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Economy of Africa

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Economy of Africa
Statistics
Population1.1 billion (15%; 2013[1])
GDPCurrency: US$1.184 trillion, €1.80 trillion (2009)
PPP: US$ 2.200 trillion (2009)
GDP growth
Per capita: 5.16% (2004–2006)
GDP per capita
Currency: US$1,200, €1,000 (2009)
PPP: US$1,968, €1,500 (2009)
100,000 (1%)
External
External debt as % of GDP
60.7% (1998)
25.5% (2007) IMF
External debt payments as % of GDP
4.2%
3.0% (2007) IMF
Foreign-aid revenue as % of GDP
3.2% (2001)
Numbers from the UNDP and AfDB. Most numbers exclude some countries for lack of information. Since these tend to be the poorest nations, these numbers tend to have an bias. Numbers are mostly from 2002.
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.
World economy
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The economy of Africa consists of the trade, industry, agriculture, and human resources of the continent. As of 2012, approximately 1.07 billion people[2] were living in 54 different countries in Africa. Africa is a resource-rich continent but many African people are poor.[3] Recent growth has been due to growth in sales in commodities, services, and manufacturing.[4]

In March 2013, Africa was identified as the world's poorest inhabited continent; however, the World Bank expects that most African countries will reach "middle income" status (defined as at least US$1,000 per person a year) by 2025 if current growth rates continue.[3] In 2013, Africa was the world’s fastest-growing continent at 5.6% a year, and GDP is expected to rise by an average of over 6% a year between 2013 and 2023.[3][5] Growth has been present throughout the continent, with over one-third of Sub-Saharan African countries posting 6% or higher growth rates, and another 40% growing between 4% to 6% per year.[3]

History

Further information: Economic history of Africa and Scramble for Africa

Africa's economy was diverse, driven by extensive trade routes that developed between cities and kingdoms. Some trade routes were overland, some involved navigating rivers, still others developed around port cities. Large African empires became wealthy due to their trade networks, for example Ghana, Sudan, Asanti, and the Yoruba people.

Some parts of Africa had close trade relationships with Arab kingdoms, and by the time of the Ottoman Empire, Africans had begun converting to Islam in large numbers. This development, along with the economic potential in finding a trade route to the Indian Ocean, brought the Portuguese to sub-Saharan Africa as an imperial force in the 15th century. Christian missionary activities were supplemented by economic imperialism.

After the Scramble for Africa in the 1880s and the partitioning of the continent among European powers, the continent's former economy and trade routes were destroyed in large measure and replaced with new ones. Colonial interests created new industries to feed European appetites for goods such as palm oil, rubber, cotton, precious metals, spices and other goods.

Following the independence of African countries during the 20th century, economic, political and social upheaval consumed much of the continent. An economic rebound among some countries has been evident in recent years, however.

The dawn of the African economic boom (which is in place since 2000s) was the Chinese economic boom that had emerged in Asia since late 1970s. Currently, South Africa and Nigeria ranks among the continent's largest economies, with Egypt economically scrambling and suffering from the recent political turmoil. Equatorial Guinea possessed Africa's highest GDP per capita albeit allegations of human rights violations. Oil-rich countries such as Algeria, Libya and Gabon, and mineral-rich Botswana emerged among the top economies since the 21st century, while Zimbabwe and the Democratic Republic of Congo, potentially among the world's richest nations, have sunk into the list of the world's poorest nations due to pervasive political corruption, warfare and braindrain of workforce. Botswana remains the site of Africa's longest and one of the world's longest periods of economic boom (1966-1999).

Current conditions

In the past ten years, growth in Africa has surpassed that of East Asia[6] Data suggest parts of the continent are now experiencing fast growth, thanks to their resources and increasing political stability and 'has steadily increased levels of peacefulness since 2007'. The amount of growth that has been occurring is comparable or greater to that of the Asian Tiger, Latin Puma markets, gaining them the new nickname, the Lion Markets.[7] The World Bank reports the economy of Sub-Saharan African countries grew at rates that match or surpass global rates.[8][9]

The economies of the fastest growing African nations experienced growth significantly above the global average rates. The top nations in 2007 include Mauritania with growth at 19.8%, Angola at 17.6%, Sudan at 9.6%, Mozambique at 7.9% and Malawi at 7.8%.[10] Other fast growers include Rwanda, Mozambique, Chad, Niger, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia. Nonetheless, growth has been dismal, negative or sluggish in many parts of Africa including Zimbabwe, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo and Burundi. Many international agencies are gaining increasing interest in investing emerging African economies.[11] especially as Africa continues to maintain high economic growth despite current global economic recession.[12] The rate of return on investment in Africa is currently the highest in the developing world.[7]

During 2011, Sub-Saharan economic growth was 4.9%, just shy of the pre-crisis average of 5%. Growth in most countries in the region was 5.9%, making it one of the faster growing developing regions. Among fast growing economies in 2011 were resource-rich countries such as Nigeria, Ghana and Mozambique, as well as other economies such as Rwanda and Ethiopia, all posting growth rates of at least 7% in 2011.[13]

Debt relief is being addressed by some international institutions in the interests of supporting economic development in Africa. In 1996, the UN sponsored the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative, subsequently taken up by the IMF, World Bank and the African Development Fund (AfDF) in the form of the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI). As of 2013, the initiative has given partial debt relief to 30 African countries.[14]

Trade growth

Trade has driven much of the growth in Africa's economy in the early 21st century. China and India are increasingly important trade partners; 12.5% of Africa's exports are to China, and 4% are to India, which accounts for 5% of China's imports and 8% of India's. The Group of Five (Indonesia, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, and the United Arab Emirates) are another increasingly important market for Africa's exports.[15]

Future

A mobile phone advertisement on the side of a van, Kampala, Uganda.

Africa's economy—with expanding trade, English language skills (official in many Sub-Saharan countries), improving literacy and education, availability of splendid resources and cheaper labour force—is expected to continue to perform better into the future. Trade between Africa and China stood at US$166 billion in 2011.[16]

Africa will experience a "demographic dividend" by 2035, when its young and growing labour force will have fewer children and retired people as dependents as a proportion of the population, making it more demographically comparable to the US and Europe.[17] It is becoming a more educated labour force, with nearly half expected to have some secondary-level education by 2020. A consumer class is also emerging in Africa and is expected to keep booming. Africa has around 90 million people with household incomes exceeding $5,000, meaning that they can direct more than half of their income towards discretionary spending rather than necessities. This number could reach a projected 128 million by 2020.[17]

During the President of the United States Barack Obama's visit to Africa in July 2013, he announced a US$7 billion plan to further develop infrastructure and work more intensively with African heads of state. A new program named Trade Africa, designed to boost trade within the continent as well as between Africa and the U.S., was also unveiled by Obama.[18]

Economic variants and indicators

National GDP per capita ranges from wealthier countries the north and south to poorer states in the east. These figures from the 2002 World Bank are converted to US dollars.

After an initial rebound from the 2009 world economic crisis, Africa’s economy was undermined in the year 2011 by the Arab uprisings. The continent’s growth fell back from 5% in 2010 to 3.4% in 2011. With the recovery of North African economies and sustained improvement in other regions, growth across the continent is expected to accelerate to 4.5% in 2012 and 4.8% in 2013. Short-term problems for the world economy remain as Europe confronts its debt crisis. Commodity prices—crucial for Africa—have declined from their peak due to weaker demand and increased supply, and some could fall further. But prices are expected to remain at levels favourable for African exporter.[19]

Regions

Economic activity has rebounded across Africa. However, the pace of recovery was uneven among groups of countries and subregions. Oil-exporting countries generally expanded more strongly than oil-importing countries. West Africa and East Africa were the two best-performing subregions in 2010.[20]

Intra-African trade has been slowed by protectionist policies among countries and regions. Despite this, trade between countries belonging to the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), a particularly strong economic region, grew six-fold over the past decade up to 2012.[21] Ghana and Kenya, for example, have developed markets within the region for construction materials, machinery, and finished products, quite different from the mining and agriculture products that make up the bulk of their international exports.[22]

The African Ministers of Trade agreed in 2010 to create a Pan-Africa Free Trade Zone. This would reduce countries' tariffs on imports and increase intra-African trade, and it is hoped, the diversification of the economy overall.[23]

African nations

Country Total GDP (nominal)[24]
(billion US$) 		GDP per capita[24]
(US$, PPP) 		GDP Growth,
2007-2011
(in %)[24] 		HDI[25]
 Algeria 188.7 8,715 2.7 0.733
 Angola 101.0 5,930 9.1 0.446
 Benin 7.3 1,628 3.9 0.437
 Botswana 17.6 14,753 3.0 0.654
 Burkina Faso 10.2 1,310 4.9 0.370
 Burundi 2.3 608 4.3 0.413
 Cameroon 25.5 2,383 3.1 0.532
 Cape Verde 1.9 4,123 5.8 0.736
 Central African Republic 2.2 816 2.8 0.384
 Chad 9.5 1,531 2.9 0.388
 Comoros 0.6 1,117 1.5 0.561
 DR Congo 15.6 375 5.9 0.411
 Congo 14.7 4,429 4.9 0.548
 Ivory Coast 24.1 1,803 1.1 0.432
 Djibouti 1.0 (2009) 2,290 (2009) 5.3 0.516
 Egypt 229.5 6,324 5.2 0.708
 Equatorial Guinea 19.8 36,515 8.8 0.642
 Eritrea 2.6 589 1.3 0.483
 Ethiopia 31.7 1,116 9.7 0.406
 Gabon 17.1 15,960 3.6 0.677
 Gambia 1.1 2,135 6.0 0.502
 Ghana 39.2 1,884 8.3 0.553
 Guinea 5.1 1,128 2.4 0.456
 Guinea-Bissau 1.0 1,251 3.6 0.374
 Kenya 33.6 1,718 4.2 0.521
 Lesotho 2.4 1,715 4.9 0.549
 Liberia 1.2 577 11.6 (N/A)
 Libya 62.4 (2009) 16,855 (2009) 4.0 0.769
 Madagascar 9.9 972 2.3 0.533
 Malawi 5.7 918 6.8 0.437
 Mali 10.6 1,099 4.5 0.380
 Mauritania 4.1 2,571 2.8 0.550
 Mauritius 11.3 14,523 4.5 0.804
 Morocco 100.2 4,986 4.3 0.646
 Mozambique 12.8 982 6.9 0.384
 Namibia 12.3 6,826 3.7 0.650
 Niger 6.0 732 4.3 0.374
 Nigeria 509.9 (2013) 2,688 (nominal) 6.8 0.670
 Réunion (France) 15.98[26] 8,233 (nominal)[26] 0.850 (2003)[27]
 Rwanda 6.4 1,251 7.3 0.452
 São Tomé and Príncipe 0.2 2,058 5.7 0.654
 Senegal 14.3 1,981 3.5 0.499
 Seychelles 1.0 26,420 4.2 0.843
 Sierra Leone 2.2 877 5.2 0.336
 Somalia (N/A) (N/A) (N/A) (N/A)
 South Africa 408.2 11,035 2.7 0.674
 South Sudan
 Sudan 55.1 2,141 4.1 0.526
 Swaziland 4.0 6,099 2.1 0.547
 Tanzania 23.7 1,521 6.8 0.467
 Togo 3.6 1,042 3.1 0.512
 Tunisia 45.9 9,415 3.0 0.766
 Uganda 16.8 1,354 7.4 0.505
 Zambia 19.2 1,623 6.4 0.434
 Zimbabwe 9.9 (N/A) 0.6 0.513

Economic sectors and industries

Because Africa’s export portfolio remains predominantly based on raw material, its export earnings are contingent on commodity price fluctuations. This exacerbates the continent’s susceptibility to external shocks and bolsters the need for export diversification. Trade in services, mainly travel and tourism, continued to rise in year 2012, underscoring the continent’s strong potential in this sphere.[19]

Agriculture

Female coffee farmer in Ethiopia.
See also: Women and agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa

The situation whereby African nations export crops to the West while millions on the continent starve has been blamed on developed countries including Japan, the European Union and the United States. These countries protect their own agricultural sectors with high import tariffs and offer subsidies to their farmers,[28] which many contend leads the overproduction of such commodities as grain, cotton and milk. The result of this is that the global price of such products is continually reduced until Africans are unable to compete, except for cash crops that do not grow easily in a northern climate.[29]

In recent years countries such as Brazil, which has experienced great progress in agricultural production, have agreed to share technology with Africa to greatly increase agricultural production in the continent to make it a more viable trade partner.[30] Increased investment in African agricultural technology in general has the potential to greatly decrease poverty in Africa.[31] The demand market for African cocoa is currently experiencing an enjoyable price boom.[32] The Nigerian,[33] South African[34] and Ugandan governments have targeted policies to take advantage of the increased demand for certain agricultural products[35] and plan to stimulate agricultural sectors.[36] The African Union has plans to heavily invest in African agriculture[37] and the situation is closely monitored by the UN.[38]

Energy

Further information: Energy in Africa

Africa has enormous resources for generating energy in several forms (hydroelectric, reserves of petroleum and gas, coal production, uranium production, renewable energy such as solar and geothermal). The lack of development and infrastructure means that little of this potential is actually in use today. The largest consumers of electric power in Africa are South Africa, Libya, Namibia, Egypt, Tunisia, and Zimbabwe, which each consume between 1000 and 5000 KWh/m2 per person, in contrast with African states such as Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Tanzania, where electricity consumption per person is negligible.[39]

Petroleum and petroleum products are the main export of 14 African countries. Petroleum and petroleum products accounted for a 46.6% share of Africa's total exports in 2010; the second largest export of Africa as a whole is natural gas, in its gaseous state and as liquified natural gas, accounting for a 6.3% share of Africa's exports.[40]

Infrastructure

Lagos, Nigeria, Africa's largest city requires infrastructure development rate, proportional to the increasing population rate

Lack of infrastructure creates barriers for African businesses. Although it has many ports, a lack of supporting transportation infrastructure adds 30-40% to costs, in contrast to Asian ports.[41] Many large infrastructure projects are underway across Africa. By far, most of these projects are in the production and transportation of electric power. Many other projects include paved highways, railways, airports, and other construction.[41]

Telecommunications infrastructure is also a growth area in Africa. Although Internet penetration lags other continents, it has still reached 9%. As of 2011, it was estimated that 500,000,000 mobile phones of all types were in use in Africa, including 15,000,000 "smart phones".[42]

Mining and drilling

Main article: Mineral industry of Africa
Oil production by country
(with other key actors of African or oil economy)
Rank Area bb/day Year Like...
_ W: World 85540000 2007 est.
01 E: Russia 9980000 2007 est.
02 Ar: Saudi Arb 9200000 2008 est.
04 As: Libya 4725000 2008 est. Iran
10 Af: Nigeria/Africa 2352000 2011 est. Norway
15 Af: Algeria 2173000 2007 est.
16 Af: Angola 1910000 2008 est.
17 Af: Egypt 1845000 2007 est.
27 Af: Tunisia 664000 2007 est. Australia
31 Af: Sudan 466100 2007 est. Ecuador
33 Af: Eq.Guinea 368500 2007 est. Vietnam
38 Af: DR Congo 261000 2008 est.
39 Af: Gabon 243900 2007 est.
40 Af: Sth Africa 199100 2007 est.
45 Af: Chad 156000 2008 est. Germany
53 Af: Cameroon 87400 2008 est. France
56 E: France 71400 2007
60 Af: Ivory Coast 54400 2008 est.
_ Af: Africa 10780400 2011 Russia
Source: CIA.gov, World Facts Book > Oil exporters.

The mineral industry of Africa is one of the largest mineral industries in the world. Africa is the second biggest continent, with 30 million km² of land, which implies large quantities of resources. For many African countries, mineral exploration and production constitute significant parts of their economies and remain keys to future economic growth. Africa is richly endowed with mineral reserves and ranks first or second in quantity of world reserves of bauxite, cobalt, industrial diamond, phosphate rock, platinum-group metals (PGM), vermiculite, and zirconium. Gold mining is Africa's main mining resource.[43]

African mineral reserves rank 1st or 2nd for bauxite, cobalt, diamonds, phosphate rocks, platinum-group metals (PGM), vermiculite, and zirconium. Many other minerals are also present in quantity. The 2005 share of world production from African soil is the following : bauxite 9%; aluminium 5%; chromite 44%; cobalt 57%; copper 5%; gold 21%; iron ore 4%; steel 2%; lead (Pb) 3%; manganese 39%;zinc 2%; cement 4%; natural diamond 46%; graphite 2%; phosphate rock 31%; coal 5%; mineral fuels (including coal) & petroleum 13%; uranium 16%.[43]

Manufacturing

Both the African Union and the United Nations have outlined plans in modern years on how Africa can help itself industrialize and develop significant manufacturing sectors to levels proportional to the African economy in the 1960s with 21st-century technology.[44] This focus on growth and diversification of manufacturing and industrial production, as well as diversification of agricultural production, has fueled hopes that the 21st century will prove to be a century of economic and technological growth for Africa. This hope coupled with the rise of new leaders in Africa in the future inspired the term "the African Century" referring to the 21st century potentially being the century when Africa's vast untapped labor, capital and resource potentials might become a world player.

This hope in manufacturing and industry is helped by the boom in communications technology[45][46] and local mining industry[47] in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Namibia has attracted industrial investments in recent years[48] and South Africa has begun offering tax incentives to attract foreign direct investment projects in manufacturing.[49]

Countries such as Mauritius have plans for developing new "green technology" for manufacturing.[50] Developments such as this have huge potential to open new markets for African countries as the demand for alternative "green" and clean technology is predicted to soar in the future as global oil reserves dry up and fossil fuel-based technology becomes less economically viable.[51][52]

Nigeria in recent years has been embracing industrialization, It currently has an indigenous vehicle manufacturing company, Innoson Motors (IVM) which manufactures Rapid Transit Buses, Trucks and SUVs with an upcoming introduction of Cars.[53] Their various brands of vehicle are currently available in Nigeria, Ghana and other West African Nations.[53][54] Nigeria also has few Electronic manufacturers like Zinox, the first Branded Nigerian Computer and Electronic gadgets (like tablet PCs) manufacturers.[55] In 2013, Nigeria introduced a policy regarding import duty on vehicles to encourage local manufacturing companies in the country.[56][57] In this regard, some foreign vehicle manufacturing companies like Nissan have made known their plans to have manufacturing plants in Nigeria.[58] Apart from Electronics and vehicles, most consumer, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, building materials (Nigeria is the largest manufacturer of cement in Africa), textiles, home tools, plastics and so on are also manufactured in the country.[59] Ogun is considered to be the current Nigeria's industrial hub (as most factories are located in Ogun and even more companies are moving there), followed by Lagos.[60][61][62]

Investment and banking

Downtown Johannesburg, South Africa, where many financial firms have offices.
See also: Central banks and currencies of Africa and List of African stock exchanges

Africa's US$107 billion financial services industry will log impressive growth for the rest of the decade[which?] as more banks target the continent's emerging middle class.[63] The banking sector has been experiencing record growth, amongst others due to various technological innovations.[64]

China and India[65] have showed increasing interest in emerging African economies in the 21st century. Reciprocal investment between Africa and China increased dramatically in recent years[66][67] amidst the current world financial crisis.[68]

The increased investment in Africa by China has attracted the attention of the European Union and has provoked talks of competitive investment by the EU.[69] Members of the African diaspora abroad, especially in the EU and the United States, have increased efforts to use their businesses to invest in Africa and encourage African investment abroad in the European economy.[70] Remittances from the African diaspora and rising interest in investment from the West will be especially helpful for Africa's least developed and most devastated economies, such as Burundi, Togo and Comoros.[71] Angola has announced interests in investing in the EU, Portugal in particular.[72] South Africa has attracted increasing attention from the United States as a new frontier of investment in manufacture, financial markets and small business,[73] as has Liberia in recent years under their new leadership.[74]

There are two African currency unions: the West African Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (BCEAO) and the Central African Banque des États de l'Afrique Centrale (BEAC). Both use the CFA franc as their legal tender.

Stock exchanges

As of 2012, Africa has 23 stock exchanges, twice as many as it had 20 years earlier. Nonetheless, African stock exchanges still account for less than 1% of the world's stock exchange activity.[75] The top ten stock exchanges in Africa by stock capital are (amounts are given in billions of United States dollars):[76]

  • South Africa (82.88)(Actually has a market capitalisation value of $1.038Tln)[77]
  • Morocco (5.18)
  • Nigeria (5.11) (Actually has a market capitalisation value of $39.27Bln)[78]
  • Egypt (4.16)
  • Kenya (1.33)
  • Tunisia (0.88)
  • BRVM (regional stock exchange whose members include Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo: 6.6)
  • Mauritius (0.55)
  • Botswana (0.43)
  • Ghana (.38)

Between 2009 and 2012, a total of 72 companies were launched on the stock exchanges of 13 African countries.[79]

Trade blocs and multilateral organizations

Further information: Economy of the African Union

The African Union is the largest international economic grouping on the continent. The confederation's goals include the creation of a free trade area, a customs union, a single market, a central bank, and a common currency (see African Monetary Union), thereby establishing economic and monetary union. The current plan is to establish an African Economic Community with a single currency by 2023.[80] The African Investment Bank is meant to stimulate development. The AU plans also include a transitional African Monetary Fund leading to an African Central Bank. Some parties support development of an even more unified United States of Africa.

International monetary and banking unions include:

Major economic unions are shown in the chart below.

African Economic Community
Pillar regional
blocs (REC) 		Area
(km²) 		Population GDP (PPP) ($US) Member
states
(millions) (per capita)
EAC 5,449,717 343,328,958 737,420 2,149 8
ECOWAS/CEDEAO 5,112,903 349,154,000 1,322,452 3,788 15
IGAD 5,233,604 294,197,387 225,049 1,197 7
AMU/UMA a 6,046,441 106,919,526 1,299,173 12,628 5
ECCAS/CEEAC 6,667,421 218,261,591 175,928 1,451 11
SADC 9,882,959 394,845,175 737,392 3,152 15
COMESA 12,873,957 406,102,471 735,599 1,811 20
CEN-SAD a 14,680,111 29
Total AEC 29,910,442 853,520,010 2,053,706 2,406 54
Other regional
blocs 		Area
(km²) 		Population GDP (PPP) ($US) Member
states
(millions) (per capita)
WAMZ 1 1,602,991 264,456,910 1,551,516 5,867 6
SACU 1 2,693,418 51,055,878 541,433 10,605 5
CEMAC 2 3,020,142 34,970,529 85,136 2,435 6
UEMOA 1 3,505,375 80,865,222 101,640 1,257 8
UMA 2 a 5,782,140 84,185,073 491,276 5,836 5
GAFTA 3 a 5,876,960 1,662,596 6,355 3,822 5
AES   2,780,159 71,374,000 179,347 3
During 2004. Sources: The World Factbook 2005, IMF WEO Database.
  Smallest value among the blocs compared.
  Largest value among the blocs compared.
1: Economic bloc inside a pillar REC.
2: Proposed for pillar REC, but objecting participation.
3: Non-African members of GAFTA are excluded from figures.
a: The area 446,550 km2 used for Morocco excludes all disputed territories, while 710,850 km2 would include the Moroccan-claimed and partially-controlled parts of Western Sahara (claimed as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic by the Polisario Front). Morocco also claims Ceuta and Melilla, making up about 22.8 km2 (8.8 sq mi) more claimed territory.
This box:

Regional economic organizations

During the 1960s, Ghanaian politician Kwame Nkrumah promoted economic and political union of African countries, with the goal of independence.[81] Since then, objectives, and organizations, have multiplied. Recent decades have brought efforts at various degrees of regional economic integration. Trade between African states accounts for only 11% of Africa's total commerce as of 2012, around 5 times less than in Asia.[82]

There are currently eight regional organizations that assist with economic development in Africa:[83]

Name of organization Date created Member countries Cumulative GDP (in millions of US dollars)
Economic Community of West African States 28 May 1975 Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo 657
East African Community 30 November 1999 Burundi, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Tanzania 232
Economic Community of Central African States 18 October 1983 Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Guinea, São Tomé and Príncipe, Chad 289
Southern African Development Community 17 August 1992 Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe 909
Intergovernmental Authority on Development 25 November 1996 Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan 326
Community of Sahel-Saharan States 4 February 1998 Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Comores, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Mali, Morocco, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Chad, Togo, Tunisia 1, 692
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa 5 November 1993 Burundi, Comores, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sudan, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe 1,011
Arab Maghreb Union 17 February 1989 Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Mauritania, Tunisia 579

See also

Notes

  1. ^ http://www.prb.org/pdf13/2013-WPDS-infographic_MED.pdf. "World population - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". En.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 13 June 2012. {{cite web}}: External link in |author= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ [1]
  3. ^ a b c d http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/overview
  4. ^ "Africa rising". The Economist. 3 December 2011.
  5. ^ Oliver August (2 March 2013). "Africa rising A hopeful continent". The Economist. The Economist Newspaper Limited. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  6. ^ In eight of the past ten years, Africa has grown faster than East Asia
  7. ^ a b "Lions on the move: The progress and potential of African economies | McKinsey Global Institute | Productivity, Competitiveness, & Growth | McKinsey & Company". Mckinsey.com. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  8. ^ 'Fast economic growth' in Africa
  9. ^ African economy 'to expand 6.2%'
  10. ^ African growth 'steady but frail'
  11. ^ Economic Growth and Trade
  12. ^ Africa’s economic growth continues upward trend
  13. ^ African Economy poised for lift-off
  14. ^ "Debt Relief Under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative". IMF. 10 January 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  15. ^ "Economic Report on Africa 2012" (PDF). United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA). p. 44. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  16. ^ Mike King (18 July 2012). "China-Africa Trade Booms". The Journal of Commerce. The JOC Group, Inc. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
  17. ^ a b Lund, Susan and Arend Van Wamelen (7 September 2012). "10 things you didn't know about the African economy". The Independent. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  18. ^ Olga Khazan (3 July 2013). "The three reasons why the US is so interested in Africa right now". Quartz. Quartz. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
  19. ^ a b "Economic Outlook". African Economic Outlook. 28 May 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  20. ^ "African Economic Outlook 2011". Oecd.org. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  21. ^ "Economic Report on Africa 2012" (PDF). United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA). p. 45. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  22. ^ "Economic Report on Africa 2012" (PDF). United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA). p. 46. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  23. ^ "Economic Report on Africa 2012" (PDF). United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA). p. 47. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  24. ^ a b c World Bank Development Indicators, World Bank, 2011, accessed Nov. 2012
  25. ^ Source, 2005
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  29. ^ Farm Subsidies: Devastating the World's Poor and the Environment
  30. ^ AGRICULTURE: Brazil Shares Technology with Africa
  31. ^ Targeted agricultural investments will slash poverty in Africa
  32. ^ African cocoa enjoying price boom
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  34. ^ South Africa: Commodities lead boom
  35. ^ Yara's GroHow sees 2008 profit stable - Reuters
  36. ^ Govt targets agricultural boom - Daily Monitor
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  38. ^ Though making ‘very good progress,’ Africa still faces challenges, says UN official
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  44. ^ Africa strives to rebuild its domestic industries
  45. ^ Mobile boom in Africa a boon to ad agencies - International Herald Tribune
  46. ^ Rural Africa new frontier for mobile phone boom
  47. ^ Resources Boom Represents Development Potential in Africa
  48. ^ Namibia: Congo Copper Giant to Invest in Country
  49. ^ Tax breaks for big investment projects
  50. ^ ECONOMY-MAURITIUS: Textile Manufacturing Goes Green and Clean
  51. ^ Market for renewable energy expected to boom in Africa
  52. ^ Africa Could Profit from Global Economic Crisis
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  65. ^ India to Step Up Trade and Investment in Africa
  66. ^ China in Africa: Developing ties
  67. ^ Chinese investment in Africa soars
  68. ^ China to maintain aid, investment in Africa "regardless of financial crisis" - Xinhuanet
  69. ^ China outwits the EU in Africa
  70. ^ TRADE-AFRICA: Europe Looks to Encourage Diaspora Investment
  71. ^ The global remittances boom: billions pour into Africa
  72. ^ Angola oil tiger plans investment in Europe
  73. ^ Minnesota: Investment opportunities abound in South Africa
  74. ^ Liberian Leaders Predict Boom for Poor West African Country
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References

  • Goldsmith, Arthur A. "Foreign Aid and Statehood in Africa." The MIT Press 55.1 (2001): 123-48. JSTOR. Web. 25 Mar. 2012. "[2]"
  • Fage, J.D. A History of Africa (Routledge, 4th edition, 2001 ISBN 0-415-25247-4) (Hutchinson, 1978, ISBN 0-09-132851-9) (Knopf 1st American edition, 1978, ISBN 0-394-32277-0)
  • Kayizzi-Mugerwa, Steve The African Economy: Policy, Institutions and the Future (Routledge, 1999, ISBN 0-415-18323-5)
  • Moshomba, Richard E. Africa in the Global Economy (Lynne Rienner, 2000, ISBN 1-55587-718-4)
  • OECD. African Economic Outlook 2006/2007 (OECD, 2007, ISBN 978-92-64-03313-9)
  • Rodney, Walter. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. (Washington: Howard UP, 1982, ISBN 0-88258-096-5)
  • Sahn, David E., Paul A. Dorosh, Stephen D. Younger Structural Adjustment Reconsidered: Economic Policy and Poverty in Africa (Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-58451-5)

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