at 00:59:13; nine minutes and 27 seconds after liftoff.

The U.S. Space Command began to track three objects from the launch, giving Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 the Satellite Catalog Number 39026 and the international designator 2012-072A.[19] They later began tracking a fourth object that was related to the launch.

The following day, U.S. officials tracking the satellite reported that it appeared to be "tumbling out of control" in its orbit.[20] However South Korean sources said that the satellite was orbiting normally[21]

Reaction

At noon local time, the Korean Central News Agency released a news report on the launch:

Pyongyang, December 12 (KCNA) -- The second version of satellite Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 successfully lifted off from the Sohae Space Center in Cholsan County, North Phyongan Province by carrier rocket Unha-3 on Wednesday.

The satellite entered its preset orbit.

— KCNA

The report was followed by a more detailed report later in the afternoon stating:

Scientists and technicians of the DPRK successfully launched the second version of satellite Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 into its orbit by carrier rocket Unha-3, true to the last instructions of leader Kim Jong Il.

Carrier rocket Unha-3 with the second version of satellite Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 atop blasted off from the Sohae Space Center in Cholsan County, North Phyongan Province at 09:49:46 on December 12, Juche 101(2012). The satellite entered its preset orbit at 09:59:13, 9 minutes and 27 seconds after the lift-off.

The satellite is going round the polar orbit at 499.7 km perigee altitude and 584.18 km apogee altitude at the angle of inclination of 97.4 degrees. Its cycle is 95 minutes and 29 seconds.

The scientific and technological satellite is fitted with survey and communications devices essential for the observation of the earth.

The successful launch of the satellite is a proud fruition of the Workers' Party of Korea's policy of attaching importance to the science and technology. It is also an event of great turn in developing the country's science, technology and economy by fully exercising the independent right to use space for peaceful purposes.

At a time when great yearnings and reverence for Kim Jong Il pervade the whole country, its scientists and technicians brilliantly carried out his behests to launch a scientific and technological satellite in 2012, the year marking the 100th birth anniversary of President Kim Il Sung.

— KCNA

Government vans with loudspeakers brought the news of the success of Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 to the people in Pyongyang and there have been celebrations around the city.[22][23] On 14 December state television in North Korea broadcast images of hundreds of thousands of people celebrating the successful launch in Pyongyang's central square, while military and scientific personnel gave speeches. According to the news report, Kim Jong-Un had ordered more satellite launches after achieving orbit with Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3.[24]

International response

Countries

  •  Australia - Prime minister Julia Gillard labelled the launch as a "provocative and irresponsible act", and a violation of United Nations Security Council resolutions.[25]
  •  Brazil - The Itamaraty issued a statement condemning the rocket launch and called for North Korea to "comply in full with the applicable resolutions of the U.N. Security Council" and asked for the resuming of negotiations "on peace and security in the Korean Peninsula".[26]
  •  Bulgaria - The Foreign ministry described the launch as "a clear violation of the international obligations of the DPRK" and urged North Korea to refrain from further actions that could lead to the "isolation of the country".[27]
  •  Canada - Canada condemned the missile launch, and Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird stated that North Korea's actions "clearly demonstrate its wilful defiance of its international obligations". He also added that the regime has shown disregard for its people by funding military and nuclear programs before providing basic necessities for its citizens.[28]
  •  People's Republic of China - The Foreign ministry expressed concerns and "hope[d] parties concerned can take a long-term perspective, deal with this calmly and appropriately, avoid taking actions that may further escalate the situation, and jointly maintain the peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula and in the region as a whole."[29]
  •  Colombia - Colombia, in consonance with the United Nations Security Council, being a non-permanent member on the time of the launch, and having ratified the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, condemns the launch of the rocket Unha-3 executed by the DPRK via a press release from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Colombia also noted that "the DPRK breaches the resolution 1718 of 2006 as well as 1874 of 2009," and urges it to comply the resolutions noting that "such act affects the stability in the Korean Peninsula as well as international peace and security."[30]
  •  Hungary - The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is deeply concerned about the implemented rocket launch. The launching is a clear violation of the country’s international obligations and UN Security Council Resolution 1718 and 1874. Hungary calls upon the DPRK to abide by its international obligations especially as it is defined by the relevant UN Security Council Resolutions. Hungary also urges the DPRK to refrain from any destabilising actions that could further increase tensions in the region.[31]
  •  India - India's Ministry of External Affairs condemned the launch, saying it was concerned that 'unwarranted action' by North Korea would impact the stability of the whole peninsula, and noting that it was a violation of U.N. Security Council Resolution 1874.[32]
  •  Iran - General Masoud Jazaeri, a senior military official, congratulated the launch, saying that "experience has shown that independent countries, by self-confidence and perseverance, can quickly reach the height of self-sufficiency in science and technology. Hegemonic powers, such as the United States, are unable to stop the progress of such countries."[33]
  •  Japan - Government spokesman Osamu Fujimura condemned the launch, saying that "it is extremely regrettable that North Korea went through with the launch despite our calls to exercise restraint. Our country cannot tolerate this. We strongly protest to North Korea."[34]
  •  Romania - The Ministry of Foreign Affairs strongly condemned the launch, stating that North Korea "blatantly encroached upon the UN Security Council resolutions" and adding that "Romania, throughout its mandate of Local Representation of the EU in Pyongyang in the second half of 2012, has repeatedly conveyed messages to the DPRK authorities [...] demanding that Pyongyang refrain from any action affecting peace and security in North-East Asia."[35]
  •  Russian Federation - The Foreign ministry released a statement stating "The new rocket launch carried out by North Korea [flouts] the opinion of the international community, including calls from the Russian side, and leaves us with deep regret."[36]
  •  South Korea - Foreign Minister Kim Sung-hwan strongly denounced the launch, saying that "North Korea ignored repeated warnings and demands by the international community" and that "it should bear grave responsibility for the launch as the U.N. Security Council warned with its presidential statement in April."[34]
  •  Taiwan - Via a spokesperson, President Ma Ying-jeou expressed that "the two North Korean rocket tests of this year have caused an uneasy situation in East Asia", and that he believed that such actions were unwise. It was also announced that Taiwan supported the international community in its opposition to North Korea's actions.[37]
  •  United Kingdom - Foreign Secretary William Hague stated that he "deplore[d] the fact that the DPRK has chosen to prioritise this launch over improving the livelihood of its people".[38]
  •  United States of America - A spokesman for the National Security Council described the launch as "another example of North Korea's pattern of irresponsible behavior"[39] and called for "a clear message to North Korea that its violations of U.N. Security Council resolutions have consequences."[38]
  •  Vietnam - Foreign Ministry’s Spokesperson Luong Thanh Nghi stressed " We expect relevant parties will not take actions harmful to the region’s peace and stability and strictly observe the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874".[40]

Organizations

References

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  2. ^ "North Korea defies warnings to launch rocket". BBC. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  3. ^ "North Korea launches rocket in defiance of critics". Reuters. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  4. ^ "North Korea reports successful launch of controversial rocket". MSN/NBC.
  5. ^ "NORAD acknowledges missile launch". North American Aerospace Defense Command. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  6. ^ Encyclopedia Astronautica. "1998.08.31 - Kwangmyongsong 1". Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  7. ^ "N.Korea says it successfully launched satellite". Reuters. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  8. ^ United States Northern Command. "NORAD and USNORTHCOM monitor North Korean launch". Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  9. ^ "North Korea space launch 'fails'". BBC. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  10. ^ "Profile: Kim Jong-il". BBC News. 16 January 2009. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  11. ^ Wen, Philip (14 April 2012). "US stops food aid to North Korea after rocket explodes". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  12. ^ Wade, Mark. "1998.08.31 - Kwangmyŏngsŏng 1". Encyclopedia Astronautica.
  13. ^ "North Korea successfully launches satellite". PressTV. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  14. ^ David Wright (4 December 2012). "North Korea Gives Location of Splashdown Zones, Begins Assembling Rocket". Union of Concerned Scientists. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  15. ^ By AdminGMT (29 March 2012). ""N. Korea Reveals Details of Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Satellite", NK News, 29 March 2012". Nknews.org. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  16. ^ a b Riviera, Gloria (12 December 2012). "US Calls North Korea Rocket Launch a 'Provocative Act'". ABC News. Retrieved 13 December 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Aning, Jerome (13 December 2012). "North Korea rocket parts plunge east of Luzon". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 13 December 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Fisher, Max (12 December 2012). "How did North Korea fix its rocket program so quickly?". The Washington Post. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  19. ^ "American space expert says satellite launch a 'perfect success for North Korea'". The Washington Post. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  20. ^ North Korean satellite 'tumbling out of control' - NBCNews.com, 12 December 2012.
  21. ^ "North Korean satellite 'orbiting normally' after rocket launch". The Guardian. 13 December 2012.
  22. ^ "N Koreans speak of 'pride' over banned rocket launch". BBC. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  23. ^ "North Korea Rocket Launch: Celebrations In Pyonyang". news article. Huffington Post, Associated Press. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  24. ^ "North Korea celebrates rocket launch". SBS News Australia. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  25. ^ 2012-12-12, Gillard slams North Korea rocket launch, The Sydney Morning Herald
  26. ^ "Lançamento de Foguete pela Coreia do Norte". Ministry of External Relations of Brazil. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  27. ^ "Concerning today's long-range missile launch by the DPRK". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  28. ^ "Canada condemns North Korea's 'wilful defiance' after rocket launch". National Post. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  29. ^ "DPRK succeeds in satellite launch, draws protests". Xinhua News Agency. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  30. ^ "COMUNICADO DE PRENSA SOBRE EL LANZAMIENTO DEL COHETE REALIZADO POR LA REPÚBLICA POPULAR DEMOCRÁTICA DE COREA (RPDC)". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores Republica de Colombia. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  31. ^ "Hungary Condemns DPRK's Rocket Launch". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Hungary. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  32. ^ "India joins in condemning North Korea's rocket launch". Rediff News. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  33. ^ "N. Korea's launch sparks worries about nukes, Iran and the Pacific". CNN. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  34. ^ a b "North Korea rocket: International reaction". BBC. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  35. ^ "MFA press release on launch by the DPRK of a satellite using ballistic missile technology". 12 December 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  36. ^ "Russia voices 'deep regret' over North Korea rocket launch". Reuters. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  37. ^ "北韓發射火箭　馬英九總統：不智！". NOW News. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  38. ^ a b Branigan, Tania (12 December 2012). "North Korea rocket launch provokes widespread condemnation". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  39. ^ Jackson, David (12 December 2012). "U.S. condemns North Korea missile launch". USA Today. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  40. ^ http://news.gov.vn/Home/VN-raises-concern-over-DPRKs-coming-satellite-lauch/201212/16474.vgp
  41. ^ "NATO calls North Korea rocket launch "provocative"". 12 December 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  42. ^ "North Korea rocket: International reaction". BBC. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.

External links

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