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'''Civil liberties of the United States''' were certain inalienable rights retained by (as opposed to privileges granted to) citizens of the [[United States]] under the [[Constitution of the United States]], as interpreted and clarified by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] and lower federal courts.<ref>http://www.ontheissues.org/askme/civil_liberties.htm</ref> Civil liberties were simply defined as individual legal and constitutional protections from entities more powerful than an individual, for example, parts of the government, other individuals, or corporations . The civil liberties that were spelled out in the Constitution were those such as, the freedom of speech, the right to bear arms, the right of regulated search and seizure, and so on. These amendments made up the [[Bill of Rights]]. There were also many liberties of people that were not stated in the Constitution, as stated in the [[9th Amendment]]. Civil liberties [[non-governmental organization|organizations]] such as the [[ACLU]] used to guard against infringement of civil liberties, particularly [[free speech]]. Then came the passage of legislation forced through by the Bush administration, and other decisions taken during the period 2001 to 2008. Today citizens accept daily infringements of the civil rights and freedoms they once enjoyed.
'''Civil liberties of the United States''' are certain inalienable rights retained by (as opposed to privileges granted to) citizens of the United States under the [[Constitution of the United States]], as interpreted and clarified by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] and lower federal courts.<ref>http://www.ontheissues.org/askme/civil_liberties.htm</ref> Civil liberties are simply defined as individual legal and constitutional protections from entities more powerful than an individual, for example, parts of the government, other individuals, or corporations . The liberties explicitly defined, make up the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]], including freedom of speech, the right to bear arms, and the right to privacy. <ref>http://public.findlaw.com/civil-rights/civil-rights-basics/civil-rights-vs-liberties.html</ref> There are also many liberties of people not defined in the Constitution, as stated in the [[Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Ninth Amendment]]: ''The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.''


==Freedom of speech==
==Freedom of speech==
''Main article:'' [[Freedom of speech in the United States]]
{{Main|Freedom of speech in the United States}}


Freedom of speech is a civil liberty protected under the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution]], adopted on December 15, 1791.
Freedom of speech, protected by the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, allows people the freedom to express themselves and enjoy the expressions of others without the interference of the government. It states that, Congress can not make laws that interfere with religion, the freedom of speech, press, assemble, or petition.<ref>http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment01/</ref> Proponents say freedom of speech also promotes political discourse necessary for a healthy and engaged electorate.
: ''Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.''<ref>http://www.civilliberties.org/billof.html</ref>
This civil liberty grants all United States citizens the right to express themselves and enjoy the expression of others without interference of the government. This freedom of expression is often tested and can be the center of controversy because of how it is interpreted. The courts have recognized the Bill of Rights as having the intention of rights of privacy and the separation of church and state, even though it is not clearly stated. It is also thought that the amendment refers only to government interference, which leads to individual corporations and businesses violating these freedoms.

The following types of speech are not protected constitutionally: defamation or false statements, child pornography, obscenity, damaging the national security interests, verbal acts, and fighting words. Because these categories fall outside of the First Amendment privileges, the courts can legally restrict or criminalize any expressive act within them. Other expressions, including threat of bodily harm or publicizing illegal activity, may also be ruled illegal.<ref>http://www.firstamendment.com/firstamendment.php</ref>


==Right to bear arms==
==Right to bear arms==
The right of the people to keep and bear arms is assured by the [[Second Amendment to the United States Constitution]].
The [[right to keep and bear arms|right of the people to keep and bear arms]] is assured by the [[Second Amendment to the United States Constitution]]:


{{cquote|'''A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the People to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.'''}}
:''A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the People to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.''


The United States Supreme Court has upheld that "[t]he Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia, and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home" -''[[District of Columbia v. Heller]]'', 128 S.Ct. 2783 (2008).<ref>''[[District of Columbia v. Heller]]'', [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&navby=case&vol=000&invol=07-290#opinion1 128 S.Ct. 2783] (2008).</ref><ref>http://www.oyez.org/cases/2000-2009/2007/2007_07_290/</ref>
This amendment was originally interpreted as regarding to military activity until a Supreme Court case in 2008. In the ''[[District of Columbia v. Heller]]'' case, the Second Amendment and its relation to gun control laws in the District of Columbia were challenged for the first time in 70 years. The phrase, "to keep and bear arms" in its historical context, was re-evaluated. Although the phrase was formerly connected to military activities, the court decided not to limit the amendment to this context. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gpoaccess.gov/constitution/pdf2002/2008supplement.pdf |title=The Constitution of the United States, Analysis and Interpretation, 2008 Supplement (Senate document 110-17)|page=83}}</ref> The Court held that "[t]he Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia, and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home" -''District of Columbia v. Heller'', 128 S.Ct. 2783 (2008).<ref>''[[District of Columbia v. Heller]]'', [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&navby=case&vol=000&invol=07-290#opinion1 128 S.Ct. 2783] (2008).</ref><ref>http://www.oyez.org/cases/2000-2009/2007/2007_07_290/</ref>


The constitutional right to keep and bear arms varies by state. Different states have made provisions to this right throughout history, generally regarding the issue of self-defense. A majority of state constitutions allow arms for any citizen in self-defense of himself or the state. <ref>http://www2.law.ucla.edu/volokh/beararms/statecon.htm</ref> States without any specific provisions regarding this clause are California, Iowa, Maryland, Minnesota, New Jersey and New York. Of these, only Iowa and New Jersey provide a clause for "defending life and liberty." <ref>http://www.keepandbeararms.com/information/XcIBViewItem.asp?ID=841#With</ref>
⚫
This civil liberty can be approached philosophically as well as lawfully. What does the word "arms" exactly mean? What does the word "bear" mean in this specific statement? The word "bear" means, to carry, or to hold. The word "arms" means, weapons, not necessarily firearms, specifically. When these words are used together, "bear arms" could most likely be interpreted by some, as an right to carry firearms outside of one's home. The topic of whether firearms were or were not able to be carried outside the home was not addressed in the District of Columbia v. Heller court case.


⚫
This civil liberty can be approached philosophically as well as lawfully. What does the word "arms" exactly mean? What does the word "bear" mean in this specific statement? The word "bear" means, to carry, or to hold. The word "arms" means, weapons, not necessarily firearms, specifically. When these words are used together, "bear arms" could most likely be interpreted by some as a right to carry firearms outside of one's home. The topic of whether firearms were or were not able to be carried outside the home was not addressed in the District of Columbia v. Heller court case.
⚫
"The lawyer who won the Columbia v Heller court case to allow residents to keep handguns in their homes is now fighting to allow residents and visitors to carry their weapons in public." <ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/07/AR2009080702997.html</ref> Even though it is legal to carry a concealed firearm in a few other states, does not mean that it is legal to carry that firearm in the District of Columbia. The laws in the District are different, mainly because there are so many government buildings.

⚫
"The lawyer who won the Columbia v Heller court case to allow residents to keep handguns in their homes is now fighting to allow residents and visitors to carry their weapons in public." <ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/07/AR2009080702997.html | work=The Washington Post | first=Keith L. | last=Alexander | title=Lawsuit Seeks Right to Carry Concealed Weapons in the District | date=August 8, 2009}}</ref> While it is legal to carry a concealed firearm in other select states, it is still prohibited in the District of Columbia.


==Sexual freedom==
==Sexual freedom==
Sexual freedoms include the freedom to have consensual sex with whomever a person chooses, at any time, for any reason, provided the person is of the age of majority. Marriage is not required, nor are there any requirements as to the gender or number of people you have sex with. Sexual freedom includes the freedom to have private consensual homosexual sex (''[[Lawrence v. Texas]]''). It's a kind of freedom of association and doesn't have a separate category of its own in the constitution.
The concept of sexual freedom includes a broad range of different rights we are granted that are not listed in the U.S. Constitution. The following liberties are included under sexual freedom: sexual expression, sexual choices, sexual education, reproductive justice, and sexual health. <ref>http://www.glaa.org/archive/2010/woodhullreport1019.pdf</ref> Sexual freedom in general is considered a kind of freedom of association and does not have a separate category of its own in the Constitution.

Sexual freedoms include the freedom to have consensual sex with whomever a person chooses, at any time, for any reason, provided the person is of the age of majority. Marriage is not required, nor are there any requirements as to the gender or number of people you have sex with. Sexual freedom includes the freedom to have private consensual homosexual sex (''[[Lawrence v. Texas]]'').


==Equal protection==
==Equal protection==

Revision as of 18:53, 26 April 2011

Civil liberties of the United States are certain inalienable rights retained by (as opposed to privileges granted to) citizens of the United States under the Constitution of the United States, as interpreted and clarified by the Supreme Court of the United States and lower federal courts.[1] Civil liberties are simply defined as individual legal and constitutional protections from entities more powerful than an individual, for example, parts of the government, other individuals, or corporations . The liberties explicitly defined, make up the Bill of Rights, including freedom of speech, the right to bear arms, and the right to privacy. [2] There are also many liberties of people not defined in the Constitution, as stated in the Ninth Amendment: The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

Freedom of speech

Main article: Freedom of speech in the United States

Freedom of speech is a civil liberty protected under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, adopted on December 15, 1791.

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.[3]

This civil liberty grants all United States citizens the right to express themselves and enjoy the expression of others without interference of the government. This freedom of expression is often tested and can be the center of controversy because of how it is interpreted. The courts have recognized the Bill of Rights as having the intention of rights of privacy and the separation of church and state, even though it is not clearly stated. It is also thought that the amendment refers only to government interference, which leads to individual corporations and businesses violating these freedoms.

The following types of speech are not protected constitutionally: defamation or false statements, child pornography, obscenity, damaging the national security interests, verbal acts, and fighting words. Because these categories fall outside of the First Amendment privileges, the courts can legally restrict or criminalize any expressive act within them. Other expressions, including threat of bodily harm or publicizing illegal activity, may also be ruled illegal.[4]

Right to bear arms

The right of the people to keep and bear arms is assured by the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution:

A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the People to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.

This amendment was originally interpreted as regarding to military activity until a Supreme Court case in 2008. In the District of Columbia v. Heller case, the Second Amendment and its relation to gun control laws in the District of Columbia were challenged for the first time in 70 years. The phrase, "to keep and bear arms" in its historical context, was re-evaluated. Although the phrase was formerly connected to military activities, the court decided not to limit the amendment to this context. [5] The Court held that "[t]he Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia, and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home" -District of Columbia v. Heller, 128 S.Ct. 2783 (2008).[6][7]

The constitutional right to keep and bear arms varies by state. Different states have made provisions to this right throughout history, generally regarding the issue of self-defense. A majority of state constitutions allow arms for any citizen in self-defense of himself or the state. [8] States without any specific provisions regarding this clause are California, Iowa, Maryland, Minnesota, New Jersey and New York. Of these, only Iowa and New Jersey provide a clause for "defending life and liberty." [9]

This civil liberty can be approached philosophically as well as lawfully. What does the word "arms" exactly mean? What does the word "bear" mean in this specific statement? The word "bear" means, to carry, or to hold. The word "arms" means, weapons, not necessarily firearms, specifically. When these words are used together, "bear arms" could most likely be interpreted by some as a right to carry firearms outside of one's home. The topic of whether firearms were or were not able to be carried outside the home was not addressed in the District of Columbia v. Heller court case.

"The lawyer who won the Columbia v Heller court case to allow residents to keep handguns in their homes is now fighting to allow residents and visitors to carry their weapons in public." [10] While it is legal to carry a concealed firearm in other select states, it is still prohibited in the District of Columbia.

Sexual freedom

The concept of sexual freedom includes a broad range of different rights we are granted that are not listed in the U.S. Constitution. The following liberties are included under sexual freedom: sexual expression, sexual choices, sexual education, reproductive justice, and sexual health. [11] Sexual freedom in general is considered a kind of freedom of association and does not have a separate category of its own in the Constitution.

Sexual freedoms include the freedom to have consensual sex with whomever a person chooses, at any time, for any reason, provided the person is of the age of majority. Marriage is not required, nor are there any requirements as to the gender or number of people you have sex with. Sexual freedom includes the freedom to have private consensual homosexual sex (Lawrence v. Texas).

Equal protection

Main article: Equal Protection Clause

Equal protection prevents the government from creating laws that are discriminatory in application or effect.

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.ontheissues.org/askme/civil_liberties.htm
  2. ^ http://public.findlaw.com/civil-rights/civil-rights-basics/civil-rights-vs-liberties.html
  3. ^ http://www.civilliberties.org/billof.html
  4. ^ http://www.firstamendment.com/firstamendment.php
  5. ^ "The Constitution of the United States, Analysis and Interpretation, 2008 Supplement (Senate document 110-17)" (PDF). p. 83.
  6. ^ District of Columbia v. Heller, 128 S.Ct. 2783 (2008).
  7. ^ http://www.oyez.org/cases/2000-2009/2007/2007_07_290/
  8. ^ http://www2.law.ucla.edu/volokh/beararms/statecon.htm
  9. ^ http://www.keepandbeararms.com/information/XcIBViewItem.asp?ID=841#With
  10. ^ Alexander, Keith L. (August 8, 2009). "Lawsuit Seeks Right to Carry Concealed Weapons in the District". The Washington Post.
  11. ^ http://www.glaa.org/archive/2010/woodhullreport1019.pdf

Further reading

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