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Israeli Navy

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Israeli Navy
חיל הים הישראלי
Cadets from the Israeli Naval Academy, in December 2007.
Founded1948
Country Israel
TypeNavy
Size3 corvettes (Sa'ar 5-class)
8 missile boats (Sa'ar 4.5-class)
5 submarines (Dolphin-class)
45 patrol boats
2 support ships
9,500 Active
10,000 Reserve
Part of Israel Defense Forces
Garrison/HQHaKirya, Tel Aviv, Israel
Motto(s)"Open Sea, Safe Land"
Engagements1948 Arab-Israeli War
War over Water
Six-Day War
War of Attrition
Yom Kippur War
1982 Lebanon War
1982–2000 South Lebanon conflict
Second Intifada
2006 Lebanon War
Blockade of the Gaza Strip
Gaza War
Operation Protective Edge
Commanders
Commander-in-ChiefAluf Eli Sharvit
Insignia
Naval ensign

The Israeli Navy (Template:Lang-he, Ḥeil HaYam HaYisraeli (English: Sea Corps of Israel); Template:Lang-ar) is the naval warfare service arm of the Israel Defense Forces, operating primarily in the Mediterranean Sea theater as well as the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea theater. The current commander in chief of the Israeli Navy is Aluf Ram Rothberg. The Israeli Navy is believed to be responsible for maintaining Israel's offshore nuclear second strike capability.[1]

History

INS Eilat, ex-Royal Navy Z Class destroyer sold to Israel in 1955.

The origins of the Israeli Navy lay in the founding of the Betar Naval Academy, a Jewish naval training school established in Civitavecchia, Italy, in 1934 by the Revisionist Zionist movement under the direction of Ze'ev Jabotinsky, with the agreement of Benito Mussolini. The Academy trained cadets from all over Europe, Palestine and South Africa and produced some of the future commanders of the Israeli Navy. In September 1937, the training ship Sarah I visited Haifa and Tel Aviv as part of a Mediterranean tour.

INS Gal at the Naval Museum, Haifa

In 1938, encouraged by the Jewish Agency, Dr. Shlomo Bardin founded the Marine High School in Bosmat, the Technion's Junior Technical College. 1943 witnessed the founding of the Palyam, the naval branch of the Palmach, whose training was undertaken at the maritime school. The Jewish merchant marine was also raised, operating the SS Tel-Aviv and cargo ships such as the Atid.

In 1942, eleven hundred Haganah volunteers joined the Royal Navy, mostly in technical roles (12 of them were officers by the nomination agreement of the Jewish Agency with the Royal Navy). A few reached sea service and combat service. Two of them served with the Fleet Air Arm (FAA), one of whom was Edmond Wilhelm Brillant and the other Zvi Avidror. With the end of the Second World War, Palyam members took part in clandestine immigration activities, bringing Europe's Jews to Palestine, as well as commando actions against Royal Navy deportation ships. Royal Navy volunteers, meanwhile, rejoined the Haganah.

During the last months of British Mandate in Palestine, the former Royal Navy volunteers started work on the captured clandestine immigration ships (known as the Fleet of Shadows) in Haifa harbor, salvaged a few and pressed them into service. These were to become the Navy's first ships and saw service in the 1948 Israeli War of Independence.

Aharon "Eskimo" Ben Yosef, commander of Shayetet 13, naval special forces.

At the outset of the 1948 war and with the founding of the IDF, the Israeli Navy consisted of four former Aliyah Bet ships impounded in Haifa harbor. These ships were refurbished by a newly formed naval repair facility with the assistance of two private shipbuilding and repair companies. In October 1948, a submarine chaser was purchased from the United States. With the founding of the IDF in early 1948, the Israeli Navy was therefore formed from a core of the following personnel:[2][3]

  • Royal Navy Volunteers with the technical skills and discipline acquired from the Royal Navy, though with no active sea service and experience on Royal Navy Ships.
  • Palyam members who had led the clandestine and immigration effort, but had no sea background in navigation or leading a ship into a battle. The captains of clandestine and immigration ships were Italian, while Palyam personnel were commanding the ship under instructions from the Haganah. Ike Aharonowitch, captain of the Exodus and a Jew, was the exception rather than the rule.
  • Merchant Marine captains and chief engineers, possessing navigation skills but lacking combat skills.
  • Jewish volunteers[4][5] from the U.S. Navy and Royal Navy, such as Commander Paul Shulman[6] of the U.S. Navy, and Commanders Solomon and Allen Burk of the Royal Navy.[7] These, however, were often discriminated against and their experience wasted by a navy command that was based on the Palmach and its various branches. This resulted in odd situations where unskilled officers from the Palyam were in command of far more experienced naval officers.

During the war, the warships served on coastal patrol duties and bombarded Arab targets on land, including Egyptian coastal installations in and around the Gaza area all the way to Port Said.[8] The Israeli Navy also engaged the Egyptian Navy at sea during Operation Yoav, and the Egyptian Navy's flagship, the Emir Farouk, was sunk in an operation by Israeli naval commandos.

Torpedo boats of the Israeli Navy. Built by Chantiers Navals de Meulan, France.

To make matters worse, Palyam personnel often resisted efforts to instil order, discipline and rank in the newly formed service. Mess rooms were initially shared by both officers and enlisted men. Ships possessed a captain with nautical skills, but also a commanding officer regarded as political. This would cause a great deal of debate between veterans of the Palyam, Royal Navy volunteers from the Haganah and U.S. Navy Machal volunteers about what form the Navy should take.[2][9][10] Commander Allen Burk is reputed to have said, out of despair, "You cannot make naval officers from cowboys".[3]

RN Captain Ashe Lincoln [1], who was Jewish, advised PM Ben-Gurion to purchase corvettes, frigates, destroyers, torpedo-boats, and patrol boats to build up the Israeli Navy power. For that sake he urged Ben-Gurion to consult with professional navy advisers. This resulted in instructions to contact U.S. Navy advisors, mainly Commander Paul Shulman from the U.S. Navy.

Diagram outlining the Battle of Latakia
Diagram outlining the Battle of Baltim

The Israeli Navy suffered from a lack of professional command during its early days.[2] Gershon Zak, head of the IDF "Sea Service", was a teacher and bureaucrat without any relevant experience. Having never been recruited into the IDF, Zak was a civilian and had no official rank. The early days of the Israeli Navy were therefore characterized by political infighting, as many groups and individuals jockeyed for power. Palyam politics blocked the nomination of Paul Shulman (a Jewish U.S. Navy officer with a rank of Commander who volunteered for the Israeli Navy) as Navy-Commander in Chief and he resigned in 1949. The first Navy-Commander in Chief awarded the rank of Aluf was Shlomo Shamir.[2]

The conclusion of the 1948 war afforded the navy the time to build up its strength. Beginning in the early 1950s the navy purchased frigates, torpedo boats, destroyers, and eventually submarines. The material build-up was accompanied by the training of Israeli Navy officers in Royal Navy academies in the UK and Malta, as well as in France.

Three distinct periods characterize the history of the Israeli Navy:

  • Foundation and early days
  • The destroyers' age
  • The missile boats era, beginning in 1965 and bearing fruit during the 1973 Yom Kippur War.[11][12]

Until 1967 the Naval Headquarters were located at Stella-Marris, on the slopes of Mount Carmel, Haifa. After the Six-Day War it was relocated to the Kirya in Tel Aviv, next to IDF Headquarters.

Yom Kippur War

Main articles: Battle of Latakia and Battle of Baltim

In the most significant engagement in its history, during the Yom Kippur War the Israeli Navy sank five Syrian ships without a loss during the Battle of Latakia. As a result, the Syrian Navy remained in port for the remainder of the conflict.[13]

Chain of Command

The Israeli Navy is small compared to other Navies and the officers chain of command is as follows with respect to Royal – Navy / United States:[14]

Commissioned Officers
Insignia
Israeli Navy Aluf Tat-Aluf Aluf-Mishne Sgan-Aluf Rav-Seren Seren Segen Segen-Mishne
US Navy Rear Admiral
(upper half)		 Rear Admiral
(lower half)		 Captain Commander Lt. Commander Lieutenant Lieutenant
Junior Grade		 Ensign
Royal Navy Rear-Admiral Commodore Captain Commander Lt-Commander Lieutenant Sub-Lieutenant Midshipman
Army Ranks Major- General Brigadier -General Colonel Lt- Colonel Major Captain Lieutenant 2nd Lieutenant
Non-Commissioned Officers Enlisted
Insignia none
Israeli Navy Rav-Nagad Rav-Nagad
Mishne		 Rav-Samal
Bakhir		 Rav-Samal
Mitkadem		 Rav-Samal
Rishon		 Rav-Samal Samal Rishon Samal Rav-Turay Turay
U.S. Navy Command
Master Chief
Petty Officer		 Master Chief
Petty Officer		 Senior Chief
Petty Officer		 Chief
Petty Officer		 Petty Officer
1st Class		 Petty Officer
2nd Class		 Petty Officer
3rd Class		 Seaman Seaman
Apprentice		 Seaman
Recruit
Royal Navy Warrant Officer
Class 1		 Warrant Officer
Class 1		 Warrant Officer
Class 2		 Chief Petty Officer Petty Officer (none) Leading Rate (none) Able Seaman (none)

Sleeve rank of Israeli Navy Commander-in-Chief is a rank of honor. This began as special permission from Lt. General Amnon Lipkin-Shahak (then chief of staff of the IDF) and allows the Navy Commander-in-Chief to have a sleeve rank of Vice Admiral which is equal to Lt. General, the rank of the IDF Chief of Staff. However the de facto rank of Israeli Navy Commander-in-Chief is Rear Admiral and the gesture given to the navy is ceremonial only when meeting foreign commanding officers.

The same resolution as mentioned above applies to the rank of Commodore. There is ceremonial-only sleeve rank of Rear–Admiral while by the IDF hierarchy and chain of command he remains a commodore.

Bases

INS Rahav
Sa'ar 5 class missile сorvettes of the Israeli Navy
Shayetet 13, Naval commandos
The emblem of the Haifa naval base is two arrows – one signifying the Missile Boats Flotilla and the other the Submarine Flotilla.
The emblem of the Ashdod naval base is two opposing arrows.
Eilat naval base was founded in 1951 and has been responsible for the Israeli Navy's Red Sea theater since 1981, when the Red Sea Naval Command Center was withdrawn from Sharm el-Sheikh in accordance with the Egyptian–Israeli peace treaty.
The emblem of the Eilat naval base represents the red roofs of Eilat.
  • The Naval Training base – located in Haifa, contains the submarine operations school, the missile boat operations school and the naval command school. The naval training base also functions as the Israeli Naval Academy.
The emblem of the Haifa training base is an owl, symbolizing wisdom and hard learning.
  • Mamtam – IT, processing and computing.
Mamtam is a small unit responsible for all Israeli Navy signal and IT systems, both logistic and operational. The soldiers that serve there are mainly programmers and university graduates in engineering, computer science and other technological professions.

Forces

Structure of the Israel Navy

Patrol Squadrons

Based in Haifa, Eilat, and Ashdod respectively, Squadrons 914, 915, and 916 defend Israels' shores from near by.

Unit's objectives

  • Constant patrols in the seas of Israel.
  • Identification of watercraft entering Israeli waters.
  • Preventing smuggling through the sea
  • Protecting national assets, such as drilling rigs.
  • Various operations carried out alone, or with other units in and outside of the navy.
  • Various other objectives that differ between the squadrons.

3rd Flotilla

The Missile Boats Flotilla, based at Haifa.

  • 34th Anti-Submarine Squadron פלגה נגד צוללות (ShaNeTz = shayetet neged tzolalot)
Unit's objectives
  • Protecting Israeli commerce at sea from foreign fleets.
  • Preventing a possible naval blockade of Israeli ports during wartime.
  • Blockading enemy ports at wartime.

7th Flotilla

The Submarine Flotilla, an elite volunteer unit founded in 1959.

Unit's objectives

For security reasons applicants with dual citizenship, must now officially renounce all other citizenships to be accepted into the submarine service training program.[16]

13th Flotilla

Shayetet 13, or Flotilla 13, is an elite naval commando unit which specializes in sea-to-land incursions, counter-terrorism, sabotage operations, maritime intelligence gathering, maritime hostage rescue, and boarding. It is among the most highly trained and secretive units in the Israeli military.

Yaltam divers in training

YALTAM 707

Salvage and underwater works unit. Formed as the damage control branch of the Navy Shipyards, the unit later incorporated experienced Flotilla-13 divers.

Intelligence

The Corps' relies on its Naval Intelligence Division for naval intelligence.

Marines

The Givati Brigade, an infantry brigade of the Israel Defense Forces, served as its amphibious force until the early 1990s.

The 11th Flotilla (disbanded in 1993) would transport the troops on various transport vessels.

Fleet

Main article: List of ships of the Israeli Navy

"INS" stands for "Israeli Navy Ship".[17]

Sa'ar 4.5 class missile boats launching Gabriel missiles
A Sa'ar 5-class corvette INS Lahav, 2014
The Sa'ar 4.5 class missile boat INS Hetz, 1991
A Dolphin class submarine
A Super Dvora Mk III class patrol boat
A Shaldag-class fast patrol boat
A Morena-class rigid-hulled inflatable boat
A Defender-class boat
Israeli AS565MA Atalef, 2007
Israel Aerospace Industries Gabriel missile

Corvettes

Sa'ar 5-class

Main article: Sa'ar 5-class corvette

Missile boats

Sa'ar 4.5-class

Main article: Sa'ar 4.5-class missile boat
  • INS Romach, pronounced [ʁomaχ] (Lance, 1981) – Active
  • INS Keshet (Bow, 1982) – Active
  • INS Hetz, pronounced [ˈχet͡s] (Arrow, 1991) – Active
  • INS Kidon (Javelin, 1995) (Sa'ar 4-class built in 1974 and converted to Saar 4.5 class in 1994) – Active
  • INS Tarshish (1995) – (Sa'ar 4-class built in 1975 and converted to Saar 4.5 class in 1998) – Active
  • INS Yaffo (Jaffa, 1998) (Sa'ar 4-class built in 1975 and converted to Saar 4.5 class in 1998) – Active
  • INS Herev, pronounced [χeʁev] (Sword, 2002) – Active
  • INS Sufa (Storm, 2003) – Active

Submarines

Dolphin class

Main article: Dolphin class submarine
  • INS Dolphin (1999)
  • INS Livyathan (Whale, 1999)
  • INS Tekumah (Revival, 2000)

AIP Dolphin 2 class:

  • INS Tannin (Crocodile, delivered in 2012)
  • INS Rahav (Rahab, delivered in 2014)
  • INS Dakar (Grouper, ordered 21 March 2012, expected operational date 2019)

Patrol Boats

[18]

Support ships

[18]

Commando boats

  • Dolphin type underwater crafts
  • Maiale (pig) type underwater crafts
  • Snunit boats
  • Zaharon boats
  • Moulit boats
  • Morena rigid-hulled inflatable boats

Aircraft

Aircraft operated by the Israeli Navy, even when including on-board Navy mission specialists, are flown and maintained by Israeli Air Force personnel and are part of the air force command structure.

Unmanned aerial vehicles

Equipment

  • Barak 1 – Point-defence SAM
  • Barak 8 – Long range SAM and anti-missile defence system
  • Gabriel – sea-to-sea missile
  • Harpoon – anti-ship missile
  • Popeye (AGM-142 Have Nap) – air/sub-launched cruise missile. Dolphin-class submarines believed to carry Popeye Turbo with a range >1500 km and the option for nuclear warheads.
  • Typhoon Weapon Station – remote-operated 25mm gun system
  • NAVLAR Artillery Rocket System
  • EL/M-2221 STGR – Search, Track & Guidance/Gunnery Radar
  • EL/M-2228S AMDR – Automatic Missile Detection Radar
  • EL/M-2228X SGRS – Surveillance & Gunnery Radar System
  • EL/M-2238 STAR – Surveillance & Threat Alert Radar
  • EL/M-2226 ACSR – Advanced Coastal Surveillance Radar

Future

Three new Sa'ar 72-class corvettes are under construction at Israel Shipyards, the first of which should enter service in 2015.[21] These are a stretched version of the Sa'ar 4.5 design that will incorporate stealth technology.

Despite some misgivings from Germany, the contract for the sixth and final Dolphin-class submarine is still intact[22] and it should be operational by 2017.[23] ThyssenKrupp will also build four "Sa'ar" patrol vessels for EEZ duties such as protecting offshore gas fields.[24] The ships will be based on the MEKO A-100 design[24] like Germany's Braunschweig-class corvettes, suggesting they will be 90m long and displace around 1,800 tonnes, named Sa'ar 6-class corvette. This deal was signed in December 2014 and Germany is believed to be contributing up to €115m of the €1 billion cost.[25] Previously Israel had hoped to acquire an up-armed version of the Freedom class of littoral combat ships from Lockheed Martin, but spiralling costs had made this impossible, along with a fallback option from Northrop Grumman/Huntington Ingalls Industries who built the Sa'ar 5 class.

List of commanders

Ram Rothberg, Commander of the Israeli navy, 2011–2016

Source: Jewish Virtual Library[26]

See also

References

  1. ^ Cirincione, Joseph; Wolfsthal, Jon B.; Rajkumar, Miriam (2005). Deadly arsenals: nuclear, biological, and chemical threats. Carnegie Endowment. pp. 263–4.
  2. ^ a b c d "Anat Kidron MA Thesis, Israeli Navy Year of Foundation". Haifa University Israel. October 2000. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  3. ^ a b "The last Battle of the Destroyer INS Eilat by Commander Yitzhak Shushan". Ma’ariv Publishing House. 1993. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  4. ^ "MACHAL Overseas Volunteers In Israel's War of Independence Page 28" (PDF). MOD IDF. 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  5. ^ "A Tiny, but Hard-Hitting Battle Force". By David Hanovice North American Volunteers In Israel's War of Independence. 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
  6. ^ "Paul Schulman". NY Times. 18 May 1994. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  7. ^ Nadav Reis. "Known Decorations for Bravery Awarded to Machalniks who served in World War II - מח"ל עולמי". Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  8. ^ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/machalnavy.html
  9. ^ "The last Battle of the Destroyer INS Eilat by Commander Yitzhak Shushan". Ma'ariv Publishing House. 1993. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  10. ^ Commander Shlomo, Ya'akobson a Hagana Veteran of the Royal Navy (1997). "Betaltala". MOD House. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
  11. ^ "BOATS OF CHERBOURG Abraham Rabinovich". Bluejacket Books ISBN 1-55750-714-7. 1973. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
  12. ^ "The Missile Boat War The 1973 Arab-Israeli War at Sea" (PDF). By Dave Schueler. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 3 December 2009.[dead link]
  13. ^ "The Battle of Latakia". Jewish Virtual Library.
  14. ^ "IDF Ranks". IDF Spoke Man. 2009. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
  15. ^ "Israel seeks sixth Dolphin in light of Iranian 'threat'". Janes.com. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  16. ^ "IDF submarine fleet bans dual citizenship". ynet. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  17. ^ "Ship Naming in the United States Navy". About.com. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  18. ^ a b c d e f John Pike. "Navy Equipment - Israel". Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  19. ^ "חדשות - צבא וביטחון nrg - ...נושאת מזל"טים: חיל הים כובש". Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  20. ^ http://www.israeldefense.com/?CategoryID=483&ArticleID=546 [dead link]
  21. ^ "Unraveling the History of the Israeli Navy, Part II". Frontpage Mag. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  22. ^ http://www.israeldefense.com/?CategoryID=426&ArticleID=663
  23. ^ "IAI seeks foreign investors to develop new missile warship". Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  24. ^ a b Opall-Rome, Barbara (25 December 2014). "Israel, Germany Seal Offshore Patrol Vessel Deal". Defense News.
  25. ^ Hudson, Alexandra (15 December 2015). "Germany says will help finance four new Israeli warships". Reuters.
  26. ^ "Israel Navy Commanders-in-Chief". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
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