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DisplayPort

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DisplayPort
DisplayPort connector
Type Digital audio/video connector
Production history
Designer VESA
Designed May 2006
Produced 2008–present
Superseded Digital Visual Interface
General specifications
Hot pluggable Yes
External Yes
Audio signal Optional; 1–8 channels, 16 or 24-bit linear PCM; 32 to 192 KHz sampling rate; maximum bitrate 36,864 kbit/s (4.608 MB/s)
Video signal Optional, maximum resolution limited by available bandwidth
Cable 3 meters for full bandwidth transmission over passive cable.
33 meters over active cable.[1]
Pins 20 pins for external connectors on desktops, notebooks, graphics cards, monitors, etc. and 30/20 pins for internal connections between graphics engines and built-in flat panels.
Electrical
Signal +3.3 V
Max. voltage 16.0 V
Max. current 0.5 Amp
Data
Data signal Yes
Bitrate 1.62, 2.7, or 5.4 Gbit/s data rate per lane; 1, 2, or 4 lanes; (effective total 5.184, 8.64, or 17.28 Gbit/s for 4-lane link); 1 Mbit/s or 720 Mbit/s for the auxiliary channel.
Protocol Mini-packet
Pinout
External connector (source-side) on PCB
Pin 1 ML_Lane 0 (p) Lane 0 (positive)
Pin 2 GND Ground
Pin 3 ML_Lane 0 (n) Lane 0 (negative)
Pin 4 ML_Lane 1 (p) Lane 1 (positive)
Pin 5 GND Ground
Pin 6 ML_Lane 1 (n) Lane 1 (negative)
Pin 7 ML_Lane 2 (p) Lane 2 (positive)
Pin 8 GND Ground
Pin 9 ML_Lane 2 (n) Lane 2 (negative)
Pin 10 ML_Lane 3 (p) Lane 3 (positive)
Pin 11 GND Ground
Pin 12 ML_Lane 3 (n) Lane 3 (negative)
Pin 13 CONFIG1 connected to Ground1)
Pin 14 CONFIG2 connected to Ground1)
Pin 15 AUX CH (p) Auxiliary Channel (positive)
Pin 16 GND Ground
Pin 17 AUX CH (n) Auxiliary Channel (negative)
Pin 18 Hot Plug Hot Plug Detect
Pin 19 Return Return for Power
Pin 20 DP_PWR Power for connector (3.3 V 500 mA)
  1. Pins 13 and 14 may either be directly connected to ground or connected to ground through a pulldown device.
  2. This is the pinout for source-side connector, the sink-side connector pinout will have lanes 0–3 reversed in order; i.e., lane 3 will be on pin 1(n) and 3(p) while lane 0 will be on pin 10(n) and 12(p).

DisplayPort is a digital display interface developed by the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA). The interface is primarily used to connect a video source to a display device such as a computer monitor, though it can also be used to carry audio, USB, and other forms of data.[2]

The VESA specification is royalty-free. VESA designed it to replace VGA, DVI, and FPD-Link. Backward compatibility to VGA and DVI by using active adapters, enables users to use DisplayPort fitted video sources without replacing existing display devices.

The first version, 1.0, was approved by VESA on May 3, 2006.[3] Version 1.1a was approved on April 2, 2007[4] followed by the current standard 1.2 on December 22, 2009.[5]

Overview

DisplayPort is the first display interface to rely on packetized data transmission, a form of digital communication found in other technologies like Ethernet, USB, and PCI Express. It allows both internal and external display connections, and unlike legacy standards where differential pairs are fixed to transmitting a clock signal with each output, the DisplayPort protocol is based on small data packets known as micro packets which can embed the clock signal within the data stream. The advantage is a lower number of pins to achieve higher resolutions.[6] The use of data packets also allows DisplayPort to be extensible, meaning additional features can be added over time without significant changes to the physical interface itself.[7]

DisplayPort can be used to transmit audio and video simultaneously, but each one is optional and can be transmitted without the other. The video signal path can have 6 to 16 bits per color channel, and the audio path can have up to 8 channels of 24-bit 192 kHz uncompressed PCM audio or can encapsulate compressed audio formats in the audio stream.[2] A bi-directional, half-duplex auxiliary channel carries device management and device control data for the Main Link, such as VESA EDID, MCCS, and DPMS standards. In addition, the interface is capable of carrying bi-directional USB signals.[8]

The DisplayPort signal is not compatible with DVI or HDMI. However, Dual-Mode DisplayPorts are designed to transmit a single-link DVI or HDMI 1.2/1.4 protocol across the interface through the use of an external passive adapter that selects the desired signal and converts the electrical signaling from LVDS to TMDS. Analog VGA and dual-link DVI require powered active adapters to convert the protocol and signal levels, and do not rely on Dual-Mode. VGA adapters are powered by the DisplayPort connector, while dual-link DVI adapters may rely on an external power source (see compatibility with HDMI, DVI and VGA).[9]

The DisplayPort connector can have 1, 2, or 4 differential data pairs (lanes) in a Main Link, each with a raw bit rate of 1.62, 2.7, or 5.4 Gbit/s per lane with self-clock running at 162, 270, or 540 MHz. Data is 8b/10b encoded where each 8 bits of information is encoded with a 10 bit symbol. So the effective data rates after decoding are 1.296, 2.16, and 4.32 Gbit/s per lane (or 80% of the total).

Versions

1.0 to 1.1

DisplayPort 1.0 allows a maximum of 8.64 Gbit/s data rate over a 2 meter cable.[10] DisplayPort 1.1 also allows devices to implement alternative link layers such as fiber optic, allowing a much longer reach between source and display without signal degradation,[11] although alternative implementations are not standardized. It also includes HDCP in addition to DisplayPort Content Protection (DPCP).

1.2

DisplayPort version 1.2 was approved on December 22, 2009. The most significant improvement of the new version is the doubling of the effective bandwidth to 17.28 Gbit/s in High Bit Rate 2 (HBR2) mode, which allows increased resolutions, higher refresh rates, and greater color depth. Other improvements include multiple independent video streams (daisy-chain connection with multiple monitors) called Multi-Stream Transport, facilities for stereoscopic 3D, increased AUX channel bandwidth (from 1 Mbit/s to 720 Mbit/s), more color spaces including xvYCC, scRGB and Adobe RGB 1998, and Global Time Code (GTC) for sub 1 µs audio/video synchronisation. Also Apple Inc.'s Mini DisplayPort connector, which is much smaller and designed for laptop computers and other small devices, is compatible with the new standard.[12][13][14][2][15]

1.3

DisplayPort version 1.3, which is expected to be finalized in Q2 2014,[16] will increase overall transmission bandwidth to 32.4 Gbit/s with the new HBR3 mode featuring 8.1 Gbit/s per lane (up from 5.4 Gbit/s with HBR2 in version 1.2). This will allow 8K resolution video, at either 7680×4320 (16:9, 33.1 megapixels) or 8192×4320 (~17:9, 35.3 megapixels), two 4K streams, or 4K 3D over a single cable. It will also support VESA Display Stream Compression, which uses a visually lossless low-latency algorithm, to offer increased resolutions and color depths, and reduced power consumption.[17]

Companion standards

Mini DisplayPort

Mini DisplayPort (mDP) is a standard announced by Apple in the fourth quarter of 2008. Shortly after announcing the Mini DisplayPort, Apple announced that it would license the connector technology with no fee. The following year, in early 2009, VESA announced that Mini DisplayPort would be included in the upcoming DisplayPort 1.2 specification. On 24 February 2011, Apple and Intel announced Thunderbolt, a successor to Mini DisplayPort which adds support for PCI Express data connections while maintaining backwards compatibility with Mini DisplayPort based peripherals.[18]

Micro DisplayPort

Micro DisplayPort will target systems that need ultra-compact connectors, such as phones, tablets and ultra-portable notebook computers. This new standard will be physically smaller than the currently available mini DisplayPort connectors. The standard is expected to be released by Q2 2014.[19]

DDM

Direct Drive Monitor (DDM) 1.0 standard was approved in December 2008. It allows for controller-less monitors where the display panel is directly driven by the DisplayPort signal, although the available resolutions and color depth are limited to 2-lane operation.

eDP

Embedded DisplayPort (eDP) 1.0 standard was adopted in December 2008. It aims to define a standardized display panel interface for internal connections; e.g., graphics cards to notebook display panels.[20] It has advanced power-saving features including seamless refresh rate switching. Version 1.1 was approved in October 2009 followed by version 1.1a in November 2009. Version 1.2 was approved in May 2010 and includes DisplayPort 1.2 data rates, 120 Hz sequential color monitors, and a new display panel control protocol that works through the AUX channel.[15] Version 1.3 was published in February 2011; it includes a new Panel Self-Refresh (PSR) feature developed to save system power and further extend battery life in portable PC systems.[21] PSR mode allows GPU to enter power saving state in between frame updates by including framebuffer memory in the display panel controller.[15] Version 1.4 is expected before end of 2012; it reduces power consumption with partial-frame updates in PSR mode, regional backlight control, lower interface voltage, and additional link rates; the auxiliary channel supports multi-touch panel data to accommodate different form factors.[22]

iDP

Internal DisplayPort (iDP) 1.0 was approved in April 2010. The iDP standard defines an internal link between a digital TV system on a chip controller and the display panel's timing controller. It aims to replace currently used internal FPD-Link lanes with DisplayPort connection.[23] iDP features unique physical interface and protocols, which are not directly compatible with DisplayPort and are not applicable to external connection, however they enable very high resolution and refresh rates while providing simplicity and extensibility.[15] iDP features non-variable 2.7 GHz clock and is nominally rated at 3.24 Gbit/s data rate per lane, with up to 16 lanes in a bank, resulting in 6-fold decrease in wiring requirements over FPD-Link for a 1080p24 signal; other data rates are also possible. iDP was built with simplicity in mind and it doesn't have AUX channel, content protection, or multiple streams; however it does have frame sequential and line interleaved stereo 3D.[15]

PDMI

Portable Digital Media Interface (PDMI) is an interconnection between docking stations/display devices and portable media players, which includes 2-lane DisplayPort v1.1a connection. It has been ratified in February 2010 as ANSI/CEA-2017-A.

wDP

Wireless DisplayPort (wDP) enables DisplayPort 1.2 bandwidth and feature set for cable-free applications operating in 60 GHz radio band; it was announced on November 2010 by WiGig Alliance and VESA as a cooperative effort.[24]

SlimPort

A SlimPort-to-HDMI adapter, made by Analogix

"SlimPort" or "Mobility DisplayPort", also known as "MyDP", is an industry standard for a mobile audio/video Interface, providing connectivity from mobile devices to external displays and HDTVs. SlimPort implements the transmission of video over a single shielded twisted pair, using a micro-USB connector and passive USB 2.0 cables; the interface supports conversion to DisplayPort, HDMI and VGA. The standard was released in June 2012,[25] and the first product to use SlimPort was Google's Nexus 4 smartphone.[26]

SlimPort is an energy-efficient alternative to Mobile High-Definition Link (MHL). MHL adapters require external power while SlimPort does not require external power or extra cables, and draws no power from the source to operate.[27][28]

DisplayID

Main article: DisplayID

DisplayID is designed to replace the E-EDID standard. DisplayID features variable-length structures which encompass all existing EDID extensions as well as new extensions for 3D displays and embedded displays.

The latest version 1.3 (released on 23 September 2013) adds enhanced support for tiled display topologies; it allows better identification of multiple video streams, and reports bezel size and locations.[29] As of December 2013, many current 4K displays use a tiled topology, but lack a standard way to report to the video source which tile is left and which is right. These early 4K displays, for manufacturing reasons, typically use two 1920×2160 panels laminated together and are currently generally treated as multiple-monitor setups.[30] DisplayID 1.3 also allows 8K display discovery, and has applications in stereo 3D, where multiple video streams are used.

DockPort

DockPort, formerly known as Lightning Bolt, is an extension to DisplayPort to include USB-3.x data as well as power for charging Laptop computers from the display. Originally developed by AMD and Texas Instruments, it has been announced as a VESA specification in 2014.[31]

Specifications

Technical specifications

  • Forward link channel with 1 to 4 lanes; effective data rate 1.296, 2.16, or 4.32 Gbit/s per lane (total 5.184, 8.64, or 17.28 Gbit/s for a 4-lane link)†.
  • 8b/10b encoding provides DC-balancing and Embedded Clock within serial channel (10 bit symbols, 20% coding overhead)
  • RGB (unspecified) and YCbCr (ITU-R BT.601-5 and BT.709-4) color spaces, 4:4:4 and 4:2:2 chroma subsampling
    • sRGB, Adobe RGB 1998, DCI-P3, RGB XR, scRGB, xvYCC, Y-only, Simple Color Profile (version 1.2)[15]
  • color depth of 6, 8, 10, 12 and 16 bits per color component
  • Optional 8-channel audio with sampling rates up to 24 bit 192 kHz, encapsulation of audio compression formats
  • Bidirectional half-duplex AUX channel, 1 Mbit/s (v1.0) or optional 720 Mbit/s (v1.2)
  • stereoscopic 3D formats: frame sequential (v1.1a), field sequential, side-by-side, top-bottom, line interleaved, pixel interleaved and dual interface (v1.2)[15]
  • Optional dual-mode facility generates TMDS and clock for single-link DVI/HDMI signaling with a simple line-level conversion dongle.
  • Up to 63 video and audio streams with time-division transport multiplexing and hot-plug bandwidth allocation (from version 1.2)
  • 128-bit AES DisplayPort Content Protection (DPCP), and 40-bit High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP) from version 1.1 onwards.
  • Internal and external connections so that one standard can be used by computer makers reducing costs.[32]
Sample data rates required by various display resolutions using common vertical blanking methods, Gbit/s
Resolution × color depth @ frame rate CVT CVT-R CEA-861-E
1280 × 720 × 24 bpp @ 60 Hz 1.79 1.54 1.78
1920 × 1080 × 24 bpp @ 60 Hz 4.15 3.33 3.56
1920 × 1200 × 30 bpp @ 60 Hz 5.81 4.62 -
2560 × 1600 × 30 bpp @ 60 Hz 10.46 8.06 -
3840 × 2160 × 30 bpp @ 60 Hz 21.39 16.00 -
For RGB and YCbCr 4:4:4 encodings, bpp = 3 × bpc (bits per channel); for YCbCr 4:2:2 subsampling, bpp = 2 × bpc

Digital Rights Management (DRM)

DisplayPort 1.0 includes optional DPCP (DisplayPort Content Protection) from Philips, which uses 128-bit AES encryption. It also features full authentication and session key establishment (each encryption session is independent). There is an independent revocation system. This portion of the standard is licensed separately. It also adds the ability to verify the proximity of the receiver and transmitter, a technique intended to ensure users are not bypassing the content protection system to send data out to distant, unauthorized users.

DisplayPort 1.1 added optional implementation of industry-standard 56-bit HDCP (High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection) revision 1.3, which requires separate licensing from the Digital Content Protection LLC.

Dual-mode

Dual-mode DisplayPort logo
Dual-mode pin mapping
DisplayPort pins DVI 1.0/HDMI mode
Main Link Lane 0 TMDS Channel 2
Main Link Lane 1 TMDS Channel 1
Main Link Lane 2 TMDS Channel 0
Main Link Lane 3 TMDS Clock
AUX CH+ DDC Clock
AUX CH- DDC Data
DP_PWR DP_PWR
Hot Plug Detect Hot Plug Detect
Config 1 Cable Adaptor Detect
Config 2 CEC (HDMI only)

Dual-mode DisplayPort (also known as DisplayPort++[33]) can directly output single-link HDMI and DVI signals using a simple passive adapter that adjusts from the different connector and the lower voltages used by DisplayPort.[34][35] When a dual-mode chipset detects that a DVI or HDMI passive adapter is attached, it switches to DVI/HDMI mode which uses the 4-lane main DisplayPort link and the AUX channel link to transmit three TMDS signals, a clock signal and Display Data Channel data/clock. Dual-mode ports are marked with the DP++ logo; most current DisplayPort graphics cards and monitors offer this mode.

In January 2013, a new VESA specification was released called DisplayPort Dual-Mode Standard version 1.1, which brings dual-mode capabilities on par with HDMI 1.4, allowing a TDMS clock rate of up to 300 MHz, 1080p deep color, 4K resolution, and stereoscopic 3D formats. Passive adapters and ports which support the new data rate will be marked 'Type 2', and will be backwards compatible with existing 'Type 1' ports.[36]

A notable limitation of Type 1 dual-mode is that it can only transmit single-link DVI (and HDMI), as the number of pins in the DisplayPort connector is insufficient for dual-link connections. Also, it is limited to a TMDS clock rate of 165 MHz. As a result, an active converter is needed for Dual-Link DVI, HDMI 1.3+, and analog component video such as VGA. Some of these active adapters can rely on the +3.3 V wire in the DisplayPort connector for the conversion, but other types of active conversion, such as Dual-Link DVI, require external power that is often pulled from an available USB port.[37]

VESA anticipates that HDMI and DVI conversion will eventually be handled by active adapters which act as DisplayPort Sink devices, in order to facilitate easier updates to latest HDMI and DisplayPort specs, and work with dual-link HDMI, DisplayPort connections with either fewer than 4 lanes or different data rates, and multiple DisplayPort streams. It should be noted that DVI 1.0 spec was finalized in 1999 and the DVI industry consortium has since disbanded, so future updates to DVI specification are unlikely; also, although dual-link HDMI Type B connector is defined in the HDMI specification, it has not seen any practical use as of 2012[citation needed].

Picture of a DisplayPort to DVI adapter after removing its enclosure. The chip on the board converts the voltage levels generated by the dual-mode DisplayPort device to be compatible with a DVI monitor.

Multiple displays on single DisplayPort connector

DisplayPort 1.2 added support for Multi-Stream Transport (MST), enabling multiple monitors to be used via a single DisplayPort connector. This function requires either monitors that are capable of DisplayPort 1.2 daisy-chaining, or use of a DisplayPort MST Hub. The first MST hub became available in September 2013, enabling up to 3 displays to be connected to a single DisplayPort connector.[38]

Advantages over DVI, VGA and FPD-Link

In December 2010, several computer vendors and display makers including Intel, AMD, Dell, Lenovo, Samsung, and LG announced they would begin phasing out FPD-Link, VGA, and DVI-I over the next few years, replacing them with DisplayPort and HDMI.[39][40] One notable exception to the list of manufacturers is Nvidia, who has yet to announce any plans regarding future implementation of legacy interfaces.

DisplayPort has several advantages over VGA, DVI, and FPD-Link.[41]

  • Open standard available to all VESA members free of charge and to non-members for a fee,[42] royalty-free and extensible standard to help broad adoption
  • Fewer lanes with embedded self-clock, reduced EMI with data scrambling and spread spectrum mode
  • Based on a micro-packet protocol
    • Allows easy expansion of the standard with multiple data types
    • Flexible allocation of available bandwidth between audio and video
    • Multiple video streams over single physical connection (version 1.2)
    • Long-distance transmission over alternative physical media such as optical fiber (version 1.1a)
  • High resolution displays and multiple displays with a single cable
    • 17.28 Gbit/s of effective video bandwidth, enough for four simultaneous 1080p60 displays (CEA-861 timings), stereoscopic 2,560 × 1,600 × 30 bit @120 Hz (CVT-R timings), or 4K UHDTV @60 Hz[note 1]
  • Designed to work for internal chip-to-chip communication
    • Aimed at replacing internal FPD-Link links to display panels with a unified link interface
    • Compatible with low-voltage signaling used with sub-micron CMOS fabrication
    • Can drive display panels directly, eliminating scaling and control circuits and allowing for cheaper and slimmer displays
  • Link training with adjustable amplitude and preemphasis adapts to differing cable lengths and signal quality
    • Reduced bandwidth transmission for 15 metres (49 ft) cable, at least 1920×1080p60 at 24 bits per pixel
    • Full bandwidth transmission for 3 metres (9.8 ft)
  • High-speed auxiliary channel for DDC, EDID, MCCS, DPMS, HDCP, adapter identification etc. traffic
    • Can be used for transmitting bi-directional USB, touch-panel data, CEC, etc.
  • Self-latching connector

Comparison with HDMI

Although DisplayPort has much of the same functionality as HDMI, it is a complementary connection used in different scenarios.[34][43] DisplayPort can emit an HDMI signal through the use of a passive adapter connected to a port that is designed for dual-mode.

The DisplayPort specification defines the standard as royalty-free, while HDMI charges an annual fee of $10,000 to each high volume manufacturer plus US$0.04 per device.[44] HDMI Licensing counters the "royalty-free" claim by pointing out that the DisplayPort specification leaves open the possibility of charging for implementation.[45] DisplayPort has slightly more bandwidth at 21.6 Gbit/s[46] (17.28 Gbit/s with overhead removed) as opposed to HDMI 2.0's 18 Gbit/s[47] (14.4 Gbit/s with overhead removed). It also has the ability to share this bandwidth with multiple streams of audio and video to separate devices.[48]

DisplayPort in native mode lacks some HDMI features such as Consumer Electronics Control (CEC) commands, which allow the control of multiple devices through a single remote;[49][50] VESA asserts that CEC commands can be transmitted over the AUX channel if needed.[48] HDMI uses unique Vendor Specific Block structure which allows for features such as additional color spaces. However, these features can be defined by CEA EDID extensions.

Market share

Figures from IDC show that DisplayPort was on 5.1 percent of commercial desktops and 2.1 percent on commercial notebooks in 2009. However, they predict that the figure for commercial desktops will grow to 89.5 percent, and for commercial notebooks to 95 percent by 2014.[39] The main factor behind this is the phase out of VGA, and that both Intel and AMD will also stop building products with FPD-Link, by 2013.

Products

Left-hand side Multi-mode DisplayPort connector on a Lenovo X220 laptop
Mini DisplayPort

Since its introduction in 2006, DisplayPort has gained popularity within the computer industry and is featured on many graphic cards, displays, and notebook computers. Dell was the first company to introduce a consumer product with a DisplayPort connector, the UltraSharp 3008WFP, which was released in January 2008.[51] Soon after, AMD and Nvidia released products to support the technology. AMD included support in the Radeon HD 3000 series of graphics cards, while Nvidia first introduced support in the GeForce 9 series starting with the GeForce 9600 GT.[52][53]

Later the same year, Apple introduced several products featuring a Mini DisplayPort.[54] The new connector – proprietary at the time – eventually became part of the DisplayPort standard, however Apple reserves the right to void the license should the licensee "commence an action for patent infringement against Apple".[55] In 2009, AMD followed suit with their Radeon HD 5000 Series of graphics cards, which featured the Mini DisplayPort on the Eyefinity versions in the series.[56]

Participating companies

The following companies have participated in preparing the drafts of DisplayPort, eDP, iDP, or DDM standards:

The following companies have additionally announced their intention to implement DisplayPort, eDP or iDP:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Dual-link DVI is limited in resolution and speed by the quality and therefore the bandwidth of the DVI cable, the quality of the transmitter, and the quality of the receiver; can only drive one monitor at a time; and cannot send audio data. HDMI 1.3 and 1.4 are limited to effectively 8.16 Gbit/s or 340 MHz (though actual devices are limited to 225–300?MHz), and can only drive one monitor at a time. VGA connectors have no defined maximum resolution or speed, but their analog nature limits their bandwidth, though can provide long cabling only limited by appropriate shielding.

References

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  2. ^ a b c "DisplayPort Technical Overview" (PDF). VESA.org. January 10, 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  3. ^ "New DisplayPort(TM) Interface Standard for PCs, Monitors, TV Displays and Projectors Released by the Video Electronics Standards Association". vesa.org. 3 May 2006. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009.
  4. ^ Hodgin, Rick (30 July 2007). "DisplayPort: The new video interconnect standard". geek.com. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
  5. ^ Zibreg, Christian (18 January 2010). "DisplayPort 1.2 enables full 4K x 2K resolution, 3D stereo beyond full HD, and more". Geek.com. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
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  8. ^ "The Case For DisplayPort, Continued, And Bezels". Tom's Hardware. 15 April 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
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  18. ^ "Thunderbolt Technology: The Fastest Data Connection to Your PC Just Arrived" (Press release). Intel. Feb 24, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
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  42. ^ Direct2Dell Blog: The Truth About DisplayPort vs. HDMI
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  46. ^ "FAQ for HDMI 2.0". HDMI. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
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  48. ^ "HDMI Specification 1.3a". HDMI Licensing. 2006-11-10. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
  49. ^ "DisplayPort 1.1a Standard". VESA. 2008-01-11. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
  50. ^ "Dell UltraSharp 3008WFP 30-Inch LCD Monitor". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
  51. ^ "AMD Receives First Ever DisplayPort™ Certification for PC Graphics". AMD. March 19, 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  52. ^ Kirsch, Nathan (February 21, 2008). "EVGA, Palit and XFX GeForce 9600 GT Video Card Review". Legit Reviews. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
  53. ^ "Software Licensing and Trademark Agreement: Mini DisplayPort".
  54. ^ "Apple Mini DisplayPort Connector Implementation License Checklist" (PDF). Apple. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
  55. ^ "ATI Radeon HD 5870 1GB Graphics Card and AMD Eyefinity Review". PC Perspective. 2009-09-23. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
  56. ^ "Analogix announces DisplayPort transmitter". 2006-08-26. Retrieved 2009-08-10Template:Inconsistent citations{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[dead link].
  57. ^ "Chrontel"Template:Inconsistent citations{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  58. ^ "Genesis Microchip (GNSS) Q4 2006 Earnings Conference Call". Seeking Alpha. 2006-05-02. Retrieved 2007-07-16.
  59. ^ "Samsung touts development of first DisplayPort desktop LCD". TG Daily. 2006-07-25. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
  60. ^ ASRock announces motherboard with embedded DisplayPort[dead link], published 2008-03-25, seen 2009-08-10
  61. ^ MSI announces video adaptor with DisplayPort[dead link], published 2008-01-17, seen 2009-08-10

External links

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