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According to the historian [[Robert H. Hewsen]], the Albanian tribes "must have been largely of autochthonous Caucasian origin, but we cannot be certain that this was true of all twenty-six of them. Thus, properly speaking, there was no Albanian people per se but only a federation of Caucasian tribes among whom the Albanians were possibly only one, paramount, tribe which had organized the federation to begin with."<ref name="Hewsen"/>
According to the historian [[Robert H. Hewsen]], the Albanian tribes "must have been largely of autochthonous Caucasian origin, but we cannot be certain that this was true of all twenty-six of them. Thus, properly speaking, there was no Albanian people per se but only a federation of Caucasian tribes among whom the Albanians were possibly only one, paramount, tribe which had organized the federation to begin with."<ref name="Hewsen"/>


In the 4th century the Albanians acquired several districts of [[Eastern Armenia]] on the right bank of Kura.<ref name="Hewsen"/> The population of the territories on the right bank of Kura at the time consisted of Armenians and Armenicized aborigines.<ref name="Hewsen"/> Ancient chronicles provide the names of several peoples that populated these districts, including the regions of [[Artsakh]] and [[Utik]]. These were [[Udi people|Utians]], Mycians, [[Caspians]], Gargarians, Sakasenians, Gelians, Sodians, Lupenians, Balas[ak]anians, Parsians and Parrasians.<ref name="Hewsen"/> According to Robert H. Hewsen, these tribes were "certainly not of Armenian origin", and "although certain Iranian peoples must have settled here during the long period of Persian and Median rule, most of the natives were not even Indo-Europeans".<ref name="Hewsen"/> According to Robert H. Hewsen, that the several peoples of the right bank of Kura "were highly Armenicized and that many were actually Armenians ''per se'' cannot be doubted. That the Albanians north of the Kur were Armenicized to any great degree seems less certain". <ref name="Hewsen"/>
In the 2nd century B.C. Armenia conquered the territories on the right bank of Kura.<ref name="Minorsky"/><ref name="Hewsen"/><ref>Тревер К.В. Очерки по истории и культуре Кавказской Албании. М., Л., 1959.</ref> The original population of the territories on the right bank of Kura before the Armenian conquest in the 2nd century B.C. also consisted of various autochthonous people. Ancient chronicles provide the names of several peoples that populated these districts, including the regions of [[Artsakh]] and [[Utik]]. These were [[Udi people|Utians]], Mycians, [[Caspians]], Gargarians, Sakasenians, Gelians, Sodians, Lupenians, Balas[ak]anians, Parsians and Parrasians.<ref name="Hewsen"/> According to Robert H. Hewsen, these tribes were "certainly not of Armenian origin", and "although certain Iranian peoples must have settled here during the long period of Persian and Median rule, most of the natives were not even Indo-Europeans".<ref name="Hewsen"/> According to Robert H. Hewsen, that the several peoples of the right bank of Kura "were highly Armenicized and that many were actually Armenians ''per se'' cannot be doubted. That the Albanians north of the Kur were Armenicized to any great degree seems less certain". <ref name="Hewsen"/> In the 4th century the Albanians acquired several districts of [[Eastern Armenia]] on the right bank of Kura.<ref name="Hewsen"/>


The [[Mannaeans]] maintained one of the earliest states recorded as being established in the area as far as the [[Kura]] from ca. 800 BC, and they were rivals of [[Urartu]] and [[Assyria]], but later fell under the rule of Urartu until their destruction and eventual assimilation by the Medes under [[Cyaxares]] in [[616 BC]]. In ancient times, they were mixed with the [[Persians|Persian]] people who settled in the area during the [[Achaemenid]], [[Parthia]]n and [[Sassanid]] periods.
The [[Mannaeans]] maintained one of the earliest states recorded as being established in the area as far as the [[Kura]] from ca. 800 BC, and they were rivals of [[Urartu]] and [[Assyria]], but later fell under the rule of Urartu until their destruction and eventual assimilation by the Medes under [[Cyaxares]] in [[616 BC]]. In ancient times, they were mixed with the [[Persians|Persian]] people who settled in the area during the [[Achaemenid]], [[Parthia]]n and [[Sassanid]] periods.

Revision as of 08:57, 20 March 2009

Caucasian Albania until 357.
This region should not be confused with modern-day Albania in south-eastern Europe.

Caucasian Albania (Greek: Ἀλβανία, Albanía [1]; Old Armenian: Աղուանք, Aghuank[2][1], Parthian: Ardhan, in Persian: Arran [3], in Arabic: Al Ran [2][3]) was an ancient state that existed on the territory of present-day Republic of Azerbaijan and southern Dagestan. Though it came under strong Armenian religious and cultural influence,[4][5][6][7][8] the country was largely independent.[9][10][11] The Caucasian Albanians emerged in northern Azerbaijan after 500 BC.[12] Albania arose as a kingdom in eastern Caucasus and along with the Georgians and Armenians and forming one of the three nations of the Southern Caucasus. [13] The Albanian Monarchy ended in 510 AD, but survived as a principality until 822. [14]

The kingdom's long-term capital was Qabala. The name "Albania" is Greek and Latin, and denotes "mountainous land";[1] the native name for the country is unknown.[15]

Ancient population of Caucasian Albania

Caucasian Albania after 387, when it included also the right bank of the Kura river (delineated by the red dotted border).

Caucasian Albanians, not to be confused with Albanians of the Balkans, were one of the Northeast Caucasian peoples[3][16], the ancient population who ruled over the central and eastern Transcaucasia before the common era.

According to Strabo, the Albanians were a group of 26 tribes which lived to the north of the Kura river and each of them had its own king and language [15] . Sometime before the 1st century BC they federated into one state and were ruled by one king [17].

Strabo wrote of the Caucasian Albanians in the first century BC:

At the present time, indeed, one king rules all the tribes, but formerly the several tribes were ruled separately by kings of their own according to their several languages. They have twenty-six languages, because they have no easy means of intercourse with one another [17]

According to the historian Robert H. Hewsen, the Albanian tribes "must have been largely of autochthonous Caucasian origin, but we cannot be certain that this was true of all twenty-six of them. Thus, properly speaking, there was no Albanian people per se but only a federation of Caucasian tribes among whom the Albanians were possibly only one, paramount, tribe which had organized the federation to begin with."[15]

In the 2nd century B.C. Armenia conquered the territories on the right bank of Kura.[2][15][18] The original population of the territories on the right bank of Kura before the Armenian conquest in the 2nd century B.C. also consisted of various autochthonous people. Ancient chronicles provide the names of several peoples that populated these districts, including the regions of Artsakh and Utik. These were Utians, Mycians, Caspians, Gargarians, Sakasenians, Gelians, Sodians, Lupenians, Balas[ak]anians, Parsians and Parrasians.[15] According to Robert H. Hewsen, these tribes were "certainly not of Armenian origin", and "although certain Iranian peoples must have settled here during the long period of Persian and Median rule, most of the natives were not even Indo-Europeans".[15] According to Robert H. Hewsen, that the several peoples of the right bank of Kura "were highly Armenicized and that many were actually Armenians per se cannot be doubted. That the Albanians north of the Kur were Armenicized to any great degree seems less certain". [15] In the 4th century the Albanians acquired several districts of Eastern Armenia on the right bank of Kura.[15]

The Mannaeans maintained one of the earliest states recorded as being established in the area as far as the Kura from ca. 800 BC, and they were rivals of Urartu and Assyria, but later fell under the rule of Urartu until their destruction and eventual assimilation by the Medes under Cyaxares in 616 BC. In ancient times, they were mixed with the Persian people who settled in the area during the Achaemenid, Parthian and Sassanid periods.

Historians[who?] believe that after the Caucasian Albanians were Christianized in the 4th century, the western parts of the population were gradually assimilated by the ancestors of modern Armenians, and the eastern parts of Caucasian Albanians were absorbed and Islamized by the Turkic peoples.[19]

It is believed that during the ancient and medieval eras parts of the population of Caucasian Albanian were assimilated and might have played a role in the ethnogenesis of the Azerbaijanis, the Armenians of the Nagorno-Karabakh, the Georgians of Kakhetia, the Laks, the Lezgins and the Tsakhurs of Daghestan.[20]

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The ancient Caucasian Albania lay on the south-eastern part of the Greater Caucasus mountains. It was bounded by Caucasian Iberia (present-day Georgia) to the west, by Sarmatians of the Caucasus to the north, by the Caspian Sea to the east, and by Armenia to the west along the river Kura [21].

According to 7th century Armenian Geography, attributed to Movses Khorenatsi or Anania Shirakatsi, Caucasian Albania was a land with fertile valleys, cities, fortresses, villages and numerous rivers [21]. The districts of Albania were the following [13]:

  1. Kambysene
  2. Getaru
  3. Elni / Xeni
  4. Begh
  5. Shake
  6. Xolmaz
  7. Kapalak
  8. Hambasi
  9. Gelavu
  10. Hejeri
  11. Kaladasht

Strabo had no knowledge of any city in Albania, although in the first century AD Pliny mentions the initial capital of the kingdom - Kabalak [22][23].

Classical sources are unanimous in making the Kura River (Cyros) the frontier between Armenia and Albania [13]. The original territory of Albania was approximately 23.000 km² [24]. In the 4th century, after the partition of Armenia between Byzantium and Persia, the Albanians (with Persian connivance) acquired the Armenian lands in the south of Kura, which comprised the Armenian principalities of Artsakh, Utik, Gardman, Shakashen and Koght [13].

After 387 the territory of Caucasian Albania, sometimes referred to by scholars as "Greater Albania" [13], grew to ca. 45.000 km² [24]. In the fifth century the capital was transfered to Partav in Utik, reported to have been built in the mid-fifth century by the King Vache II of Albania [25], but according to Encyclopedia Iranica existed earlier as an Armenian city [23].

Early history

According to the Georgian Chronicle "Juansher's Concise History of the Georgians", Armenians, Georgians and Albanians had one father named Togarmah (Torgom), who was a descendant of Japheth, son of Noah. Torgom divided his land among his sons, and gave to one of them, by the name of Bartos, the "territory from the Berdahoj river to the region of the Kur river to the sea where the conjoined Erasx (Aras) and Kur rivers enter it". According to this legend, Bartos built the city Partaw in his own name.[26]

According to ancient historians, Arran was the legendary eponym of the Albanians. Movses Khorenatsi, the father of Armenian history, mentions that the plains of Caucasian Albania and the adjacent mountainous region from the river Yeraskh (Araks) up to the castle of Hnarakert on the river Kura, were inhabited by a race from the tribe of Sisak.[27] One of his descendants, a man named Arran, was appointed a military governor by Vagharshak, the Parthian king of Armenia.[28]. Moses of Kalankatuyk explained the name Aghvank as a derivation from the word Aghu (Armenian for sweet, soft, tender), which was the nickname of Caucasian Albania's first governor Arran and referred to his lenient personality. [29]. From his offspring descended the families of Utik, Gardman, and Gargar[28]. Sisak is thought to have been only an eponym and the legendary forefather of the princes of Syunik.[30]

As opposed to neighboring Armenians and Georgians, Caucasian Albanians took a long time to establish a kingdom[28], which was founded in the second century BC. Albanians are mentioned for the first time in 331 BC at the Battle of Gaugamela as participants from the satrapy of Media.[23]

Strabo, Ptolemy and Pliny all write that at this time, the border between Albania and the Kingdom of Greater Armenia was the river Kura. At the same time Strabo writes that the river of Kura flows through Albania. However, according to Encyclopedia Iranica, the frontier along the Kura was repeatedly overrun, to the advantage sometimes of the Albanians, sometimes of the Armenians. [23]

Roman era

Numerous evidences in Azerbaijan show the enduring relations of Caucasian Albania with Ancient Rome. The Latin rock inscription close to Boyukdash mountain in Gobustan, which mentions Legio XII Fulminata and centurion Lucius Julius Maximus, is the world's easternmost Roman evidence known.[31] In Azerbaijan Romans reached the Caspian Sea for the first time.[31]

The Roman coins circulated in Caucasian Albania till the end of the 3rd century AD.[32] Two denarii, unearthed in the 2nd century BC layer, were minted by Clodius and Caesar.[32] The coins of Augustus are ubiquitous.[32] The Qabala treasures revealed the denarii of Otho, Vespasian, Trajan and Hadrian.

Roman presence

In 69-68 BC Lucullus, having beat Armenian ruler Tigranes II, approached the borders of Caucasian Albania and was succeeded by Pompey.[33]

After the 66-65 BC wintering Pompey launched the Iberian campaign. It is reported by Strabo upon the account of Theophanes of Mytilene who participated in it.[34] As testified by Kamilla Trever, Pompey reached the Albanian border at Qazakh Rayon. Igrar Aliyev showed that this region called Cambysene was inhabited mainly by stock-breeders at the time. When fording the Alazan river, he was attacked by forces of Oroezes, King of Albania, and eventually defeated them. According to Plutarch, Albanians "were led by a brother of the king, named Cosis, who as soon as the fighting was at close quarters, rushed upon Pompey himself and smote him with a javelin on the fold of his breastplate; but Pompey ran him through the body and killed him".[35] Plutarch also reported that "after the battle, Pompey set out to march to the Caspian Sea, but was turned back by a multitude of deadly reptiles when he was only three days march distant, and withdrew into Lesser Armenia".[36]

According to Dio Cassius Pompey crossed the river Cambysis, which Azerbaijani scholar Seyran Veliyev upon the accounts of Plinius the Elder and Ptolemy identifies with the Pirsaat River.[37] Veliyev concedes that Albanians could palisade against Romans at the narrowest and thus the most convenient point of the Kura River - near Mingachevir. Veliyev assumes further that Pompey, having crossed Kura near Mingachevir, deepened to Abans (most likely the Sumgayit River) at the height of the summer.[38] Pompey could cross the Shirvan Steppe and at Cambysis according to Veliyev the Romans turned to the mountains. They passed through deserted Gobustan and reached one of the sources of Sumgayit River, finding themselves near the forests in native Albanian lands.[38] The Romans won an encounter with Albanians there, but Pompey was forced to bury the hatchet. According to Plutarch, he was in a three-day way far from the sea by that time.[39]

During the reign of Roman emperor Hadrian (117-138) Albania was invaded by the Alans, an Iranian nomadic group.[40]

Finds

The ruins of the gates of Albanian capital Gabala in Azerbaijan

In 1899 a silver plate featuring Roman toreutics was excavated near Qalagah.

The rock inscription near the south-eastern part of Boyukdash's foot (70 km from Baku) was discovered on June 2, 1948 by Azerbaijani archaeologist Ishag Jafarzadeh. The legend is IMPDOMITIANO CAESARE·AVG GERMANIC L·IVLIVS MAXIMVS> LEG XII·FVL. According to Domitian's titles in it, the related march took place between 84 and 96. The inscription was studied by Russian expert Yevgeni Pakhomov, who assumed that the associated campaign was launched to control the Derbent Gate and that the XII Fulminata has marched out either from Melitene, its permanent base, or Armenia, where it might have moved from before.[41] Pakhomov supposed that the legion proceeded to the spot continually along the Aras River. The later version, published in 1956, states that the legion was stationing in Cappadocia by that time whereas the centurion might have been in Albania with some diplomatic mission because for the talks with the Eastern rulers the Roman commanders were usually sending centurions.[42]

In 1953 twelve denarii of Augustus were unearthed.[32] In 1958 one denarius, coined in ca. 82 AD, was revealed in the Şamaxı trove.[32]

The Sasanian domination

Main article: Albania (satrapy)

In 252-253 AD Caucasian Albania, along with Caucasian Iberia and Greater Armenia, was conquered and annexed by the Sassanid Empire. Albania retained its monarchy, and according to M. L. Chaumont the Albanian king had no real power and most civil, religious, and military authority lay with the Sassanid marzban (military governor) of the territory.[23]

In 297 the treaty of Nisibis stipulated the reestablishment of the Roman protectorate over Iberia, but Albania remained an integral part of the Sasanian Empire. Albania was mentioned among the Sasanian provinces listed in the trilingual inscription of Shapur I at Naqsh-e Rustam.[43][44]

In the middle of the fourth century the king of Albania Urnayr arrived in Armenia and was baptized by Gregory the Illuminator, but Christianity spread in Albania only gradually, and the Albanian king remained loyal to the Sassanids. After the partition of Armenia between Byzantium and Persia (in 387 AD), Albania with Sassanid help was able to seize from Armenia all the right bank of the river Kura up to river Araxes, including Artsakh and Utik.[23]

Sasanian king Yazdegerd II passed an edict requiring all the Christians in his empire to convert to Mazdaism, fearing that Christians might ally with Roman Empire, which had recently adopted Christianity. This led to a rebellion of Albanians, along with Armenians and Iberians. In a battle that took place in 451 AD in the Avarayr field, the allied forces of the Armenian, Albanian and Iberian kings, devoted to Christianity, suffered defeat at the hands of the Sassanid army. Many of the Armenian nobility fled to the mountainous regions of Albania, particularly to Artsakh, which became a center for resistance to Sassanid Persia. The religious center of the Albanian state also moved here. However, the Albanian king Vache, a relative of Yazdegerd II, was forced to convert to the official religion of the Sasanian empire, but soon reverted back to Christianity.

In the middle of the fifth century by the order of the Persian king Peroz I Vache built in Utik the city initially called Perozabad, and later Partaw and Barda, and made it the capital of Albania.[45] Partaw was the seat of the Albanian kings and Persian marzban, and in 552 A.D. the seat of the Albanian Catholicos was also transferred to Partaw.[46][23]

After the death of Vache, Albania remained without a king for thirty years. The Sasanian Balash reestablished the Albanian monarchy by making Vachagan, son of Yazdegerd and brother of the previous king Vache, the king of Albania.

By the end of the fifth century, the ancient Arsacid royal house of Albania, a branch of the ruling dynasty of Parthia, became extinct, and in the sixth century it was replaced by princes of the Persian or Parthian Mihranid family, who claimed descent from the Sasanians. They assumed a Persian title of Arranshah (i.e.the shah of Arran, the Persian name of Albania).[3] The ruling dynasty was named after its Persian founder Mihran, who was a distant relative of the Sasanians.[47] The Mihranid dynasty survived under Muslim suzerainty until 821-2.[48]

In the late sixth – early seventh centuries the territory of Albania became an arena of wars between Sasanian Persia, Byzantium and the Khazar kaganate, the latter two very often acting as allies. In 628, during the Third Perso-Turkic War, the Khazars invaded Albania, and their leader Ziebel declared himself lord of Albania, levying a tax on merchants and the fishermen of the Kura and Araxes rivers "in accordance with the land survey of the kingdom of Persia". Most of Transcaucasia was under Khazar rule before the arrival of the Arabs.[49] The Albanian kings retained their rule by paying tribute to the regional powers. According to Peter Golden, "steady pressure from Turkic nomads was typical of the Khazar era, although there are no unambiguous references to permanent settlements",[50] while Vladimir Minorsky stated that, in Islamic times, "the town of Qabala lying between Sharvan and Shakki was a place where Khazars were probably settled".[2]

Arab and Seljuk domination

Main article: Arran

In the middle of the seventh century, the kingdom was overrun by the Arabs and, like all Islamic conquests at the time, incorporated into the Caliphate. The Albanian king Javanshir, the most prominent ruler of Mihranid dynasty, fought against the Arab invasion of caliph Uthman on the side of the Sasanid Iran. Facing the threat of the Arab invasion on the south and the Khazar offensive on the north, Javanshir had to recognize the Caliph’s suzerainty. The Arabs then reunited the territory with Armenia under one governor.[23]

By the eighth century, Caucasian Albania had been reduced to a strictly geographical and ecclesiastical connotation,[51] and referred to as such by medieval Armenian historians; it existed as a number principalities, such as that of Khachen, along with various Caucasian, Iranian and Arabic principalities: the principality of Shaddadids, the principality of Shirvan, the principality of Derbent, and so on Most of the region was ruled by the Sajid Dynasty of Azerbaijan from 890 to 929.

The Arab invasion on the one hand, and the penetration of Seljuk Turks into the region on the other hand, resulted in many Caucasian Albanians converting to Islam and mixing with the Turkic population. Eventually these groups were absorbed by Azeris,[15] while those that remained Christian were either assimilated into Armenians,[52] or continued to exist on their own and be known as Udi people.[53]

Religion

Main article: Church of Caucasian Albania

The ancient pagan religion of Albania was centered on the worship of three divinities, designated by Interpretatio Romana as Sol, Zeus, and Luna.

Christianity started to enter Caucasian Albania at an early date - according to Movses Kaghankatvatsi, in the 1st century A.D. the first Christian church in the region was built by St. Eliseus, a disciple of Thaddeus of Edessa, at a place called Gis (believed to be the modern-day Kish).

In 498 AD (in other sources, 488 AD) in the settlement named Aluen (Aghuen) (present day Agdam region of Azerbaijan), an Albanian church council convened to adopt laws further strengthening the position of Christianity in Albania.

Albanian churchmen took part in missionary efforts in the Caucasus and Pontic regions. In 682, the catholicos, Israel, led an unsuccessful delegation to convert Alp Iluetuer, the ruler of the North Caucasian Huns, to Christianity. The Albanian Church maintained a number of monasteries in the Holy Land.[54]

Alphabet and language

Main article: Caucasian Albanian alphabet

According to Movses Kaghankatvatzi, the Caucasian Albanian alphabet was devised by Mesrob Mashdots, an Armenian monk, theologian and linguist and inventor of the Armenian alphabet.[55] A disciple of Saint Mesrob, Koriun, in The Life of Mashtots, wrote:

Then there came and visited them an elderly man, an Albanian named Benjamin. And he [Mesrop] inquired and examined the barbaric diction of the Albanian language, and then through his usual God-given keenness of mind invented an alphabet, which he, through the grace of Christ, successfully organized and put in order.[56]

However, this claim is not confirmed by non-Armenian sources.[57] The alphabet of fifty-two letters, some bearing a resemblance to Armenian or Georgian characters, has only survived through a few manuscripts and inscriptions[58]. It was rediscovered in 1937 by a Georgian scholar, Professor Ilia Abuladze, in an Armenian manuscript from the 15th century. The manuscript, Matenadaran No. 7117, is a language manual, presenting different alphabets for comparison - Armenian, Greek, Latin, Syrian, Georgian, Coptic, and Caucasian Albanian among them. The alphabet was titled: "Aluanic girn e" (Armenian: Աղվանից գիրն Է, meaning, "Albanian letters").

The distinctive Caucasian Albanian language persisted into early Islamic times, and Muslim geographers Al-Muqaddasi, Ibn-Hawqal and Al-Istakhri recorded that the language which they called Arranian was still spoken in the capital Barda and the rest of the country in the 10th century C.E.[3] The Udi language, spoken by 8000 people mostly in Azerbaijan, and also Georgia, is thought to be the last remnant of the language once spoken in Caucasian Albania.[59]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c James Stuart Olson. An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. ISBN 0313274975
  2. ^ a b c d V. Minorsky. Caucasica IV. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 15, No. 3. (1953), p. 504
  3. ^ a b c d e Bosworth, Clifford E. Arran. Iranica. Cite error: The named reference "Bosworth" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  4. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Article: Azerbaijan
  5. ^ Walker, Christopher J. Armenia and Karabagh: The Struggle for Unity. Minority Rights Group Publications, 1991, p. 10
  6. ^ Istorija Vostoka. V 6 t. T. 2, Vostok v srednije veka Moskva, «Vostochnaya Literatura», 2002. ISBN 5-02-017711-3
  7. ^ Robert H. Hewsen. "Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians," in: Samuelian, Thomas J. (Hg.), Classical Armenian Culture. Influences and Creativity, Chicago: 1982
  8. ^ V.Minorsky. History of Shirvan and Darband [1]
  9. ^ Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1970), vol. 1, p. 391
  10. ^ William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman geography, Walton & Maberly, 1854, p. 90
  11. ^ Patrick Donabédian, Claude Mutafian, The Caucasian knot: the history & geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh, Zed Books, 1994, p. 54
  12. ^ Willem van Schendel, Erik Jan Zürcher, Identity Politics in Central Asia and the Muslim World, I.B.Tauris, 2001, p. 45
  13. ^ a b c d e Robert H. Hewsen, Armenia: A Historical Atlas. The University of Chicago Press, 2001, pp. 40-41. ISBN: 978-0-226-33228-4
  14. ^ Robert H. Hewsen, Armenia: A Historical Atlas. The University of Chicago Press, 2001, pp. 118-121. ISBN: 978-0-226-33228-4
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i Robert H. Hewsen. "Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians," in: Samuelian, Thomas J. (Hg.), Classical Armenian Culture. Influences and Creativity, Chicago: 1982, 27-40.
  16. ^ Chorbajian, Levon (1994). The Caucasian Knot. Zed Books. p. 54. ISBN 1856492885. The Caucasian Albania state was established during the second to first centuries BC and, according to Strabo, was made up of 26 tribes. It seems that their language was Ibero-Caucasian. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ a b Strabo. Geography, book 11, chapter 14.
  18. ^ Тревер К.В. Очерки по истории и культуре Кавказской Албании. М., Л., 1959.
  19. ^ Chorbajian, Levon (1994). The Caucasian Knot. Zed Books. p. 11. ISBN 1856492885. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  20. ^ Stuart, James (1994). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 27. ISBN 0313274975. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  21. ^ a b Anon, Armenian "Geography" («Աշխարհացոյց»), Sec. IV, Asia, The lands of Greater Asia.
  22. ^ which was pronounced in many different ways including Kabalaka, Shabala, Tabala, present-day Qabala
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h Encyclopedia Iranica. M. L. Chaumont. s.v. "Albania'. Cite error: The named reference "Chaumont" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  24. ^ a b Template:Hy icon S. T. Yeremian, Armenia according to "Asxaracoic", Yerevan 1963, p. 34.
  25. ^ V. Minorsky, A History of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th-11th centuries, Cambridge (Heffer and Sons), 1958
  26. ^ Juansher's Concise History of the Georgians
  27. ^ >Template:Hy icon Movses Khorenatsi. History of Armenia, 5th Century (Հայոց Պատմություն, Ե Դար). Annotated translation and commentary by Stepan Malkhasyants. Gagik Sarkisyan (ed.) Yerevan: Hayastan Publishing, 1997, 2.8, pp. 126-129 ISBN 5-5400-1192-9.
  28. ^ a b c Hacikyan, Jack (2002). The Heritage of Armenian Literature. Wayne State University Press. p. 165. ISBN 9780814330234. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ The History of Aluank by Moses of Kalankatuyk. Book I, chapter IV
  30. ^ Robert H. Hewsen. "The Primary History of Armenia": An Examination of the Validity of an Immemorially Transmitted Historical Tradition. History in Africa, Vol. 2. (1975), pp. 91-100
  31. ^ a b Template:Ru iconЕ.В. Федорова. "Императорский Рим в лицах". Ancientcoins.narod.ru. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
  32. ^ a b c d e Template:Ru iconИльяс Бабаев. "Какие монеты употребляли на рынках Азербайджана". Irs-az.com. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
  33. ^ Template:Ru icon"Страбон о Кавказской Албании". Irs-az.com. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
  34. ^ К. Алиев. К вопросу об источниках Страбона в описании древней Кавказской Албании. Ж. Доклады АН Азерб. ССР, XVI, 1960, № 4, с. 420-421
  35. ^ Plutarch, The Parallel Lives. Pompey, 35
  36. ^ Plutarch, The Parallel Lives: "Pompey", 36
  37. ^ Велиев, Сейран (1987). Древний, древний Азербайджан. Гянджлик. p. 161. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  38. ^ a b Велиев, p. 162
  39. ^ Plut. Pomp. 36.1, challenged in Wirth G. Pompeius-Armenien-Farther. Mutmabungen zu einer Bewaltigung einer Krisensituation // Bonner Jahrbucher. 1983.
  40. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911, s.v. "Albania, Caucasus".
  41. ^ Пахомов, Е.А. Римская надпись I в. н.э. и легион XII фульмината. "Изв. АН Азерб. ССР", 1949, №1
  42. ^ Всемирная история. Энциклопедия, том 2, 1956, гл. XIII
  43. ^ Gignoux. "Aneran". Encyclopaedia Iranica: "The high priest Kirder, thirty years later, gave in his inscriptions a more explicit list of the provinces of Aneran, including Armenia, Georgia, Albania, and Balasagan, together with Syria and Asia Minor."
  44. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica: "The list of provinces given in the inscription of Ka'be-ye Zardusht defines the extent of the empire under Shapur
  45. ^ Movses Kalankatuatsi. History of Albania. Book 1, Chapter XV
  46. ^ Movses Kalankatuatsi. History of Albania. Book 2, Chapter VI
  47. ^ Moses Kalankatuatsi. History of country of Aluank. Chapter XVII. About the tribe of Mihran, hailing from the family of Khosrow the Sasanian, who became the ruler of the country of Aluank
  48. ^ The Cambridge History of Iran. 1991. ISBN 0521200938
  49. ^ V.Minorsky. History of Shirvan and Darband.
  50. ^ An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples by Peter B. Golden. Otto Harrasowitz (1992), ISBN 3-447-03274-X (retrieved 8 June 2006), p. 385–386.
  51. ^ Chorbajian. Caucasian Knot, pp. 63-64.
  52. ^ Ronald G. Suny: What Happened in Soviet Armenia? Middle East Report, No. 153, Islam and the State. (Jul. - Aug., 1988), pp. 37-40.
  53. ^ Udis by Igor Kuznetsov
  54. ^ Movses Kalankatuatsi. History of Albania. Book 2, Chapter LII
  55. ^ Moses Kalankatuyk, The History of Aluank, I, 27 and III, 24.
  56. ^ See Koriun, Ch. 16.
  57. ^ Daniels & Bright, The Word's Writing Systems, 1996:356, 367
  58. ^ Thomson, Robert W. (1996). Rewriting Caucasian History: The Medieval Armenian Adaptation of the Georgian Chronicles. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198263732. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  59. ^ Caucasian Albanian Script. The Significance of Decipherment by Dr. Zaza Alexidze.

References

External links

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