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Breivik has frequently praised the writings of blogger [[Fjordman]].<ref>[http://www.newsinenglish.no/2011/08/04/breivik-police-question-fjordman/ Breivik police question ‘Fjordman’, August 4, 2011]</ref> He also endorsed the writings of Australian historian [[Keith Windschuttle]] in the manifesto ''2083'', as well as former Australian Prime Minister John Howard and Treasurer Peter Costello.<ref name=nz>{{cite web|author=Laura Westbrook |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/europe/5349226/Mass-killer-Anders-Behring-Breiviks-NZ-link |title=Mass killer Anders Behring Breivik's NZ link |publisher=Stuff.co.nz |date=11 February 2006 |accessdate=27 July 2011}}</ref> He expressed admiration for historical military leaders such as [[Charles Martel]], [[Richard Lionheart]], [[El Cid]], [[Vlad III the Impaler]], [[Jacques de Molay]], [[Nicholas I of Russia]], and [[John III Sobieski]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Atentante in Norvegia: Atacatorul il admira pe Vlad Tepes |date=24 July 2011 |publisher=Ziare.com |language=Romanian |url=http://www.ziare.com/international/atentat-norvegia/atentante-in-norvegia-atacatorul-il-admira-pe-vlad-tepes-1109742 }}</ref>
Breivik has frequently praised the writings of blogger [[Fjordman]].<ref>[http://www.newsinenglish.no/2011/08/04/breivik-police-question-fjordman/ Breivik police question ‘Fjordman’, August 4, 2011]</ref> He also endorsed the writings of Australian historian [[Keith Windschuttle]] in the manifesto ''2083'', as well as former Australian Prime Minister John Howard and Treasurer Peter Costello.<ref name=nz>{{cite web|author=Laura Westbrook |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/europe/5349226/Mass-killer-Anders-Behring-Breiviks-NZ-link |title=Mass killer Anders Behring Breivik's NZ link |publisher=Stuff.co.nz |date=11 February 2006 |accessdate=27 July 2011}}</ref> He expressed admiration for historical military leaders such as [[Charles Martel]], [[Richard Lionheart]], [[El Cid]], [[Vlad III the Impaler]], [[Jacques de Molay]], [[Nicholas I of Russia]], and [[John III Sobieski]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Atentante in Norvegia: Atacatorul il admira pe Vlad Tepes |date=24 July 2011 |publisher=Ziare.com |language=Romanian |url=http://www.ziare.com/international/atentat-norvegia/atentante-in-norvegia-atacatorul-il-admira-pe-vlad-tepes-1109742 }}</ref>


=
===Responses from those mentioned===

Breivik's father, Jens Breivik who currently lives in France as a pensioner, has confirmed that he has had no contact with his son since 1995.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/24/us-norway-gunman-parents-idUSTRE76N0WH20110724 "Father of Norway attack suspect says in shock"], Reuters, 24 July 2011.</ref> After the attack, Jens Breivik is quoted as saying "I don't feel like his father", and "How could he just stand there and kill so many innocent people and just seem to think that what he did was OK? He should have taken his own life, too. That's what he should have done", adding "I will have to live with this shame for the rest of my life."<ref name="gunfar" /> Breivik's mother has reportedly left her home after her son's arrest and is staying at a secret location.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080862| title=Breiviks familie i dekning |date=27 July 2011| newspaper=VG nett}}</ref>
{{Ref improve section|date=July 2011}}
Some people whom Breivik mentioned in his manifesto have sought to distance themselves from him and his actions.
*[[Fjordman]], in response following the attacks to Breivik's praising him, distinguished himself from Breivik, whom he referred to as a "violent psychopath", and said he "intensely dislike[d]" having been praised by Breivik.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080731 |title=Viktig inspirator kaller Breivik "voldelig psykopat" |newspaper=VG Nett |date=25 July 2011 |agency=[[Associated Press|AP]] |language=Norwegian}}</ref>
* [[Pamela Geller]] strongly dismissed any connection between Breivik's manifesto and her writings as "ridiculous", saying that he was "responsible for his actions" and that, "[i]f anyone incited him to violence, it was Islamic supremacists".<ref>[http://atlasshrugs2000.typepad.com/atlas_shrugs/2011/07/extraordinary-deception.html Atlas Shrugs – Extraordinary Deception]</ref>{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}
*[[Melanie Phillips]] strongly denied any suggestion that her writings influenced Breivik, dismissing him as "mentally abnormal" and accusing left-wing elements of attempting to badmouth her.<ref name=melanie /><ref>[http://melaniephillips.com/fanaticism-mass-murder-and-the-left Melanie Phillips Official site – Fanaticism, mass murder and the left]</ref>
*[[Daniel Pipes]] acknowledged that Breivik had read and cited his essays, but compared Breivik to [[Ted Kaczynski]] and wrote that Breivik's actions threatened to set back the conservative movement.<ref>[http://www.danielpipes.org/10007/norway-terrorism-in-context Daniel Pipes – Norway's Terrorism in Context]</ref>
* [[Robert Spencer (author)|Robert Spencer]], upon release of an article in the ''[[New York Times]]''<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/25/us/25debate.html?_r=1 New York Times – Killings in Norway Spotlight Anti-Muslim Thought in U.S.]</ref> that first revealed various sources that Breivik had used, stated that "[a]ttempts to link us to these murders on the basis of alleged postings by the murderer mentioning us are absurd and offensive. Our work is and always has been wholly focused upon defending humane values and freedoms. There is no way that any sane person could possibly conclude that committing mass murder of children would advance the principles for which we stand. And if he was [''sic''] not sane, then any imputation of responsibility to us falters on that basis. Islamic jihadists and supremacists routinely invoke Islamic texts and teachings to justify violence, and thus those teachings are and should be rightly held up to scrutiny; by contrast, our record of support for human rights and the dignity of all human beings is consistent and unbroken. This murderer should be punished to the full extent of the law; any attempts to tar freedom fighters with his actions is deplorable."<ref>http://www.jihadwatch.org/2011/07/the-blame-game.html, "The blame game", jihadwatch.org, 23-7-11</ref>{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}
*[[Geert Wilders]] issued a statement on Twitter: "Terrible attack in Oslo, so many innocent victims of a violent, sick mind. The [[Party for Freedom|PVV]] mourns together with the families of the victims and the Norwegian people."<ref name="wilders">{{cite web | url=http://twitter.com/geertwilderspvv | title=Geert Wilders official Twitter account | publisher=Twitter | accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> Wilders went on to describe Breivik as a "psychopath and a lunatic" and stated that his actions were "a slap in the face for the worldwide anti-Islam movement".<ref>[http://www.eip-news.com/2011/07/netherlands-geert-wilders-issues-statement-on-pvv-norway-shooting-links/ EIP Netherlands: Geert Wilders issues statement on PVV Norway shooting links]</ref>{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}
*[[Keith Windschuttle]] did not deny Breivik's praise of his writings but added that he was "at a complete loss to find any connection between them and the disgusting and cowardly actions of Breivik".<ref name=nz />
*Regarding Breivik's alleged praise of [[Hindu nationalism]], both the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] have condemned Breivik, with spokesman Ram Madhav of the former stating that "Breivik's act of killing innocents is reprehensible in the strongest possible words. The attempts to link it to the Hindutva movement are also equally reprehensible"<ref>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hNOX6N-kf3Hs6wN69vOmOz73HoAw?docId=CNG.b060e67fd75d9d367f61c289f3e63114.771 "Indian right-wing Hindus reject Norway killer's praise"]. AFP. 27 July 2011</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 20:21, 5 August 2011

Anders Behring Breivik
File:Anders Behring Breivik.jpg
Portrait released by Breivik
Born (1979-02-13) 13 February 1979 (age 45)[1]
Oslo, Norway[2]
Other namesAndrew Berwick,[3] Sigurd (Jorsalfar)[4]
CitizenshipNorwegian
Alma materOslo Commerce School
OccupationBusinessman
Known for2011 Norway attacks

Anders Behring Breivik (Norwegian pronunciation: ['ɑnəʂ 'beːɾiŋ 'bɾæɪʋiːk]; born 13 February 1979)[1] is a Norwegian right-wing extremist[7] and the confessed perpetrator[8][9] of dual terrorist attacks in Norway on 22 July 2011: the bombing of government buildings in Oslo that resulted in eight deaths, and the mass shooting at a camp of the Workers' Youth League (AUF) of the Labour Party on the island of Utøya where he killed 69 people, mostly teenagers.[10][11][12]

Breivik's far-right[13] militant ideology is described in a compendium of texts, titled 2083 – A European Declaration of Independence and distributed electronically by Breivik on the day of the attacks[13][14] under the anglicised pseudonym Andrew Berwick.[15][16] In it he lays out his xenophobic worldview, which includes support for varying degrees of cultural conservatism, right-wing populism, ultranationalism, crusades, Islamophobia, far-right Zionism and Serbian paramilitarism.[17][18] It further argues for the violent annihilation of Islam, "Eurabia", "cultural Marxism", and multiculturalism, to preserve a Christian Europe.[13][19][20][21]

Breivik has confessed to what he calls "atrocious but necessary" actions, but denies criminal responsibility.[22][23] Breivik claimed contact with Norwegian and international far-right political movements,[24][25] and claims to belong to an international anti-Islam network with two cells in Norway and more in other countries. Police and experts doubt these claims but have not dismissed them completely.[23]

On 25 July 2011, Breivik was charged with "destabilising or destroying basic functions of society" and "creating serious fear in the population",[23] acts of terrorism under the criminal law, and ordered held for eight weeks—the first four in solitary confinement—pending further court proceedings.[11][26] Prosecutors are considering charging him with crimes against humanity under a 2008 law.[27]

Biography

Early life

Breivik was born in Oslo, on 13 February 1979,[28] the son of Wenche Behring, a nurse, and Jens David Breivik, a Siviløkonom (Norwegian professional title, literally "civil economist"), who worked as a diplomat for the Royal Norwegian Embassy in London and later Paris.[29] He spent the first year of his life in London until his parents divorced when he was one year old. His father, who later married a diplomat, fought for his custody but failed. Breivik lived with his mother and his half sister in the west-end of Oslo and regularly visited his father and stepmother in France, until they divorced when he was 12. His mother also remarried, to a Norwegian Army officer.[30]

Anders Breivik criticised both of his parents for supporting the policies of the Norwegian Labour Party, and his mother for being a moderate feminist. He wrote about his upbringing: "I do not approve of the super-liberal, matriarchal upbringing as it completely lacked discipline and has contributed to feminising me to a certain degree."

Youth

Breivik attended Smestad Grammar School, Ris Junior High, Hartvig Nissen High School and Oslo Commerce School.[31] A former classmate has recalled that he was an intelligent student who often took care of people who were bullied.[32] Breivik chose to be baptised into the Protestant Church of Norway at the age of 15.[6][33] When he reached adolescence, Breivik's behaviour became more rebellious and wayward. He and his gang of friends would reportedly spend their evenings hanging around in Oslo, spraying tags and graffiti on buildings. After he was caught spraying graffiti on walls, his father stopped contact with him in at age 16, in 1995.[34] They have not been in contact since then.

Young adulthood

Breivik was exempt from conscription to military service in the Norwegian Army and has no military training.[35] The Norwegian Defence Security Department, who conducts the vetting process, say he was deemed "unfit for service" at the mandatory conscript assessment.[36] In 1997, at age 19, he lost 2 million kr. ($369,556[37]) in the stock market.[38] At age 21, he had plastic surgery performed to reshape his forehead, nose and chin.[38]

Employment

After the age of 21, Breivik was in the customer service department of an unnamed company, working with "people from all countries" and being "kind to everyone".[39] A former co-worker has described him as an "exceptional colleague",[40] while a close friend of his stated that he usually had a big ego and would be easily irritated by those of Middle Eastern or South Asian origin.[41]

Planning attacks

Breivik claims that he started a nine-year-plan to finance the attacks age 23 in 2002, founding his own "computer programming" business while working at the customer service company. He claims that his company grew to six employees and "several offshore bank accounts", and that he made his first million kroner at the age of 24.[42] The company was later declared bankrupt and Breivik was reported for several breaches of the law.[43] To save money, he moved back to his mother's home. His declared assets in 2007 were about 630,000 kr. ($116,410[37]), according to Norwegian tax authority figures.[39] He claims that by 2008 he had about two million kroner ($369,556[37]) and nine credit cards giving him access to €26,000 in credit.[42]

In May 2009 he founded a farming company under the name "Breivik Geofarm",[44] described as a farming sole proprietorship set up to cultivate vegetables, melons, roots and tubers.[45] In the same year he visited Prague in an attempt to buy illegal weapons. The attempt was a failure, and Breivik decided to obtain weapons through legal channels instead.[46] He had no declared income in 2009 and his assets amounted to 390,000 kroner ($72,063[37]), according to Norwegian tax authority figures.[39] In January 2010 he states that his funds are "depleting gradually". On 23 June 2011, a month before the attacks, he paid the outstanding amount on his nine credit cards in order to have access to funds while he continued his preparations.[42] In late June or early July 2011, he moved to a rural area south of Åsta in Åmot, Hedmark county, about 140 km (86 miles) northeast of Oslo,[47] the site of his farm. As he admits in his manifesto he used the company as a cover to legally obtain large amounts of artificial fertiliser and other chemicals for the manufacturing of explosives.[47] A farming supplier sold Breivik's company six tonnes of fertiliser in May.[48] Newspaper Verdens Gang reported that after Breivik bought large amounts of fertiliser from an online shop in Poland, his name was among 60 passed to the Police Security Service (PST) by Norwegian Customs as having used the store to buy products. Speaking to the newspaper, Jon Fitje of PST said the information they found gave no indication of anything suspicious. In his manifesto Breivik described his first experiments with explosives, and details a successful test detonation at a remote location on 13 June 2011.[49] He sets the cost of the preparations for the attacks at €317,000 – "130,000 out of pocket and 187,500 euros in lost revenue over three years." [sic][39]

2011 attacks

Downtown Oslo, shortly after the detonation there.
Flowers laid in front of Oslo Cathedral the day after the attacks.
Main article: 2011 Norway attacks

On 22 July 2011, Breivik went to Utøya island, the site of a Labour Party youth camp, posing as a police officer and then opened fire on the unarmed adolescents present, reportedly killing 69.[12][50][51] The youngest victim was Sharidyn Svebakk-Bøhn[52], who had just turned 14 years old.[53]

Breivik confessed and stated the purpose of the attack was to save Norway and Western Europe from a Muslim takeover and "[t]he price for this they had to pay yesterday." Ian Stephen, a retired forensic clinical psychologist, said Breivik knew what he was doing but is clearly a psychopath.[54]

Six hours before the attacks, Breivik posted a YouTube video urging conservatives to "embrace martyrdom" and showing himself wearing a compression garment and pointing a rifle.[55] He also posted a picture of himself pretending to be a military officer in a costume festooned with gold braid and multiple medals.[56] When armed police arrived on the island and confronted him, he surrendered without resistance.[57]

After arrest and outside court, Breivik was met with an angry crowd, some of whom shouted "burn in hell", while some used stronger words.[51][58][59]

Breivik's lawyer Geir Lippestad has stated that Breivik may be insane.[60] The chief of the Norwegian Police Security Service disputes the claim Breivik is insane saying "His lawyer is not a psychologist and neither am I. But I have previously been a defense attorney and I perceive him as a sane person because he has been so focused over such a long time."[61] Breivik is currently undergoing examination by court-appointed psychiatrists[62]. Experts have publicly questioned the lawyer's claim, and instead tend to describe Breivik as sane, yet severely narcissistic (Dr. Svenn Torgersen)[63] and violent true believer (Dr. J. Reid Meloy).[64] Breivik himself has confessed to using testosterone in the days before the attack, saying he had become more aggressive after coming off testosterone supplements.[65][66]

Writings

Forums

Janne Kristiansen, Chief of the Norwegian Police Security Service (PST), has stated that Breivik "deliberately desisted from violent exhortations on the net [and] has more or less been a moderate, and has neither been part of any extremist network."[67] He is reported to have written many posts on the Islam-critical[68] website document.no.[69] He also attended meetings of "Documents venner" (Friends of Document), affiliated with the website.[70] Due to the media attention on his Internet activity following the 2011 attacks, document.no compiled a complete list of comments made by Breivik on its website between September 2009 and June 2010.[71][72][73]

In his writings Breivik displays admiration for the English Defence League (EDL), expressing an interest in starting a similar organisation in Norway, and writing that he had advised them to pursue a strategy of provoking overreaction from "Jihad Youth/Extreme-Marxists" which in turn might draw more people to join the organisation.[19][74] On 25 July 2011 British Prime Minister David Cameron announced a review of Britain's own security following the attacks.[75] EDL issued a statement denouncing terror as a tool on 26 July 2011.[76] Some editorialists criticised the EDL and other anti-Muslim groups in this context.[24][77][78] Dagens Næringsliv writes that Breivik sought to start a Norwegian version of the Tea Party movement in cooperation with the owners of document.no, but that they, after expressing initial interest, ultimately turned down his proposal because he did not have the contacts he promised.[79] He also expressed his admiration of the Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin (Putinism), finding him "a fair and resolute leader worth of respect", though he was "unsure at this point whether he has the potential to be our best friend or our worst enemy." Putin's spokesperson Dmitri Peskov has denounced Breivik's actions as the "delirium of a madman".[80]

Manifesto

Breivik is linked to a compendium entitled 2083: A European Declaration of Independence bearing the name "Andrew Berwick", the file was e-mailed to 1,003 addresses about 90 minutes before the bomb blast in Oslo.[81] CNN has not been able to independently verify that the document was written by Breivik. Police told the Norwegian newspaper VG that the document is “linked”. The compendium describes two years of preparation of unspecified attacks, supposedly planned for autumn 2011, involving a rented Volkswagen Crafter van (just small enough not to require a truck driving license) loaded with 1160 kg of ANFO, a Ruger Mini-14 semi-automatic rifle, a Glock 34 pistol, personal armor including a shield, caltrops, and police insignias. It also reports spending thousands of hours on "email farming" on Facebook for distribution of the compendium, and renting a farm as a cover for a fake farming company buying fertilizer and as a lab for production of the explosives. It describes burrying a crate with the armor etc. in July 2010 in the woods, and collecting it on July 4, 2011, and abandoning his plan to replace it with survival gear because he did not have a second pistol. The entry for the day of the attacks mentions blasting sequences, though at Kautokeino for mining, and dressing up as a police officer, though as something he planned to do at a costume party in the autumn.[82]

The introductory chapter of the manifesto defining "Cultural Marxism" is a copy of Political Correctness: A Short History of an Ideology by the Free Congress Foundation.[83][84][85] Major parts of the compendium are attributed to the pseudonymous Norwegian blogger Fjordman.[86] The text also copies sections of the Unabomber manifesto, without giving credit, while exchanging the words "leftists" for "cultural Marxists" and "black people" for "muslims".[87] The New York Times described American influences in the writings, noting that the compendium mentions the anti-Islamist American Robert Spencer 64 times and cites Spencer's works at great length.[88] The work of Bat Ye'or[89] is cited dozens of times.[90] blogger Pamela Geller,[91] Middle-eastern expert Bernard Lewis, Edmund Burke, Mahatma Gandhi, Thomas Jefferson, and George Orwell.[92] Neo-pagan writer Koenraad Elst[93] and Daniel Pipes are also mentioned as sources of inspiration.[94] The compendium also quotes from Jeremy Clarkson's Sunday Times column as well as Melanie Phillips' Daily Mail column.[95] The publication has admiration of Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Bruce Bawer, Srđa Trifković,[96] and Henryk M. Broder.[97] The compendium advocates a restoration of patriarchy which it claims would save European culture.[98][99]

The compendium contains some portraits of Breivik, and explains that he avoided a professional photographer because the regalia he intended to use in the photo session for marketing purposes would obviously generate suspicion. Lack of professional digital equipment, green sheet background and other related and expensive photo gear could be compensated by his Photoshop skills.

Religious views

Islamophobia

Following his apprehension, Breivik was characterized by officials as being a right-wing extremist. The acting police chief said the suspect’s Internet postings "suggest that he has some political traits directed toward the right, and Islamophobia views, but if that was a motivation for the actual act remains to be seen." He was at first described by many in the media as a Christian fundamentalist, Christian terrorist, nationalist and right-wing extremist.[7][21][51][100][101][102] He claims that the European Union is a project to create "Eurabia"[103][104][105] and describes the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia as being authorised by "criminal western European and American leaders".[106] The Jerusalem Post describes him as pro-Israel and strongly opposed to Islam, and asserts that his manifesto includes "extreme screed of Islamophobia" and "far-right Zionism".[13]

Breivik claimed he had contact with the English Defence League (EDL)[24] and claimed to have been involved with the Norwegian Defence League (NDL),[25] The NDL had held a failed rally in Norway in April 2011[107]On 26 July 2011 EDL leader Stephen Yaxley-Lennon denounced Breivik and his attacks and has denied any links with him.[76]

He sympathises with the Serbian paramilitarism.[18] He blames feminism for allowing the erosion of the fabric of European society.[108] The manifesto urges the Hindu nationalists to drive Muslims out of India.[109] He demands the gradual deportation of all Muslims from Europe through repatriation.[110]

Christianity

In 2009, he wrote "Today's Protestant church is a joke. Priests in jeans who march for Palestine and churches that look like minimalist shopping centres. I am a supporter of an indirect collective conversion of the Protestant church back to the Catholic."[111] On his Facebook profile, Breivik described himself as a Christian,[19]though he is critical of the Catholic and Protestant churches, objecting to their "current suicidal path". Before the attacks, he stated an intention to attend Frogner Church in a final "Martyr's mass".[112]

The manifesto states its author is "100 percent Christian",[6] and he is not "excessively religious"[6] and considers himself a "cultural Christian" and a "modern-day crusader".[5][6] His manifesto states "I'm not going to pretend I'm a very religious person, as that would be a lie", calls religion a crutch and a source for drawing mental strength, and says "I've always been very pragmatic and influenced by my secular surroundings and environment"; regarding the term "cultural Christian" which he says means preserving European culture, he notes "It is enough that you are a Christian-agnostic or a Christian atheist (an atheist who wants to preserve at least the basics of the European Christian cultural legacy..."[102][5] Furthermore, Breivik stated that "myself and many more like me do not necessarily have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ and God."[5][113] Nevertheless, he stated that he planned to pray to God seeking for his help during his attacks.[114]

Breivik condemns Pope Benedict XVI for his dialogue with Islam: "Pope Benedict has abandoned Christianity and all Christian Europeans and is to be considered a cowardly, incompetent, corrupt and illegitimate Pope." It will thus be necessary, writes Breivik, to overthrow the Protestant and Catholic hierarchies, after which a "Great Christian Congress" would set up a new European Church.[115] He has also condemned Christian missionary activity in India as it would lead to the "total destruction of the Hindu faith and culture", and he expresses support for the Hindutva movement against Indian Communist movements.[116]

American Christian press has also highlighted that Breivik appears to have addressed followers of the Neopagan religion of Odinism – the ethnocentric branch of Greater European Heathenry – in his writ. In regards to them, he says, “even Odinists can fight with us or by our side as brothers” in the Knights Templar organization that Breivik claims to be a founding member of. He later says to reject Odinism, saying that the Thor's Hammer cannot unify the people of Europe, but that the Christian cross will.[117]

Deputy police chief Roger Andresen initially told reporters that information on Breivik's websites was "so to speak, Christian fundamentalist"[51][118][119][120] Subsequently, others have disputed Andresen's characterisation of Breivik as a Christian fundamentalist.[115][121] Rev. Olav Fykse Tveit, head of the World Council of Churches and himself Norwegian, accused Breivik of blasphemy for citing Christianity as a justification in his murderous attack.[5][122]

Links to organisations

Clubs and political movements

Breivik was an active member of an Oslo shooting club between 2005 and 2007, and since 2010. According to the club, which has banned him for life, Breivik had taken part in 13 organised training sessions and one competition since June 2010.[123] The club states that it does not evaluate the members' suitability regarding possession of weapons. Oslo Pistolklubb

31 July 2011, Interpol requested Maltese police to investigate the blogger Lionheart, real name Paul Ray. He is a former member of the English Defence League. Mr Ray conceded that he may have been the inspiration for the Norwegian mass murderer, but deplored his actions. Mr Ray is an associate of Neo-Nazi Nick Greger, whose photograph in the Sunday Times, Malta edition bears the caption "Order Commander". The group including Johnny "Mad Dog" Adair, a notorious name in Northern Ireland connected with The Troubles met in Malta in March.[124][125] Breivik listed Freemasonry as one of his interests on his Facebook page.[126] He had displayed photographs of himself in Masonic regalia on his Facebook profile,[127][128]

On 2 August 2011 Breivik made a list of unrealistic demands, in exchange for information about alleged terrorist cells.[129]

Progress Party

Breivik was previously a member of the anti-immigration Progress Party (FrP), which promotes libertarian, conservative and right-wing populist viewpoints[130][131][132] and its youth wing FpU from 1997 to 2007, acting as deputy chairman for one of the local Oslo chapters.[133] According to current FpU leader Ove Vanebo, Breivik was active early in the 2000s, but left the party in 2007 as his viewpoints became more extreme.[134]

Knights Templar (PCCTS)

See also: Knights Templar and popular culture

In his manifesto and during interrogation, Breivik claimed membership in an "international Christian military order" in the tradition of the Knights Templar[133] which he calls the new "Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Solomonici". The name translates into "Poor Fellows of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon", and refers to the first headquarters of the Knights Templars, which was built on the place ascribed to the ruins of the Temple of Solomon". He also refers to the order as the "PCCTS".

According to Breivik, the order was established as an "anti-Jihad crusader-organisation" that "fights" against "Islamic suppression" in London in April 2002 by nine men: two Englishmen, a Frenchman, a German, a Dutchman, a Greek, a Russian, a Norwegian, and a Serb. It has between fifteen and eighty "ordinated knights" besides an unknown number of "civilian members", and Breivik expects the order to take political and military control of Western Europe.[135]

Breivik gives his own code name in the organization as "Sigurd Jorsalfar" and that of his "mentor" as "Richard Lionheart" (recalling the twelfth-century Crusaders King Sigurd I of Norway and Richard the Lionheart of England),[4] claiming that the group has several "cells" in Western countries, including two more in Norway.[23]

Influences

Breivik has identified himself in a multitude of social media services as an admirer of, among others, Zionism,Serbian paramilitarism,[18] the Freedom Party of Austria,[136][137] Hindu nationalism (Hindutva),[138] the right-wing Swiss People's Party,[139] Winston Churchill,[140] Max Manus,[118][140] Robert Spencer,[141] former Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso, Patrick Buchanan,[98] Ayaan Hirsi Ali,[142] and Dutch politician Geert Wilders (whose political party he described on the website of the periodical Minerva as one among the few that could "truly claim to be conservative parties in their whole culture").[143] On Twitter, he paraphrased philosopher John Stuart Mill: "One person with a belief is equal to the force of 100,000 who have only interests".[47][144]

According to Belarusian opposition figure Mikhail Reshetnikov, Anders Breivik underwent paramilitary training in a camp organized by retired KGB colonel Valery Lunev. According to Reshetnikov, Breivik visited Belarus three times and had lasting connections with the country. According to official data, however, Breivik visited Belarus only once, as a tourist in 2005.[145]

Breivik has frequently praised the writings of blogger Fjordman.[146] He also endorsed the writings of Australian historian Keith Windschuttle in the manifesto 2083, as well as former Australian Prime Minister John Howard and Treasurer Peter Costello.[147] He expressed admiration for historical military leaders such as Charles Martel, Richard Lionheart, El Cid, Vlad III the Impaler, Jacques de Molay, Nicholas I of Russia, and John III Sobieski.[148]

=

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Rayment, Sean (25 July 2011). "Modest boy who became a mass murderer". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
  2. ^ "Dagens navn". Aftenposten, morgen. 15 February 1979. p. 10. Aker hospital, Oslo, 13. February 1979. A boy. Name of parents. In Norwegian: (Aker sykehus, 13. ds.: En gutt. Wenche og Jens Breivik)
  3. ^ Erlanger, Steven; Shane, Scott (23 July 2011). "Christian Extremist Charged in Norway". New York Times. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
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  36. ^ Landsend, Merete (27 July 2011). "Skrøt av egen briljans, utsende, kjærester og penger". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Oslo. Retrieved 2 August 2011. {{cite news}}: Text ""Kilder i Forsvarets sikkerhetsavdeling Dagbladet har snakket med, forteller at Breivik allerede ved sesjon ble luket ut av rullene som ikke tjenesteskikket." – "Sources in the Defence Security Department that Dagbladet has talked to, says Breivik was weeded out from the files as unfit for service during the service assessment."" ignored (help)
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