Royal Rumble
The Royal Rumble is a professional wrestling pay-per-view event, produced every January by professional wrestling promotion WWE.[1] The event was created in 1988 with the inaugural event held on January 24, 1988 at the Copps Coliseum in Hamilton, Ontario. The event however was not a pay-per-view but was originally shown as a television special on USA Network. The following year's event was the first Royal Rumble pay-per-view event. The first Royal Rumble match was won by Jim Duggan. The event's main feature is a Battle Royal-type match,[2] entitled the Royal Rumble. The pay-per-view is a part of WWE's "Big Four", along with WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series.[3] The Royal Rumble has been classified as being one of WWE's most popular pay-per-view events.[4]
History
Match
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/WWE_Royal_Rumble_match_in_2009.jpg/220px-WWE_Royal_Rumble_match_in_2009.jpg)
The match is based on the classical Battle Royal match, in which a number of wrestlers aim at eliminating their competitors by tossing them over the top rope, with both feet touching the floor.[1][2][5] The winner of the event is the last wrestler remaining after all others have been eliminated.[1][4]
The Royal Rumble differs from the classical Battle Royal as the thirty contestants do not enter the ring at the same time but instead are assigned entry numbers, usually via a lottery, although they can win guaranteed, desirable spots via a number of other means, the most common being winning a match. This usually takes place before the Rumble begins.[1] The match begins with the two wrestlers who have drawn entry numbers one and two, with the remaining 28 wrestlers entering the ring at regular timed intervals, either ninety seconds or two minutes, according to their entry number.[1] These rules are credited to Pat Patterson.[6]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Stone_Cold_Steve_Austin.jpg/175px-Stone_Cold_Steve_Austin.jpg)
The match has no stipulations or rules other than that elimination must occur by a participant being placed over the top rope and both feet touching the floor. A wrestler who only touches the floor with one foot is not eliminated from the match, a nuance which was invoked in the 1995 Rumble match, allowing Shawn Michaels to re-enter the ring and win the match. Subsequently, a wrestler who exits the ring without going over the top rope is not eliminated from the contest. For example, during the 1999 Rumble match, both Vince McMahon and Steve Austin left the ring, only to return later in the match.[8] In the 1994 match, the last two participants Bret Hart and Lex Luger were declared co-winners when it was decided that both of their feet touched the floor at exactly the same time.[9] A similar situation occurred in the 2005 match, however the match was restarted after Batista and John Cena eliminated each other at the same time. Batista eliminated Cena afterwards to win the match.[10] Though various referees are charged with observing the match, some eliminations have remained unnoticed with the eliminated participant sneaking back into the ring to continue. For example, Stone Cold Steve Austin was eliminated this way during the 1997 event but re-entered and eventually won the match.[11]
The reward for the 1992 Royal Rumble was the WWF Championship.[12] The tradition of granting a WWE Championship match at WrestleMania started in 1993.[13] Despite being introduced in late 2002, it was not until 2004 that a winner had the option to choose a match for the World Heavyweight Championship instead of the WWE Championship at WrestleMania.[13] With the revival of the ECW World Championship in mid-2006, the title became a third option for the winner to choose since the 2007 event.[14] From 2001 to 2007, the Royal Rumble match winner had gone on to win a World Championship title at WrestleMania.[7] After winning the 2008 match, John Cena became the first winner to use his championship opportunity at an event (No Way Out 2008) other than WrestleMania.[15] He also became the first man since The Rock in 2000 to win the Royal Rumble match but fail to win the title in his championship opportunity as a result.
The Rumble winner may also put his championship opportunity on the line in a match, if he chooses. This was first done in 1996, when Shawn Michaels risked his WrestleMania 12 title shot in a match against Owen Hart at In Your House 6. The second time that this happened was in 1999, when Stone Cold Steve Austin offered to forfeit his title opportunity to the Big Boss Man, who won third place in the Rumble (Austin was actually the runner-up in that rumble, but the winner - Vince McMahon himself - had voluntarily given up his title opportunity) if Vince McMahon could beat him in a cage match at St. Valentine's Day Massacre: In Your House, which Austin would go on to win. The third time that this happened was in 2002, when Kurt Angle convinced Triple H to put his WrestleMania 18 main event spot on the line at No Way Out, which Triple H lost to Angle. However, he would go on to defeat Angle and regain his main event spot at Wrestlemania. The fourth time this happened was in 2006, when Randy Orton goaded Rey Mysterio into putting his main event spot at WrestleMania 22 on the line at No Way Out, which Orton would go on to win. Mysterio was eventually reinserted into the main event at WrestleMania and went on to win the World Championship match.
Event
The Royal Rumble is a pay-per-view consisting of the Royal Rumble match, championship matches, and various other matches. The first Royal Rumble took place on January 24, 1988 and was broadcast live on the USA Network.[16] The following year, the event was rebranded as a pay-per-view.[17] It is part of WWE's "classic four" pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, Survivor Series, and SummerSlam.[18]
The Royal Rumble match is usually located at the top of the card, though there have been exceptions such as the 1996, 1997, 1998 and 2006 events.[19] Due to the Rumble match taking up a large amount of time (most Rumble matches last roughly one hour), the Rumble event tends to have a smaller card than most other pay-per-view events, which routinely have six to eight matches per card.
The first Rumble match featured only twenty men,[20] and it was called the Rumble Royale.[16] It lasted approximately thirty-three minutes of the two-hour broadcast.[7] The modern Rumble matches are much longer, with the longest match, at the 2002 event, lasting over one hour and nine minutes of an approximately three-hour pay-per-view.[7]
With the brand extension introduced in mid-2002, the 30 entrants from 2003 to 2006 consisted of 15 wrestlers from both the Raw and SmackDown brands. At first, the winner of the match received a shot at their brand's champion.[21] Starting in 2004, the Rumble winner had the option of challenging any brand's champion.[13] For instance, Chris Benoit switched brands in 2004 and won the World Heavyweight Championship.[13] From 2007 to 2010, participants from the ECW brand competed along with the Raw and SmackDown brands, while the ECW World Championship became available for the winner to challenge for regardless of their designated brand.[14] During ECW's participation, the entries for each brand were not evenly divided.[22]
The 2008 Royal Rumble was the first WWE pay-per-view to be available in high-definition.[23]
Dates, venues, and winners
(*) - This Rumble featured 20 participants
(**) - This Rumble featured 40 participants
Royal Rumble records
Most Rumble Victories
Wrestler | Royal Rumble Wins | Year |
---|---|---|
Steve Austin | 3 | 1997, 1998, 2001[84] |
Hulk Hogan | 2 | 1990, 1991 |
Shawn Michaels | 2 | 1995, 1996 |
Longest Time Spent in a Single Royal Rumble
Top ten longest time in the single match. As of the 2012 Royal Rumble.
Wrestler | Time | Year |
---|---|---|
Rey Mysterio | 1:02:12 | 2006[85] |
Chris Benoit | 1:01:30 | 2004[85] |
Bob Backlund | 1:01:10 | 1993[85] |
Triple H | 1:00:09 | 2006 |
Ric Flair | 59:36 | 1992[85] |
Steve Austin | 56:38 | 1999 |
Vince McMahon | 56:38 | 1999 |
Kane | 54:49 | 2001 |
Rick Martel | 52:17 | 1991[85] |
The Rock | 51:32 | 1998 |
Shortest Time Spent in a Single Royal Rumble
Only wrestlers that spent less than 10 seconds in a single rumble are shown.
Wrestler | Time | Year |
---|---|---|
Santino Marella | 0:00:01.9 | 2009[85] |
The Warlord | 0:00:02 | 1989[85] |
Mo | 0:00:03 | 1995[85] |
Owen Hart | 0:00:03 | 1995[85] |
Bushwhacker Luke | 0:00:04 | 1991 |
Jerry Lawler | 0:00:04 | 1997 |
Gillberg | 0:00:07 | 1999 |
The Miz | 0:00:07 | 2007 |
Montel Vontavious Porter | 0:00:07 | 2010 |
Tazz | 0:00:10 | 2001 |
Longest Time Spent in Cumulative Royal Rumbles
As of the 2012 Royal Rumble.
Wrestler | Time |
---|---|
Triple H | 3:51:32[86] |
Shawn Michaels | 3:42:30[86] |
Most Eliminations in a Single Royal Rumble
Top wrestlers with most eliminations in a single match. As of the 2012 Royal Rumble.
Wrestler | # of Eliminations | Year |
---|---|---|
Kane | 11 | 2001[85][87] |
Hulk Hogan | 10 | 1989[85][88] |
Steve Austin | 10 | 1997[85][89] |
Shawn Michaels | 8 | 1996 |
Steve Austin | 8 | 1999 |
Shawn Michaels | 7 | 1995 |
John Cena | 7 | 2011 |
Hulk Hogan | 7 | 1991 |
Diesel | 7 | 1994 |
Steve Austin | 7 | 1998 |
Rikishi | 7 | 2000 |
The Undertaker | 7 | 2002 |
Steve Austin | 7 | 2002 |
The Great Khali | 7 | 2007 |
CM Punk | 7 | 2011 |
Yokozuna | 7 | 1993 |
Diva Entrants
Diva | Rumbles Entered |
---|---|
Chyna | 2 (1999,[48] 2000)[51] |
Beth Phoenix | 1 (2010)[79] |
Kharma | 1 (2012) |
Total Eliminations in Cumulative Royal Rumbles
The ten wrestlers with the most eliminations. As of the 2012 Royal Rumble.[90][verification needed]
Wrestler | # of Eliminations | Rumbles Entered |
---|---|---|
Shawn Michaels | 40 | 12[85][91] |
Kane[1] | 37 | 15[92] |
Steve Austin | 36 | 6[85] |
The Undertaker | 35 | 10 |
Hulk Hogan | 27 | 4 |
Triple H | 26 | 8 |
Big Show | 25 | 8 |
John Cena | 18 | 6 |
Randy Orton | 18 | 6 |
Edge | 17 | 6 |
^ Totals include Kane's previous personas as Isaac Yankem and the new Diesel.
Most Rumble Appearances
Only wrestlers with at least 7 appearances are shown. As of the 2012 Royal Rumble.
Wrestler | Rumbles Entered | First Rumble | Most Recent Rumble |
---|---|---|---|
Kane[2] | 15 | 1996 | 2011 |
Shawn Michaels | 12 | 1989 | 2010 |
Rikishi[3] | 10 | 1993 | 2004 |
The Undertaker | 10 | 1991 | 2009 |
Big Show | 9 | 2000 | 2012 |
Big Daddy V[4] | 9 | 1994 | 2008 |
Triple H[5] | 8 | 1996 | 2010 |
Shelton Benjamin | 8 | 2003 | 2010 |
Booker T[6] | 8 | 2002 | 2012 |
Billy Gunn | 7 | 1994 | 2004 |
Rick Martel | 7 | 1989 | 1995 |
Jake Roberts | 7 | 1988 | 1997 |
Owen Hart | 7 | 1993 | 1999 |
The Godfather[7] | 7 | 1993 | 2002 |
Hardcore Holly[8] | 7 | 1994 | 2008 |
Goldust | 7 | 1997 | 2009 |
Matt Hardy | 7 | 2001 | 2010 |
Mark Henry | 7 | 1998 | 2011 |
Chris Jericho | 7 | 2000 | 2012 |
^ Totals include Kane's previous personas as Isaac Yankem and the new Diesel.
^ Totals include Rikishi's previous personas as Fatu and the Sultan.
^ Totals include Triple H's previous personas as Hunter Hearst Helmsley.
^ Totals include Big Daddy V's previous personas as Mabel and Viscera.
^ Totals include The Godfather's previous personas as The Goodfather, Papa Shango, and Kama Mustafa.
^ Totals include Hardcore Holly's previous personas as Sparky Plugg and Bob "Spark Plugg" Holly.
^ Totals include Booker T's previous persona as King Booker.
Video box set
In March 2007, WWE released a complete DVD box set titled Royal Rumble: The Complete Anthology, which showcases every Royal Rumble event in its entirety, up to the 2007 Royal Rumble.[93]
See also
References
General
- "Royal Rumble Statistics". MondayNightWarriors.com. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
- "Royal Rumble results". ProWrestlingHistory.com. Retrieved 2007-12-05.
- Eric Cohen. Royal "Royal Rumble History". About.com. Retrieved 2007-12-09.
{{cite web}}
: Check|url=
value (help) - Ian Hamilton (2006). Wrestling's Sinking Ship: What Happens to an Industry Without Competition. Lulu.com. ISBN 1-4116-1210-8.
- Ric Flair (2004). Ric Flair: To Be the Man. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7434-5691-2.
- Brian Shields (2006). Main Event: WWE in the Raging 80s. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 1-4165-3257-9.
Specific
- ^ a b c d e "Specialty Matches: Royal Rumble". WWE. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
- ^ a b Waldman, Jon (2005-02-02). "Statistical survival - breaking down the Royal Rumble". SLAM! Wrestling. Retrieved 2007-12-09.
- ^ Ian Hamilton. Wrestling's Sinking Ship: What Happens to an Industry Without Competition (p.160)
- ^ a b Dale Plummer and Nick Tylwalk (2006-01-30). "Mysterio claims Rumble; Cena reigns again". SLAM! Wrestling. Retrieved 2007-12-09.
- ^ "Specialty Matches: Battle Royal". WWE. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
- ^ "Hall of Fame: Pat Patterson". WWE. Archived from the original on 2007-11-24. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
- ^ a b c d "Royal Rumble: Facts & Figures". WWE. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1999: Main Event". WWE. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1994: Main Event". WWE. Retrieved 2007-12-05.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1995: Main Event". WWE. Retrieved 2007-12-05.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1997: Main Event". WWE. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
Stone Cold was actually eliminated during the match, but the referees failed to detect it, so he sneaked back in.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1992: Main Event". WWE. Retrieved 2007-12-05.
- ^ a b c d Cohen, Eric (2007-04-25). "The Fate of the Royal Rumble Winner". About.com. Retrieved 2007-12-09.
- ^ a b Hoffman, Brett (2007-02-05). "Tickets punched for WrestleMania". WWE. Retrieved 2007-12-05.
- ^ "Randy Orton vs. John Cena (WWE Championship match): A battle for redemption with 'Mania implications". WWE. 2008-01-28. Archived from the original on 2008-02-01. Retrieved 2008-01-28.
- ^ a b Ric Flair. Ric Flair: To Be the Man (p.161)
- ^ "Royal Rumble results". ProWrestlingHistory.com. Retrieved 2007-12-05.
- ^ Brian Shields. Main Event: WWE in the Raging 80s (p.166)
- ^ Dale Plummer and Nick Tylwalk (2007-01-29). "Old guard dominates Rumble". SLAM! Wrestling. Retrieved 2007-12-09.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1988: Main Event". WWE. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
- ^ Powell, John (2004-01-26). "Benoit wins the 'Rumble'". SLAM! Wrestling. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
- ^ Louie Dee (2007-01-28). "A Phenom-enal Rumble". WWE. Retrieved 2007-12-05.
- ^ Clayton, Cory. "How do I get WWE HD on my HDTV". WWE. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1988 Results". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1988 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1989 Results". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1989 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1990 Results". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1990 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1991 Results". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1991 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1992 Results". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1992 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1993 Results". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1993 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1994 Results". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1994 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1995 Results". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1995 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1996 Results". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1996 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1997 Results". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1997 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1998 Results". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1998 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ Powell, John (1998-01-19). "Austin wins predictable Rumble". SLAM! Sports. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1999 Results". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ a b "Royal Rumble 1999 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ Gramlich, Chris (1998-01-25). "McMahon wins Rumble, Rock champ again". SLAM! Sports. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 2000 Results". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ a b "Royal Rumble 2000 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ Powell, John (1998-01-24). "Rocky wins the Rumble, A bloody Triple H defeats Cactus Jack". SLAM! Sports. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 2001 Results". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 2001 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ Powell, John (1998-01-22). "Surprises dominate Rumble 2001". SLAM! Sports. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 2002 Results". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 2002 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ Powell, John (1998-01-21). "Rumble 2002 stumbles, Triple H wins WrestleMania spot". SLAM! Sports. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 2003 Results". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 2003 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 2004 Results". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 2004 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ Powell, John (1998-01-26). "Benoit wins the 'Rumble'". SLAM! Sports. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 2005 Results". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 2005 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ Plummer, Dale (1998-01-31). "Batista claims the Rumble". SLAM! Sports. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 2006 Results". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 2006 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
- ^ Plummer, Dale (1998-01-30). "Mysterio claims Rumble; Cena reigns again". SLAM! Sports. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 2007 Results". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 2007 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
- ^ Plummer, Dale (1998-01-28). "Old guard dominates Rumble". SLAM! Sports. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 2008 Results". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 2008 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
- ^ Plummer, Dale (1998-01-28). "Cena wins Rumble in surprise return". SLAM! Sports. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 2009 Results". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 2009 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 2010 Results". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
- ^ a b "Royal Rumble 2010 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
- ^ a b Gerweck, Steve (2010-07-27). "Upcoming dates for WWE PPV events in 2011". WrestleView. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
- ^ "WWE presents Royal Rumble, 01-29-2012". WWE. 2011-12-11. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
- ^ "Scottrade Center Events: WWE Royal Rumble". Scottrade Center. 2011-12-11. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
- ^ "WWE Royal Rumble Coming to Phoenix". US Airways Center. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
- ^ http://www.wwe.com/shows/royalrumble/top-25-royal-rumble-match-statistics/page-3
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Royal Rumble Statistics and Facts". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
- ^ a b "Royal Rumble Statistics and Facts". Smark Out Moment.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 2001". WWE. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1989". WWE. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
- ^ "Royal Rumble 1997". WWE. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
- ^ "Royal Rumble Combined Stats". www.mondaynightwarriors.com. Retrieved 2010-02-10. [dead link]
- ^
"Royal Rumble 2011". http://www.mondaynightwarriors.com/other-royalrumblestats.php. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
{{cite web}}
: External link in
(help)|publisher=
- ^ Waldman, Jon (January 30, 2010). "The Royal Rumble stat pack". SLAM! Wrestling. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
- ^ "Royal Rumble: The Complete Anthology Box Set". WWE. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
Further reading
- Harley Race and Gerry Tritz (2004). King of the Ring: The Harley Race Story. Sports Publishing. ISBN 1-58261-818-6.
- Davies, Ross (2002). Kevin Nash. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8239-3492-6.
- Meltzer, Dave (2004). Tributes II: Remembering More of the World's Greatest Professional Wrestlers. Sports Publishing LLC. ISBN 1-58261-817-8.
- Brian Fritz and Christopher Murray (2006). Between the Ropes: Wrestling's Greatest Triumphs and Failures. ECW Press. ISBN 1-55022-726-2.
- Steve Austin and Jim Ross (2003). The Stone Cold Truth. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7434-7720-0.
- Scott Keith (2004). Wrestling's One Ring Circus: The Death of the World Wrestling Federation. Citadel Press. ISBN 0-8065-2619-X.
External links
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