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Django Reinhardt

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Django Reinhardt
Reinhardt in 1946
Reinhardt in 1946
Background information
Birth nameJean Reinhardt
Born(1910-01-23)23 January 1910
Liberchies, Pont-à-Celles, Belgium
Died16 May 1953(1953-05-16) (aged 43)
Samois-sur-Seine, France
GenresJazz, gypsy jazz, bebop, Romani music
Occupation(s)Guitarist, composer
Instrument(s)Guitar, violin, banjo
Years active1928–1953

Jean Reinhardt (23 January 1910 – 16 May 1953) stage name Django Reinhardt (French: [dʒãŋɡo ʁɛjnaʁt] or [dʒɑ̃ɡo ʁenɑʁt]), was a Belgian-born Romani-French jazz guitarist and composer, regarded as one of the greatest musicians of the twentieth century. He was the first jazz talent to emerge from Europe and remains the most significant.[2]: cover [3]

With violinist Stéphane Grappelli,[1] Reinhardt formed the Paris-based Quintette du Hot Club de France in 1934. The group was among the first to play jazz that featured the guitar as a lead instrument.[4] Reinhardt recorded in France with many visiting American musicians, including Coleman Hawkins and Benny Carter, and briefly toured the United States with Duke Ellington's orchestra in 1946. He died suddenly of a stroke at the age of 43.

Reinhardt's most popular compositions have become standards within gypsy jazz, including "Minor Swing",[5] "Daphne", "Belleville", "Djangology", "Swing '42", and "Nuages". Jazz guitarist Frank Vignola claims that nearly every major popular-music guitarist in the world has been influenced by Reinhardt.[6] Over the last few decades, annual Django festivals have been held throughout Europe and the U.S., and a biography has been written about his life.[2] In February 2017, the Berlin International Film Festival held the world premiere of the French film, Django.

Biography

Early life

Reinhardt was born on 23 January 1910 in Liberchies, Pont-à-Celles, Belgium,[7] into a Belgian family[3] of Manouche Romani descent.[7] His father was Jean Eugene Weiss, but domiciled in Paris with his wife, he went by Jean-Baptiste Reinhardt, his wife's surname, to avoid French military conscription.[8] His mother, Laurence Reinhardt, was a dancer.[8] The birth certificate refers to "Jean Reinhart, son of Jean Baptiste Reinhart, artist, and Laurence Reinhart, housewife, domiciled in Paris".[9]

A number of authors have repeated the claim that Reinhardt's nickname, Django, is Romani for "I awake";[2]: 4–5  however, it may also simply have been a diminutive, or local Walloon version, of "Jean".[10] Reinhardt spent most of his youth in Romani encampments close to Paris, where he started playing the violin, banjo and guitar. He became adept at stealing chickens, which was viewed as a noble skill by the Romani, because part of their means of survival on the road was to steal from the non-Romani world around them.[2]: 5 [11]: 14  His father reportedly played music in a family band comprising himself and seven brothers; a surviving photograph shows this band including his father on piano.

Reinhardt was attracted to music at an early age, first playing the violin. At the age of 12 he received a banjo-guitar as a gift. He quickly learned to play, mimicking the fingerings of musicians he watched, who would have included local virtuoso players of the day such as Jean "Poulette" Castro and Auguste "Gusti" Malha, as well as from his uncle Guiligou, who played violin, banjo and guitar.[2]: 28  Reinhardt was able to make a living playing music by the time he was 15, busking in cafés, often with his brother Joseph. At this time, he had not started playing Jazz.

He received little formal education and acquired the rudiments of literacy only in adult life.[11]: 13 

Marriage and injury

At the age of 17 Reinhardt married Florine "Bella" Mayer, a girl from the same Romani settlement, according to Romani custom (although not an official marriage under French law).[12]: 9  The following year he recorded for the first time.[12]: 9  On these recordings, made in 1928, Reinhardt plays the "banjo" (actually the banjo-guitar) accompanying the accordionists Maurice Alexander, Jean Vaissade and Victor Marceau, and the singer Maurice Chaumel. His name was now drawing international attention, such as from British bandleader Jack Hylton, who came to France just to hear him play.[12]: 10  Hylton offered him a job on the spot, and Reinhardt accepted.[12]: 10 

Before he had a chance to start with the band, however, Reinhardt nearly died. On the night of 2 November 1928, Reinhardt was going to bed in the wagon that he and his wife shared in the caravan. Apparently, he knocked over a candle, which ignited the extremely flammable celluloid that his wife used to make artificial flowers. The wagon was quickly engulfed in flames. The couple escaped, but Reinhardt suffered extensive burns over half his body.[13] During his 18 month hospitalization, doctors apparently recommended amputation for his badly damaged right leg. Reinhardt refused the surgery and was eventually able to walk with the aid of a cane.[12]: 10 

More crucial to his music, the fourth and fifth fingers of Reinhardt’s left hand were badly burned. Doctors believed that he would never play guitar again.[11]: 43–44  [12]: 10 [14] Reinhardt applied himself to intensely relearning his craft, however, making use of a new guitar bought for him by his brother, Joseph Reinhardt, who was also an accomplished guitarist. While he never regained the use of those two fingers, Reinhardt regained his musical mastery by focusing on his left index and middle fingers, using the two injured fingers only for chord work.[11]: 31–35 

Within a year of the fire, in 1929, Bella Mayer gave birth to their son, Henri "Lousson" Reinhardt. Soon thereafter, the couple split up. The son eventually took the surname of his mother's new husband. As Lousson Baumgartner, the son himself became an accomplished musician who would go on to record with his biological father. [15]

Discovery of jazz

After parting from his wife and son, Reinhardt traveled throughout France, getting occasional jobs playing music at small clubs. He had no definite goals, living a hand-to-mouth existence, apparently spending his earnings as quickly as he made them.[12]: 11  Accompanying him on his travels was his new girlfriend, Sophie Ziegler. Nicknamed "Naguine," she and Reinhardt were distant cousins. [12]: 11 

During the years after the fire, Reinhardt was rehabilitating and experimenting on the guitar that his brother had given him. After having played a broad spectrum of music, he was introduced to American jazz by an acquaintance, Émile Savitry, whose record collection included such musical luminaries as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington. Hearing their music apparently triggered in Reinhardt a vision and goal of becoming a jazz professional.[12]: 12 

While developing his interest in jazz, Reinhardt met Stéphane Grappelli, a young violinist with similar musical interests. He and Grappelli would frequently jam together, accompanied by a loose circle of other musicians.[11]: 26 

Reinhardt would acquire his first Selmer guitar in the mid-1930s.

Formation of the quintet

File:Django&Grappelli (cropped).jpg
Reinhardt and Grappelli

From 1934 until the outbreak of World War II in 1939, Reinhardt and Grappelli worked together as the principal soloists of their newly formed Hot Club, in Paris. It became the most accomplished and innovative European jazz group of the period.[16]

Reinhardt's brother Joseph and Roger Chaput also played on guitar, and Louis Vola was on bass.[17]: 45–49  The Quintette was one of the few well-known jazz ensembles composed only of stringed instruments.[11]: 64–66 

In Paris on 14 March 1933, Reinhardt recorded two takes each of "Parce-que je vous aime" and "Si, j'aime Suzy", vocal numbers with lots of guitar fills and guitar support. He used three guitarists along with an accordion lead, violin, and bass. In August 1934, he made other recordings with more than one guitar (Joseph Reinhardt, Roger Chaput, and Reinhardt), including the first recording by the Quintette. In both years the great majority of their recordings featured a wide variety of horns, often in multiples, piano, and other instruments,[18] but the all-string instrumentation is the one most often adopted by emulators of the Hot Club sound.

Decca Records in the United States released three records of Quintette songs with Reinhardt on guitar, and one other, credited to "Stephane Grappelli & His Hot 4 with Django Reinhardt", in 1935.[19]

Reinhardt also played and recorded with many American jazz musicians, such as Adelaide Hall, Coleman Hawkins, Benny Carter, and Rex Stewart (who later stayed in Paris). He participated in a jam session and radio performance with Louis Armstrong. Later in his career, Reinhardt played with Dizzy Gillespie in France. Also in the neighborhood was the artistic salon R-26, at which Reinhardt and Grappelli performed regularly as they developed their unique musical style.[20]

In 1938 Reinhardt's quintet played to thousands at an all-star show held in London's Kilburn State auditorium.[11]: 92  While playing, he noticed American film actor Eddie Cantor in the front row. When their set ended, Cantor rose to his feet, then went up on stage and kissed Reinhardt's hand, paying no concern to the audience.[11]: 93  A few weeks later the quintet played at the London Palladium.[11]: 93 

World War II

When World War II broke out, the original quintet was on tour in the United Kingdom. Reinhardt returned to Paris at once,[11]: 98–99  leaving his wife in the UK. Grappelli remained in the United Kingdom for the duration of the war. Reinhardt re-formed the quintet, with Hubert Rostaing on clarinet replacing Grappelli.[21]

While he tried to continue with his music, war with the Nazis presented Reinhardt with two potentially catastrophic obstacles. First, he was a Romani. Second, he was a jazz musician.

Beginning in 1933, all German Romani were barred from living in cities, herded into settlement camps, and routinely sterilized. Romani men were required to wear a brown Gypsy ID triangle sewn on their chest, [2]: 168  Similar to the pink triangle that homosexuals wore, and much like the yellow Stars of David that Jews had to subsequently wear. [22] During the war, Romani were systematically killed in concentration camps.[2]: 169  In France, they were used as slave labor on farms and factories.[2]: 169  During the Holocaust an estimated 600,000 to 1.5 million Romani throughout Europe were eventually killed.[2]: 154 

The German attitude toward jazz had been hostile throughout the first half of the 20th century. [23]: 82  Between 1916 and 1920, all jazz had been officially banned throughout Germany. Officially suppressed between 1922 and 1933, Hitler banned most jazz when he came to power. Apparently, he and Joseph Goebbels viewed jazz as part of an international conspiracy to undermine Germany's greatness.[2]: 154 [24] It would not be until the mid-1950s that Germany reopened itself to European jazz.[23]: 82 

Nonetheless, Goebbels stopped short of a complete ban on Jazz, which now had many fans in Germany and elsewhere[2]: 157 . A new generation of French Jazz fans, the Zazous had arisen an swollen the ranks of the Hot Club [2]: 157 . In addition to the increased interest, many of the American musicians based in Paris during the thirties had returned to the US at the outbreak of war, leaving more work for French musicians. Django was the most famous jazz musician in Europe, working steadily during the early war years and earning a great deal of money ... yet always under threat.

In this ["Nuages"] graceful and eloquent melody, Django evoked the woes of the war that weighed on people's souls—and then transcended it all.

biographer Michael Dregni[17]: 93 

His first attempt at escape from Occupied France led to capture. Fortunately for him, a jazz-loving German, Luftwaffe Officer Dietrich Schulz-Köhn, released him back to France. [25] Reinhardt made a second attempt a few days later, but he was stopped in the middle of the night by Swiss border guards who forced him to return to Paris.[26]

Since the Nazis officially disapproved of jazz,[27] Reinhardt tried to develop other musical directions. He wrote a Mass for the Gypsies and a symphony. Since he did not read music, Reinhardt worked with an assistant to notate what he was improvising. His modernist piece Rhythm Futur was also intended to be acceptable to the Nazis.

In 1943, Reinhardt married Sophie "Naguine" Ziegler in Salbris. They had a son, Babik Reinhardt, who later became a respected guitarist in his own right.[21] Unlike the estimated 600,000 Gypsies who were interned and killed in the Porajmos, Reinhardt survived the war without injury.

United States tour

Reinhardt and Duke Ellington at the Aquarium in New York, c. November 1946

After the war, Reinhardt rejoined Grappelli in the UK. In the autumn of 1946, he made his first tour in the United States, debuting at Cleveland Music Hall[28] as a special guest soloist with Duke Ellington and His Orchestra. He played with many notable musicians and composers, such as Maury Deutsch. At the end of the tour, Reinhardt played two nights at Carnegie Hall in New York City; he received a great ovation and took six curtain calls on the first night.

Despite his pride in touring with Ellington (one of two letters to Grappelli relates his excitement), he was not fully integrated into the band. He played a few tunes at the end of the show, backed by Ellington, with no special arrangements written for him. After the tour, Reinhardt secured an engagement at Café Society Uptown, where he played four solos a day, backed by the resident band. These performances drew large audiences.[11]: 138–139  Having failed to bring his usual Selmer Modèle Jazz, he played on a borrowed electric guitar, which he felt hampered the delicacy of his style.[11]: 138  He had been promised jobs in California, but they failed to develop. Tired of waiting, Reinhardt returned to France in February 1947.[11]: 141 

After the quintet

After his return, Reinhardt re-immersed himself in Romani life, finding it difficult to adjust to the postwar world. He sometimes showed up for scheduled concerts without a guitar or amplifier, or wandered off to the park or beach. On a few occasions he refused to get out of bed. Reinhardt developed a reputation among his band, fans, and managers as extremely unreliable. He skipped sold-out concerts to "walk to the beach" or "smell the dew."[11]: 145  During this period he continued to attend the R-26 artistic salon in Montmartre, improvising with his devoted collaborator, Stéphane Grappelli.[29][30]

In Rome in 1949, Reinhardt recruited three Italian jazz players (on bass, piano, and snare drum) and recorded over 60 tunes in an Italian studio. He united with Grappelli, and used his acoustic Selmer-Maccaferri. The recording was issued for the first time in the late 1950s.[31]

Back in Paris, in June 1950, Reinhardt was invited to join an entourage to welcome the return of Benny Goodman. He also attended a reception for Goodman, who after the war ended had asked Reinhardt to join him in the U.S. He asked him again, and out of politeness, Reinhardt agreed. But he later had second thoughts about what role he could play alongside Goodman, who was the "King of Swing," and remained in France.[2]: 251 

Final years

Plaque commemorating Reinhardt at Samois-sur-Seine

In 1951, Reinhardt retired to Samois-sur-Seine, near Fontainebleau, where he lived until his death. He continued to play in Paris jazz clubs and began playing electric guitar. (He often used a Selmer fitted with an electric pickup, despite his initial hesitation about the instrument.) In his final recordings, made with his Nouvelle Quintette in the last few months of his life, he had begun moving in a new musical direction, in which he assimilated the vocabulary of bebop and fused it with his own melodic style.[32]

On 16 May 1953, while walking from the Gare de Fontainebleau–Avon Station after playing in a Paris club, he collapsed outside his house from a brain hemorrhage.[11]: 160  It was a Saturday, and it took a full day for a doctor to arrive.[11]: 161  Reinhardt was declared dead on arrival at the hospital in Fontainebleau, at the age of 43.

Family

Reinhardt's second son, Babik, became a guitarist in the contemporary jazz style. His first son, Lousson, was more of a traditionalist. He followed the Romani lifestyle and rarely performed in public. After Reinhardt died, his brother Joseph at first swore to abandon music, but he was persuaded to perform and record again. Joseph's son Markus Reinhardt is a violinist in the Romani style.

A third generation of direct descendants has developed as musicians: David Reinhardt, Reinhardt's grandson (by his son Babik), leads his own trio. Dallas Baumgartner, a great-grandson by Lousson, is a guitarist who travels with the Romani and keeps a low public profile. A slightly younger distant relative, violinist Schnuckenack Reinhardt, became famous in Germany as a performer of gypsy music and gypsy jazz up to his death in 2006, and also assisted in keeping Reinhardt's legacy alive through the period following his death.

Legacy

Main article: Gypsy jazz

Reinhardt is regarded as one of the greatest guitar players of all time, and the first important European jazz musician to make a major contribution with jazz guitar.[33][a] During his career he wrote nearly 100 songs, according to jazz guitarist Frank Vignola.[6]

Using a Selmer Guitar in the mid-1930s, his style took on new volume and expressiveness.[33] Despite his physical handicap, he played mainly using his index and middle fingers, and invented a distinctive style of jazz guitar.[33]

For about a decade after Reinhardt's death, interest in his musical style was minimal. In the fifties, bebop superseded swing in jazz, rock and roll took off, and electric instruments became dominant in popular music. Since the mid-sixties, there has been a revival of interest in Reinhardt's music, a revival that has extended into the 21st century, with annual festivals and periodic tribute concerts. His devotees included classical guitarist Julian Bream and country guitarist Chet Atkins, who considered him one of the ten greatest guitarists of the twentieth century.[33][2]: cover [b]

The Allman Brothers Band song "Jessica" was written by Dickey Betts in tribute to Reinhardt.[33] Woody Allen's 1999 film Sweet and Lowdown, the story of a Django Reinhardt-like character, mentions Reinhardt and includes actual recordings in the film.[36][37] "Django was the definitive genius on the guitar, and the depth of his gift was so spectacular," says Allen.[37]

Jazz guitarists in the U.S., such as Charlie Byrd and Wes Montgomery, were influenced by his style. In fact, Byrd, who lived from 1925 to 1999, said that Reinhardt was his primary influence. Guitarist Mike Peters notes that "the word 'genius' is bantered about too much. But in jazz, Louis Armstrong was a genius, Duke Ellington was another one, and Reinhardt was also."[37] Grisman adds, "As far as I'm concerned, no one since has come anywhere close to Django Reinhardt as an improviser or technician."[37]

Festival Django Reinhardt in France

The popularity of gypsy jazz has generated an increasing number of festivals, such as the Festival Django Reinhardt held every last weekend of June since 1983 in Samois-sur-Seine (France),[38][39] the various DjangoFests held throughout Europe[40] and the US, and Django in June, an annual camp for Gypsy jazz musicians and aficionados.[41][42]

Tributes

In February 2017, the Berlin International Film Festival held the world premiere of Django, a French film directed by Etienne Comar. The movie covers Django's escape from Nazi-occupied Paris in 1943 and the fact that even under "constant danger, flight and the atrocities committed against his family", he continued composing and performing.[43] Reinhardt's music was re-recorded for the film by the Dutch jazz band Rosenberg Trio with lead guitarist Stochelo Rosenberg.[44][45]

The documentary film, Djangomania! was released in 2005. The hour-long film was directed and written by Jamie Kastner, who traveled throughout the world to show the influence of Django's music in various countries.[46]

In 1984 the Kool Jazz Festival, held in Carnegie Hall and Avery Fisher Hall, was dedicated entirely to Reinhardt. Performers included Grappelli, Benny Carter, and Mike Peters with his group of seven musicians. The festival was organized by George Wein.[47] Reinhardt is celebrated annually in the village of Liberchies, his birthplace.[48]

Numerous musicians have written and recorded tributes to Reinhardt.

Ramelton, Co. Donegal, Ireland, each year hosts a festival in tribute to Django called "Django sur Lennon" or "Django on the Lennon" the Lennon being the name of the local river that runs through the village

Influence

The instant I heard Django, I flipped. I chose his style because it spoke to me. He was too far ahead of his time. He was something else.

French recording artist, Serge Krief[49]

Many guitar players and other musicians have expressed admiration for Reinhardt or have cited him as a major influence. Jeff Beck described Reinhardt as "by far the most astonishing guitar player ever" and "quite superhuman".[50]

Grateful Dead's Jerry Garcia and Black Sabbath's Tony Iommi, both of whom lost fingers in accidents, were inspired by Reinhardt's example of becoming an accomplished guitar player despite his injuries. Garcia was quoted in June 1985 in Frets Magazine:

His technique is awesome! Even today, nobody has really come to the state that he was playing at. As good as players are, they haven't gotten to where he is. There's a lot of guys that play fast and a lot of guys that play clean, and the guitar has come a long way as far as speed and clarity go, but nobody plays with the whole fullness of expression that Django has. I mean, the combination of incredible speed – all the speed you could possibly want – but also the thing of every note have a specific personality. You don't hear it. I really haven't heard it anywhere but with Django.

Denny Laine and Jimmy McCulloch, members of Paul McCartney's band Wings, have mentioned him as an inspiration.

Django is still one of my main influences, I think, for lyricism. He can make me cry when I hear him.

Toots Thielemans[51]

Andrew Latimer, of the band Camel, has stated that he was influenced by Reinhardt.[52]

Willie Nelson has been a lifelong Reinhardt fan, stating in his memoir, "This was a man who changed my musical life by giving me a whole new perspective on the guitar and, on an even more profound level, on my relationship with sound...During my formative years, as I listened to Django's records, especially songs like 'Nuages' that I would play for the rest of my life, I studied his technique. Even more, I studied his gentleness. I love the human sound he gave his acoustic guitar."[53]

Discography

Releases in his lifetime

Reinhardt recorded over 900 sides in his recording career, from 1928 to 1953, the majority as sides of the then-prevalent 78-RPM records, with the remainder as acetates, transcription discs, private and off-air recordings (of radio broadcasts), and part of a film soundtrack. Only one session (eight tracks) from March 1953 was ever recorded specifically for album release by Norman Granz in the then-new LP format, but Reinhardt died before the album could be released. In his earliest recordings Reinhardt played banjo (or, more accurately, banjo-guitar) accompanying accordionists and singers on dances and popular tunes of the day, with no jazz content, whereas in the last recordings before his death he played amplified guitar in the bebop idiom with a pool of younger, more modern French musicians.

A full chronological listing of his lifetime recorded output is available from the source cited here,[61] and an index of individual tunes is available from the source cited here.[62] A few fragments of film performance (without original sound) also survive, as does one complete performance with sound, of the tune "J'Attendrai" performed with the Quintet in 1938 for the short film Le Jazz Hot.[63][64]

Posthumous compilations (LP, cassette and CD)

Reinhardt's recorded output has been re-released on a large number of LPs, cassettes and CDs since his death and also the start of the LP era. Of particular mention is Intégrale Django Reinhardt, volumes 1–20 (40 CDs), released by the French company Frémeaux from 2002 to 2005, which strove to include every known track on which he played.[65]

The following list of reissues is only a selection; as at December 2015, www.discogs.com listed more than 560 such albums; a full listing is available from the source cited here.[66]

  • 1953 Django Reinhardt et Ses Rythmes
  • 1954 The Great Artistry of Django Reinhardt
  • 1954 Le Jazz Hot
  • 1955 Django's Guitar
  • 1959 Django Reinhardt and His Rhythm
  • 1963 The Immortal Django Reinhardt Guitar
  • 1980 Routes to Django Reinhardt
  • 1991 Django Reinhardt – Pêche à la Mouche: The Great Blue Star Sessions 1947/1953
  • 1995 Jazz & Blues Collection, Editions Atlas, 1937–1940
  • 1996 Imagine
  • 1997 Django Reinhardt: Nuages, with Coleman Hawkins
  • 1998 The Complete Django Reinhardt HMV Sessions
  • 2000 The Classic Early Recordings in Chronological Order (five-CD boxed set)
  • 2001 All Star Sessions
  • 2001 Jazz in Paris: Swing 39
  • 2002 Djangology, recorded in 1948 and remastered and released by Bluebird Records
  • 2002–2005 Intégrale Django Reinhardt, vols. 1–20, Frémeaux et Associés, 20 two-CD volumes
  • 2003 Jazz in Paris: Nuages
  • 2003 Jazz in Paris: Nuits de Saint-Germain des-Prés
  • 2004 Le Génie Vagabond
  • 2005 Djangology, rereleased by Bluebird)
  • 2008 Django on the Radio, radio broadcasts, 1945–1953

Unrecorded compositions

A small number of waltzes composed by Reinhardt in his youth were never recorded by the composer, but were retained in the repertoire of his associates and several are still played today. They came to light via recordings by Matelo Ferret in 1960 (the waltzes "Montagne Sainte-Genevieve", "Gagoug", "Chez Jacquet" and "Choti"; Disques Vogue (F)EPL7740) and 1961 ("Djalamichto" and "En Verdine"; Disques Vogue (F)EPL7829). The first four are now available on Matelo's CD Tziganskaïa and Other Rare Recordings, released by Hot Club Records (subsequently reissued as Tziganskaïa: The Django Reinhardt Waltzes); "Chez Jacquet" was also recorded by Baro Ferret in 1966.

The names "Gagoug" and "Choti" were reportedly conferred by Django's widow Naguine on request from Matelo, who had learned the tunes without names. Django also worked on composing a Mass for use by the gypsies, which was not completed although an 8-minute extract exists, played by the organist Léo Chauliac for Reinhardt's benefit, via a 1944 radio broadcast; this can be found on the CD release "Gipsy Jazz School" and also on volume 12 of the "Intégrale Django Reinhardt" CD compilation.[c]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Professor of music and guitarist, Mark White, of Berklee College, writes: "Django Reinhardt with his Hot Club of France group was a hotbed of great guitar playing. Eventually, Django would play electric guitar, and become one of the greatest guitar stylists of all time."[34]
  2. ^ Jimmy Page said "Django Reinhardt was fantastic. he must have been playing all the time to be that good."[35]
  3. ^ Here is Lauren Oliver's transcript of the interview from the radio broadcast: Introduction: VO: In the Chapel of the National Institute for Blind Children, Django Reinhardt will, for the first time, hear his mass played on the organ, which he has written especially for the gypsies. (Organ begins to play) Interview: Announcer: Could you tell me Mr Reinhardt, what has compelled you to write this mass? DR: All the gypsies in the entire world have made use of foreign masses for many centuries. I have written this mass to be interpreted by choir and organ. A: And in what surroundings do you isolate yourself in order to write – it's not a question of surroundings. For you certainly cannot do it after a jazz concert? DR: I prefer to write in the evening very late or in the morning in my bed. A: And did you notate the music? DR: No, it's not I who notates the music. It's my clarinetist in the Quintet of the Hot Club of France, Gerard Leveque. I dictate it to him. A: And is today the first recital of your mass? DR: It is an extract of my mass. I particularly don't know the ending. It's the first time I have heard the composition on the organ. A: Certainly you know, Mr Reinhardt, that in the world and particularly in France, it is said that you are the king of the gypsies. Is that accurate? DR: No, no, no, don't think that. But it might come to pass, perhaps one day. I am very loved by them, and I thank them by offering to them this mass. (Organ continues to play)

References

  1. ^ a b "Django Reinhardt Jattendrai Swing 1939 live". 23 November 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2017 – via YouTube.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Dregni, Michael (2004). Django: The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516752-X.
  3. ^ a b Baronian, Jean-Baptiste (8 October 2015). Dictionnaire amoureux de la Belgique. edi8. p. 376. ISBN 978-2-259-24868-6. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  4. ^ Jurek, Thom. "The Hot Jazz: Le Hot Club de France, Vols. 1–4". AllMusic. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  5. ^ "Django Reinhardt – Minor Swing – HD *1080p". 28 March 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2017 – via YouTube.
  6. ^ a b "Mainstay presents Frank Vignola," Record Observer (Easton, Maryland), 18 March 2010
  7. ^ a b Balen, Noël (2003). Django Reinhart: Le Génie vagabond. ISBN 978-2268045610.
  8. ^ a b "Django Reinhardt and the Illustrated History of Gypsy Jazz". All About Jazz. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
  9. ^ "Official birth certificate of Jean Reinhardt". Django Station. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
  10. ^ Denis Chang: Sinti culture, language & the origin of the name Django
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Delaunay, Charles (1961). Django Reinhardt. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80171-X.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i Fogg, Rod. Django Reinhardt: Know the Man, Play the Music, Hal Leonard Corp. (2005)
  13. ^ "Gypsy Jazz and Django Reinhardt". Flatpick.com. 2 November 1928. Retrieved 30 May 2017. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |website= (help)
  14. ^ Marty, Pierre (2005). Django ressuscité: contribution à l'étude d'une auto-rééducation fonctionnelle en 1925. Copédit. ISBN 2906030910.
  15. ^ "Lousson Reinhardt". Gypsy Jazz Encyclopedia. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
  16. ^ "Stephane Grappelli is Europe's gift to jazz", The Ottawa Journal, 9 June 1980
  17. ^ a b Dregni, Michael (2006). Django Reinhardt and the Illustrated History of Gypsy Jazz. Speck Press. ISBN 978-1-933108-10-0.
  18. ^ Rousseau, François. "Welcome". Django Montreal. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  19. ^ "DECCA (USA) 78rpm numerical listing discographyL 23000 – 23500". 78discography.com. 26 September 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2017. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |website= (help)
  20. ^ Tranchant, Jean (1969). La Grande Roue. Paris: Éditions de la Table Ronde.
  21. ^ a b Sharp, Fred. "Babik Reinhardt". The Django Reinhardt Swing Page. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  22. ^ "Jews wearing Star of David" (JPG). S-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com. Retrieved 30 May 2017.]
  23. ^ a b Budds, Michael J. Jazz & the Germans: Essays on the Influence of "hot" American Idioms on 20th Century German Music, Pendragon Press (2002)
  24. ^ "Nazi poster illustrating the negative aspects of jazz" (JPG). 65.media.tumblr.com. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  25. ^ Kington, Miles. "Playing a Dangerous Game: Django, Jazz and the Nazis". BBC. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  26. ^ Kater, Michael H. Different Drummers: Jazz in the Culture of Nazi Germany, Oxford Univ. Press (1992) p. 178
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