Lane centering: Difference between revisions

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Reverted 1 edit by Daniel.Cardenas (talk): It's also a poor source. Let's discuss on the talk (TW)
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| Acura MDX<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cars.com/articles/2019-acura-mdx-preview-heres-everything-we-know-1420700745745/ |title=2019 Acura MDX |date=July 2018 }}</ref> || AcuraWatch || Only at higher speeds<ref>{{cite AV media |title=2019 Acura RDX - AcuraWatch |date=2018-06-15 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yLf3nROGdd4 |access-date=2018-09-07 |time=00:15}}</ref>
| Acura MDX<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cars.com/articles/2019-acura-mdx-preview-heres-everything-we-know-1420700745745/ |title=2019 Acura MDX |date=July 2018 }}</ref> || AcuraWatch || Only at higher speeds<ref>{{cite AV media |title=2019 Acura RDX - AcuraWatch |date=2018-06-15 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yLf3nROGdd4 |access-date=2018-09-07 |time=00:15}}</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]] || Palisade<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.repairerdrivennews.com/2018/12/26/hyundai/ |title=Hyundai touts steel, 'all-new SUV chassis' in 2020 Palisade |last=Huetter |first=John |date=2018-12-26 |website=Repairer Driven News |access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref> Kona&nbsp;EV<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sevendaynews.com/2018/02/27/hyundai-kona-electric-is-292-mile-range-7-6-sec-0-62mph-time/ |title=Hyundai Kona Electric is 292-mile range, 7.6 sec 0-62mph time – World News, Breaking News |access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fealey.co.uk/ev-transport/i-just-drove-110-miles-on-lfa-lane-follow-assist-and-smart-cruise-control-in-the-hyundai-kona-ev-and-im-impressed-tesla-owner-reviews-the-kona/951 |title=I just drove 110 miles on LFA (Lane Follow Assist) and Smart Cruise control in the Hyundai Kona EV and I'm impressed (a Tesla owner reviews the Kona) |website=Will Fealey |access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref> Santa&nbsp;Fe<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/autos/latest-reviews/first-drive-2019-hyundai-santa-fe-ultimate-review-article-1.4042521 |title=First Drive: 2019 Hyundai Santa Fe Ultimate Review |website=Daily News|location=New York |access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://newcarpicks.com/site/all-new-santa-fe-is-combined-suv-and-slot-car/new-car-introductions/ |title=All-new Santa Fe part SUV and part slot car : New Car Picks |access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/autos/latest-reviews/first-drive-2019-hyundai-santa-fe-ultimate-review-article-1.4042521 |title=First Drive: 2019 Hyundai Santa Fe Ultimate Review |website=Daily News|location=New York |access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref> Elantra<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.motortrend.com/cars/hyundai/elantra/2019/hyundai-elantra-2019-car-of-the-year-contender/ |title=Hyundai Elantra: 2019 Motor Trend Car of the Year Contender |date=2018-11-05}}</ref> || Lane Following Assist<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://webmanual.hyundai.com/PREM_GEN5/AVNT/FE/KOR/English/content41.html |title=Vehicle settings |website=webmanual.hyundai.com |access-date=2019-01-26 |quote=[Lane Following Assist]: It supports by automatically operating steering wheel to drive in the center of the lane.}}</ref> || Also called Lane Keeping Assist, available at 60&nbsp;km/h or above.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hyundai.com.au/why-hyundai/design-and-innovation/safety/lane-keeping-assist |title=Lane Keeping Assist (LKA) {{!}} Hyundai Safety {{!}} Design & Innovation {{!}} Hyundai Australia |website=www.hyundai.com.au|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref>
| [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]] || Palisade<ref>https://www.cars.com/articles/2020-hyundai-palisade-review-a-winning-formula-412044/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.repairerdrivennews.com/2018/12/26/hyundai/ |title=Hyundai touts steel, 'all-new SUV chassis' in 2020 Palisade |last=Huetter |first=John |date=2018-12-26 |website=Repairer Driven News |access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref> Kona&nbsp;EV<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sevendaynews.com/2018/02/27/hyundai-kona-electric-is-292-mile-range-7-6-sec-0-62mph-time/ |title=Hyundai Kona Electric is 292-mile range, 7.6 sec 0-62mph time – World News, Breaking News |access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fealey.co.uk/ev-transport/i-just-drove-110-miles-on-lfa-lane-follow-assist-and-smart-cruise-control-in-the-hyundai-kona-ev-and-im-impressed-tesla-owner-reviews-the-kona/951 |title=I just drove 110 miles on LFA (Lane Follow Assist) and Smart Cruise control in the Hyundai Kona EV and I'm impressed (a Tesla owner reviews the Kona) |website=Will Fealey |access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref> Santa&nbsp;Fe<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/autos/latest-reviews/first-drive-2019-hyundai-santa-fe-ultimate-review-article-1.4042521 |title=First Drive: 2019 Hyundai Santa Fe Ultimate Review |website=Daily News|location=New York |access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://newcarpicks.com/site/all-new-santa-fe-is-combined-suv-and-slot-car/new-car-introductions/ |title=All-new Santa Fe part SUV and part slot car : New Car Picks |access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/autos/latest-reviews/first-drive-2019-hyundai-santa-fe-ultimate-review-article-1.4042521 |title=First Drive: 2019 Hyundai Santa Fe Ultimate Review |website=Daily News|location=New York |access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref> Elantra<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.motortrend.com/cars/hyundai/elantra/2019/hyundai-elantra-2019-car-of-the-year-contender/ |title=Hyundai Elantra: 2019 Motor Trend Car of the Year Contender |date=2018-11-05}}</ref> || Lane Following Assist<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://webmanual.hyundai.com/PREM_GEN5/AVNT/FE/KOR/English/content41.html |title=Vehicle settings |website=webmanual.hyundai.com |access-date=2019-01-26 |quote=[Lane Following Assist]: It supports by automatically operating steering wheel to drive in the center of the lane.}}</ref> || Also called Lane Keeping Assist, available at 60&nbsp;km/h or above.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hyundai.com.au/why-hyundai/design-and-innovation/safety/lane-keeping-assist |title=Lane Keeping Assist (LKA) {{!}} Hyundai Safety {{!}} Design & Innovation {{!}} Hyundai Australia |website=www.hyundai.com.au|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Kia]] || [[Kia Niro EV]]<ref name="kiaNiroOptions">{{Cite web |url=https://www.kiamedia.com/us/en/models/niro-ev/2019/features#niro-ev |title=2019 Kia Niro EV Features & Options |website=www.kiamedia.com|access-date=2019-02-10}} Lane following assist standard on both trim levels.</ref><ref name="kiaNiro">{{Cite web |url=http://www.automotivepurchasingandsupplychain.com/news/15689/15/kia-s-all-electric-crossover-niro-goes-on-sale-in-south-korea |title=Kia's all electric crossover, Niro goes on sale in South Korea |website=Automotive Purchasing and Supply Chain |access-date=2019-01-26 |quote=Lane Following Assist tracks vehicles in front of the car in traffic, and detects road markings to keep the Niro EV in its lane on the motorway.}}</ref> [[Kia Telluride]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/SelfDrivingCars/comments/d492gj/is_kia_tellurides_driving_assist_system_as_good/|title=r/SelfDrivingCars - Is Kia Telluride's driving assist system as good as Tesla's Autopilot? It's actually pretty close. Here's an in depth review from a Tesla owner.|website=reddit|access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bobmoorekia.com/the-first-ever-telluride.htm |title=First Look at The Kia Telluride {{!}} Bob Moore Kia|last=Northwest|first=Bob Moore Kia|website=www.bobmoorekia.com|access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Bill Reichert|title=2020 Kia Telluride Smart Cruise w/ Stop &Go|date=2019-03-06|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qXMJbQC-LEM|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref> Stinger<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/2018-kia-stinger-gt-test-review |title=2018 Kia Stinger GT Test {{!}} Review {{!}} Car and Driver|work=Car and Driver|access-date=2018-04-21}}</ref> K900<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.motortrend.com/cars/kia/k900/2019/ |title=2019 KIA K900 MODEL OVERVIEW |access-date=Dec 28, 2018 |quote=..., adaptive cruise control with lane centering, ...}}</ref> Forte<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cars.com/articles/2019-kia-forte-quick-spin-value-not-fun-is-fortes-strong-suit-1420703164300/ |title=2019 Kia Forte Quick Spin: Value, Not Fun, Is Forte's Strong Suit |access-date=Dec 28, 2018 |quote=..., lane departure warning and lane-centering steering at higher speeds.}}</ref> || Lane Following Assist<ref name="kiaNiro"/> || Speed 0 - 130 km/h, 81&nbsp;mph<ref name="kiaNiro"/>
| [[Kia]] || [[Kia Niro EV]]<ref name="kiaNiroOptions">{{Cite web |url=https://www.kiamedia.com/us/en/models/niro-ev/2019/features#niro-ev |title=2019 Kia Niro EV Features & Options |website=www.kiamedia.com|access-date=2019-02-10}} Lane following assist standard on both trim levels.</ref><ref name="kiaNiro">{{Cite web |url=http://www.automotivepurchasingandsupplychain.com/news/15689/15/kia-s-all-electric-crossover-niro-goes-on-sale-in-south-korea |title=Kia's all electric crossover, Niro goes on sale in South Korea |website=Automotive Purchasing and Supply Chain |access-date=2019-01-26 |quote=Lane Following Assist tracks vehicles in front of the car in traffic, and detects road markings to keep the Niro EV in its lane on the motorway.}}</ref> [[Kia Telluride]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/SelfDrivingCars/comments/d492gj/is_kia_tellurides_driving_assist_system_as_good/|title=r/SelfDrivingCars - Is Kia Telluride's driving assist system as good as Tesla's Autopilot? It's actually pretty close. Here's an in depth review from a Tesla owner.|website=reddit|access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bobmoorekia.com/the-first-ever-telluride.htm |title=First Look at The Kia Telluride {{!}} Bob Moore Kia|last=Northwest|first=Bob Moore Kia|website=www.bobmoorekia.com|access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Bill Reichert|title=2020 Kia Telluride Smart Cruise w/ Stop &Go|date=2019-03-06|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qXMJbQC-LEM|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref> Stinger<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/2018-kia-stinger-gt-test-review |title=2018 Kia Stinger GT Test {{!}} Review {{!}} Car and Driver|work=Car and Driver|access-date=2018-04-21}}</ref> K900<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.motortrend.com/cars/kia/k900/2019/ |title=2019 KIA K900 MODEL OVERVIEW |access-date=Dec 28, 2018 |quote=..., adaptive cruise control with lane centering, ...}}</ref> Forte<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cars.com/articles/2019-kia-forte-quick-spin-value-not-fun-is-fortes-strong-suit-1420703164300/ |title=2019 Kia Forte Quick Spin: Value, Not Fun, Is Forte's Strong Suit |access-date=Dec 28, 2018 |quote=..., lane departure warning and lane-centering steering at higher speeds.}}</ref> || Lane Following Assist<ref name="kiaNiro"/> || Speed 0 - 130 km/h, 81&nbsp;mph<ref name="kiaNiro"/>
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* [https://www.autopilotreview.com/cars-with-autopilot-self-driving/ Cars with Autopilot in May 2019]
* [https://www.autopilotreview.com/cars-with-autopilot-self-driving/ Cars with Autopilot in May 2019]
* [https://www.autonews.com/shift/why-level-3-automated-technology-has-failed-take-hold Why Level 3 automated technology has failed to take hold. July 21, 2019]
* [https://www.autonews.com/shift/why-level-3-automated-technology-has-failed-take-hold Why Level 3 automated technology has failed to take hold. July 21, 2019]
===Comparisons===
* [https://www.teslarati.com/tesla-vs-bmw-autopilot-battle-video/ Tesla's Autopilot battles BMW's driver-assist] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ceziEp4oEFA Youtube Dec 27, 2019]
{{Autonomous cars and enabling technologies}}
{{Autonomous cars and enabling technologies}}
{{Sensors}}
{{Sensors}}

Revision as of 08:22, 15 January 2020

Usage of the Tesla Autopilot system

In road-transport terminology, lane centering, also known as auto steer, is a mechanism designed to keep a car centered in the lane, relieving the driver of the task of steering. Lane centering is similar to lane departure warning, but rather than warn the driver, or bouncing the car away from the lane edge, it keeps the car centered in the lane.[1][2][3][4] Together with adaptive cruise control (ACC) this feature may allow unassisted driving for some seconds.[5][6][7] That is the meaning of Level 2 driverless, where two or more features work together to take over part of the driving.

Features that differentiate systems are how well they perform on turns, speed limitations and whether the system resumes from a stop.[8][9]

Current lane centering systems rely on visible lane markings. They typically cannot decipher faded, missing, incorrect or overlapping lane markings. Markings covered in snow, or old lane markings left visible, can hinder the ability of the system.[10] GM's Super Cruise only works on known freeways that have been previously mapped,[11] it uses a combination of these maps and a precise GNSS position provided by Trimble's RTX GNSS correction service to determine if Super Cruise can be enabled or not.[11]

Most vehicles require hands on the wheel, but GM super cruise monitors the driver's eyes to ensure human monitoring of the road,[12] and thus allows hands-free driving.

In addition to passenger vehicles, semi trucks are expected to be fitted with this technology, starting with the Tesla Semi and other vendors in 2019.[13][14]

History

The first commercially available lane centering systems were all based on off-the-shelf systems created by Mobileye, such as the Tesla Autopilot and Nissan Propilot,[15] although Tesla has switched to an in-house system when Mobileye ended their partnership.[16] A handful of companies like Bosch, Delphi, and Mobileye provide sensors, control units, and even algorithms to car makers, who then integrate and refine those systems.[17] While not directly attributable to lane centering, crash rates on the Tesla Model S and Model X equipped with the Mobileye system were reduced by almost 40% while Tesla Autopilot was in use.[18][19][20]

Working principle

Lane detection algorithm
An example implementation of the lane detection algorithm showing Canny edge detection and Hough transform outputs

The lane detection system used by the lane departure warning system uses image processing techniques to detect lane lines from real-time camera images fed from cameras mounted on the automobile. Examples of image processing techniques used include the Hough transform, Canny edge detector, Gabor filter and deep learning. A basic flowchart of how a lane detection algorithm works to produce lane departure warning is shown in the figures.

2018 Mobileye EyeQ4

Mobileye claims 11 automakers will incorporate their EyeQ4 chip that enables L2+ and L3 autonomous systems. This would collectively represent more than 50% of the auto industry.[21] Level 2 automation is also known as "hands off": this system takes full control of the vehicle (accelerating, braking, and steering). Level 3 is also known as "eyes off": the driver can safely turn their attention away from driving, e.g. the driver can text or watch a movie.[22]

Average selling price for the EyeQ4 chip to auto makers is about $450 U.S. dollars.[23]

Nissan is using the EyeQ4 chip for the hands off ProPilot 2.0 system.[24]

Sample of level 2 automated cars

See also: Adaptive cruise control § Vehicle models supporting adaptive cruise control

Because all of these vehicles also have adaptive cruise control that can work in tandem with lane centering, this meets the SAE standard for level 2 automation. Adaptive cruise control and lane centering is often available in upper more expensive trim levels rather than just the base trim. An example of this is the Hyundai Kona EV, which has adaptive cruise control only available on the "ultimate" edition.[25]

Sample of vehicles with lane centering ability
Manufact-
urer		 Sample of vehicles Branding for lane
centering		 Notes
Daimler AG Freightliner Cascadia big-rig[14][26][27][28]
Actros[29]		 Lane Keep Assist
Active Drive Assist
Fiat-Chrysler Maserati brand[30]
Ford Edge[31][32][33] Escape Titanium[34][35] Focus[36][37][38] Explorer[39] Mach-E[40] Lincoln Nautilus[41] Lincoln Aviator[42][43] Lane centering
GM CT6[44] Super Cruise Only on approved freeways[45] Uses eye tracking system, which does not require driver to hold steering wheel.
Honda Insight[46] Odyssey[47][48] Pilot[49][50][51] Honda Sensing: Lane keeping Assist System[52][53] Between 45 mph and 90 mph[54]
Acura MDX[55] AcuraWatch Only at higher speeds[56]
Hyundai Palisade[57][58] Kona EV[59][60] Santa Fe[61][62][63] Elantra[64] Lane Following Assist[65] Also called Lane Keeping Assist, available at 60 km/h or above.[66]
Kia Kia Niro EV[67][68] Kia Telluride[69][70][71] Stinger[72] K900[73] Forte[74] Lane Following Assist[68] Speed 0 - 130 km/h, 81 mph[68]
Mazda Lane Trace Can be activated at speeds above 60 km/h[75]
Mercedes A-Class[76] Driver Assistance Package
Nissan Leaf, Rogue[77][78] Altima[79][80][81] Propilot Assist Under 31 mph, ProPilot lane centering will work when tracking another car in the lane.[82]
Subaru Forester,[83] Outback,[84][85] Legacy[86][87] Subaru Eyesight Depth perception based on stereo cameras.[88][89] One of the few systems here, besides Tesla, not based on Mobileye tech.[90][91]
Tesla Model S, X and 3 Autopilot, Autosteer Works at all speeds other than at certain margins above posted speed limits. V10 improvement notes.[92]
Toyota Corolla[2][93] Rav4[94] Lexus ES[95] Lane Tracing Assist[96] Part of second generation Toyota Safety Sense[97][98]
VW Audi A8[99] 2019 Traffic Jam Pilot[100] Level 3 Autonomy. Germany first. Not for U.S.A. in 2019. Top speed: 37.3 mph, 60 km/h[101]
Audi A6[102] Porsche Taycan[103] Tour Assist[104] Top speed 155 mph
Volvo XC40[105] XC60[106][107] XC90[108] Pilot Assist II[109]

Nissan ProPilot

Nissan Leaf INTERIOR ProPilot

Nissan Propilot is based on Mobileye technology.[110] Propilot assists with acceleration, steering and braking input under single lane highway driving conditions.[111] Propilot keeps the car centered in the lane and will deactivate below 31 mph if not tracking a car in front of it.[82] Adaptive cruise control handles stop-and-go traffic if stopped for less than 4 seconds[112] and helps maintain a set vehicle speed and maintain a safe distance between the vehicle ahead. Propilot can follow curves.[113] Propilot utilizes a forward-facing camera, forward-facing radar, sensors and an electronic control module. A Traffic Sign Recognition system provides drivers with the most recent speed limit information detected by a camera unit located on the windshield in front of the inside rearview mirror. The information from detected signs is displayed.

In a review from ExtremeTech, Propilot worked well in 1,000 miles of testing and only on some twisty sections did it require driver intervention.[114] During Euro NCAP 2018 testing Propilot failed some tests as did all other systems tested.[115][116] Consumer Reports indicates that ProPilot is especially helpful in stop and go traffic.[117]

Honda Sensing

Honda Sensing is a suite of advanced driver assistance features including auto high beams and Lane Keeping Assist System (LKAS) which helps keep the vehicle centered in a lane, by applying mild steering torque if the vehicle is deviating from the center of a detected lane with no turn-signal activation by the driver.[118] Mild steering torque means the system will not work on tight turns. Additionally the system does not work at speeds below 45 mph. The Honda Sensing package also includes:

See also Advanced driver-assistance systems.

Evaluating Autonomy, IIHS examines driver assist features

Quote from David Zuby, IIHS chief research officer:[120]

We're not ready to say yet which company has the safest implementation of Level 2 driver assistance, but it's important to note that none of these vehicles is capable of driving safely on its own...

The report indicated that only the Tesla Model 3 stayed within the lane on all 18 trials.

Quote from the report:

The evidence for safety benefits of active lane-keeping systems isn't as pronounced as for ACC. Still, the potential to prevent crashes and save lives is large. IIHS research shows that preventing lane-departure crashes could save nearly 8,000 lives in a typical year...

Auto brake test

Quote from the report:

One series involved driving at 31 mph toward a stationary vehicle target with ACC off and autobrake turned on to evaluate autobrake performance. Only the two Teslas hit the stationary target in this test.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Hands on With Nissan ProPilot Assist: Self-Driving for Affordable Cars - ExtremeTech". ExtremeTech. 2017-12-19. Retrieved 2018-04-30.
  2. ^ a b Levin, Doron. "Toyota Corolla Lane-Centering Tech – A Step Toward To Self-Driving – Cures Annoying 'Ping-Pong'". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
  3. ^ "Lane Centering performance is bad". ClubLexus. Retrieved 15 January 2018.[self-published source]
  4. ^ "Today's lane keeping assistance tech steers the way to self-driving cars". Roadshow. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  5. ^ R R (2017-04-26), Self driving car / life hack active lane assist, retrieved 2018-02-25
  6. ^ www.etnews.com. "Hyundai Motor Company Planning to Apply Its Semi-Self-Driving Technology Called 'HDA2' Earlier than Initial Plan". 대한민국 IT포털의 중심! 이티뉴스. Retrieved 2018-04-30. ... it allows drivers to let go of their hands and feet and not to focus on their driving when they are driving on freeways.
  7. ^ "The 2019 Nautilus: Lincoln's Cadillac Super Cruise fighter?". Automotive News. 2018-09-21. Retrieved 2018-12-28. ... the Nautilus with semi-autonomous technology that can maneuver the vehicle down the freeway without the need for a driver to touch the brake, gas pedal or steering wheel for short periods.
  8. ^ "Cars With Advanced Safety Systems". Consumer Reports. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  9. ^ Frank Pulsinelli (2015-11-20), Honda Sensing Package Demonstration 2016 Civic, retrieved 2018-02-01
  10. ^ Richards, Gary (6 March 2014). "Roadshow: Driverless cars will alert motorists to missing lane markings". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  11. ^ a b "Hands Off With Cadillac Super Cruise, the Masterful One-Trick Pony of Self-Driving". ExtremeTech. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  12. ^ "Where will GM's Super Cruise go next?". 2017-11-07.
  13. ^ "Rollout of Active Steering in Trucking Draws Near | Transport Topics". ttnews.com. 2018-01-02. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  14. ^ a b Lekach, Sasha. "Daimler's semi-autonomous truck puts self-driving features on the road". Mashable. Retrieved 2019-01-08.
  15. ^ "Nissan ProPILOT Assist technology makes U.S. debut on 2018 Rogue – reduces the hassle of stop-and-go highway driving". Nissan Online Newsroom (Press release). Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  16. ^ Ramsey, Mike (2016-07-26). "Mobileye Ends Partnership With Tesla". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
  17. ^ "From Audi to Volvo, most "self-driving" cars use the same hardware". Ars Technica. 2016-05-26. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  18. ^ "Tesla's crash rate was reduced by 40% after introduction of Autopilot based on data reviewed by NHTSA". Electrek. 2017-01-19. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
  19. ^ "Does Autosteer Actually Deserve Credit For a 40% Reduction in Tesla Crashes? – DailyKanban". DailyKanban. 2017-03-10. Retrieved 2018-04-19.
  20. ^ "Elon Take The Wheel – DailyKanban". DailyKanban. 2016-07-14. Retrieved 2018-04-19.
  21. ^ "2018 CES: ADAS Partnerships and Products Propel the Drive Toward Full Autonomy". Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  22. ^ matthew.lynberg.ctr@dot.gov (2017-09-07). "Automated Vehicles for Safety". NHTSA. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
  23. ^ "Mobileye Outlines Why It Considers Itself an Autonomous Driving Leader". Real Money. Retrieved 2018-02-17.
  24. ^ Abuelsamid, Sam. "Nissan And Nio Adopt Mobileye EyeQ4 To Enable Hands-Free Driver Assist". Forbes. Retrieved 2019-08-11.
  25. ^ "KONA Electric - Sign Up for Email Updates | Hyundai USA". m.hyundaiusa.com. Retrieved 2019-01-29.
  26. ^ Berk, Brett. "We Take Daimler's First Level 2 Semi Truck for a Ride". The Drive. Retrieved 2019-01-08.
  27. ^ Cars BOOM, 2019 Freightliner Cascadia Assistence [sic] Systems, retrieved 2019-01-08
  28. ^ Park, Jim. "Test Drive: With Early Autonomous Tech, Drivers Are Still Required". truckinginfo.com. Retrieved 2019-07-03.
  29. ^ "Mercedes-Benz Trucks puts partially automated driving into series production with new heavy-duty Actros". Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2019-08-15.
  30. ^ "The new Bosch highway assist system installed on the Maserati 2018 range". Bosch Media Service. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
  31. ^ "Ford® Driver-Assist Technologies – Driving Confidence & Convenience". ford.com. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  32. ^ DPCcars (14 January 2018). "2019 Ford Edge Driver Assist Technologies". Retrieved 25 February 2018 – via YouTube.
  33. ^ "Ford Co-Pilot360: Most Advanced Suite of Standard DriverAssist Technologies" (PDF). Retrieved 15 March 2018.
  34. ^ Paukert, Chris. "2020 Ford Escape: Everything there is to know". Roadshow. Retrieved 2019-11-18.
  35. ^ "2020 Ford Escape debuts with a complete redesign and a PHEV variant". Engadget. Retrieved 2019-11-18.
  36. ^ "Ford Focus 2019 Revealed – (Fourth Generation Model)". 2018-05-30. Retrieved 2018-06-06.
  37. ^ "Ford gives new Focus multiple personalities". 2018-06-12.
  38. ^ "Tested: Ford Focus 2018 where robot takes the wheel – TU Automotive". tu-auto.com. Retrieved 2018-07-28.
  39. ^ "2020 Ford Explorer: Performance, Cop Car Packages, Tesla-Like Display - ExtremeTech". extremetech.com. Retrieved 2019-01-16.
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