Maba language: Difference between revisions

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{|class="wikitable"
|+ Maba Latin alphabet <ref>{{cite book | language=mde | first1=Antje | last1=Maass | first2=Abdoulaye Issaakha | last2=Mahamat | first3=Ousman Timsa | last3=Ali | first4=Duudeen Ali | last4=Adam | title=Buraa mabaŋnu jiŋ ger mirni! (Kitab 1) | place=N’Djaména | publisher=SIL Tchad | date=2017 | edition=3 | orig-date=2000 | isbn= | url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/32724 }} ([https://buraamaba.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/jig-ger-Mirni1.pdf PDF] ''dead link'')</ref>
|+ Maba Latin alphabet <ref>{{cite book | language=mde | first1=Antje | last1=Maass | first2=Abdoulaye Issaakha | last2=Mahamat | first3=Ousman Timsa | last3=Ali | first4=Duudeen Ali | last4=Adam | title=Buraa mabaŋnu jiŋ ger mirni! (Kitab 1) | place=N’Djaména | publisher=SIL Tchad | date=2017 | edition=3 | orig-date=2000 | isbn= | url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/32724 }} ([https://buraamaba.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/jig-ger-Mirni1.pdf PDF] ''dead link'')</ref>
| A a || B b || C c || Ch ch || D d || Dr dr || E e
| A a || B b || C c || Ch ch || D d || Dr dr || E e (Ɛ ɛ)
| F f || G g || H h || I i || J j || K k || Kh kh || L l || M m || Mb mb
| F f || G g || H h || I i || J j || K k || Kh kh || L l || M m || Mb mb
|-
|-
| {{IPAblink|a}} ||{{IPAblink|b}} || {{IPAblink|c}} ||{{IPAblink|ʃ}} ||{{IPAblink|d}} || {{IPAblink|ɖ}} ||{{IPAblink|ɛ}} ||{{IPAblink|f}} ||{{IPAblink|g}} ||{{IPAblink|h}} ||{{IPAblink|i}} ||{{IPAblink|ɟ}} || {{IPAblink|k}} || {{IPAblink|x}} ||{{IPAblink|l}} ||{{IPAblink|m}} || {{IPAblink|ᵐb}}
| {{IPAblink|a}} ||{{IPAblink|b}} || {{IPAblink|c}} ||{{IPAblink|ʃ}} ||{{IPAblink|d}} || {{IPAblink|ɖ}} ||{{IPAblink|ɛ}} ||{{IPAblink|f}} ||{{IPAblink|g}} ||{{IPAblink|h}} ||{{IPAblink|i}} ||{{IPAblink|ɟ}} || {{IPAblink|k}} || {{IPAblink|x}} ||{{IPAblink|l}} ||{{IPAblink|m}} || {{IPAblink|ᵐb}}
|-
|-
| N n || N̰ n̰ || Nd nd || Ndr ndr || Nj nj || Ŋ ŋ || Ng ng || O o || Pp
| N n || N̰ n̰ || Nd nd || Ndr ndr || Nj nj || Ŋ ŋ || Ng ng || O o (Ɔ ɔ) || Pp
| R r || S s || T t || Tr tr || U u || W w || Y y || Z z
| R r || S s || T t || Tr tr || U u || W w || Y y || Z z
|-
|-
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|+Vowel at beginning of word
|+Vowel at beginning of word
|-
|-
! A || E || I || O || U
! A || E (Ɛ) || I || O (Ɔ) || U
|-dir="rtl"
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|أَ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|أَ}}</span>
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| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|أُ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|أُ}}</span>
|-
|-
! Aa || Ee || Ii || Oo || Uu
! Aa || Ee (Ɛɛ) || Ii || Oo (Ɔɔ) || Uu
|-dir="rtl"
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|آ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|آ}}</span>
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|+Vowel at middle and end of word
|+Vowel at middle and end of word
|-
|-
! a || e || i || o || u
! a || e (ɛ) || i || o (ɔ) || u
|-dir="rtl"
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌َ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌َ}}</span>
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| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُ}}</span>
|-
|-
! aa || ee || ii || oo || uu
! aa || ee (ɛɛ) || ii || oo (ɔɔ) || uu
|-dir="rtl"
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌َا / ـَا}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌َا / ـَا}}</span>

Revision as of 19:54, 17 April 2024

This article is about the Nilo-Saharan language. For the Austronesian language, see Maba language (Indonesia).
Maba
Bura Mabang
Native toChad[1]
RegionOuaddaï, Wadi Fira
EthnicityMaba
Native speakers
570,000 (2019)[1]
Nilo-Saharan?
Dialects
  • Maba
  • Kodroy
  • Kabartu
  • Kondongo
Arabic script
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3mde
Glottologmaba1277

Maba (Maban, Mabang, or Bura Mabang) is a Nilo-Saharan language of the Maban branch spoken in Chad and Sudan. It is divided into several dialects, and serves as a local trade language. Maba is closely related to the Masalit language.[2] Most speakers of Maba reside in Chad with 542,000 speakers as of 2019. In 2022 there were 28,000 speakers in Sudan where the language is known as Sulaihab.[1]

Phonology

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i iː u uː
Open-mid ɛ ɛː ɔ ɔː
Open a aː
  • /ɛ, ɛː/ and /ɔ, ɔː/ may be realized as more close [e, eː] and [o, oː], when found in open syllable positions.
  • Vowels may also be marginally realized as nasal when in nasal environments.

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Stop voiceless (p) t c k
voiced b d ɟ g
prenasal ᵐb ⁿd ᶮɟ ᵑɡ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ (h)
voiced (z)
Rhotic ɾ
Lateral l
Approximant j w
  • Stop sounds /b, t, k/ are heard as unreleased [p̚, t̚, k̚] when in word-final position.
  • Sounds [p, h] are heard mostly as a result of loanwords. [z] is also mostly from Arabic loanwords, but also may occur in some native words as well.
  • /t, d, ⁿd/ when preceding a tap /ɾ/, are then heard as retroflex [ʈ, ɖ, ᶯɖ].
  • /ɾ/ may also be heard as a trill [r] in free variation.[3]

Orthography

Maba language is written with the Latin and Arabic Chad Alphabet.

Maba Latin alphabet [4]
A a B b C c Ch ch D d Dr dr E e (Ɛ ɛ) F f G g H h I i J j K k Kh kh L l M m Mb mb
[a] [b] [c] [ʃ] [d] [ɖ] [ɛ] [f] [g] [h] [i] [ɟ] [k] [x] [l] [m] [ᵐb]
N n N̰ n̰ Nd nd Ndr ndr Nj nj Ŋ ŋ Ng ng O o (Ɔ ɔ) Pp R r S s T t Tr tr U u W w Y y Z z
[n] [ɲ] [ⁿd] [ᶯɖ] [ᶮɟ] [ŋ] [ᵑɡ] [ɔ] [p] [ɾ] ([r]) [s] [t] [ʈ] [u] [w] [j] [z]
Maba Arabic alphabet[5]
Arabic
(Latin)
[IPA] 		أ إ‎
‌( - )
[∅]/[ʔ] 		ب‎
(B b)
[b] 		پ‎
(P p)
[p] 		ت‎
(T t)
[t] 		ث‎
(S s)
[s] 		ج‎
(J j)
[ɟ]
Arabic
(Latin)
[IPA] 		ڃ‎
(Nj nj)
[ᶮɟ] 		چ‎
(C c)
[c] 		ح‎
(H h)
[h] 		خ‎
(Kh kh)
[x] 		د‎
(D d)
[d] 		ڊ‎
(Nd nd)
[ⁿd]
Arabic
(Latin)
[IPA] 		ذ‎
(S s)
[s] 		ر‎
(R r)
[ɾ] ([r]) 		ڔ‎
(Dr dr)
[ɖ] 		ز‎
(Z z)
[z] 		ڗ‎
(Tr tr)
[ʈ] 		ژ‎
(Ndr Ndr)
[ᶯɖ]
Arabic
(Latin)
[IPA] 		س‎
(S s)
[s] 		ش‎
(Ch ch)
[ʃ] 		ص‎
(S s)
[s] 		ض‎
(D d)
[d] 		ط‎
(T t)
[t] 		ظ‎
(Z z)
[z]
Arabic
(Latin)
[IPA] 		ع‎
( - )
[ʔ] 		غ‎
(Kh kh)
[x] 		ݝ‎
(Ŋ ŋ)
[ŋ] 		ڠ‎
(Ng ng)
[ᵑɡ] 		ف‎
(F f)
[f] 		ق‎
(G g)
[g]
Arabic
(Latin)
[IPA] 		ك‎
(K k)
[k] 		ل‎
(L l)
[l] 		م‎
(M m)
[m] 		ݦ‎
(Mb mb)
[ᵐb] 		ن‎
(N n)
[n] 		ݧ‎
(N̰ n̰)
[ɲ]
Arabic
(Latin)
[IPA] 		ه‎
(H h)
[h] 		و‎
(W w)
[w] 		ؤ‎
‌( - )
[ʔ] 		ي‎
(Y y)
[j] 		ئ‎
‌( - )
[ʔ]
Vowel at beginning of word
A E (Ɛ) I O (Ɔ) U
أَ‎ أٚ‎ إِ‎ أٛ‎ أُ‎
Aa Ee (Ɛɛ) Ii Oo (Ɔɔ) Uu
آ‎ أٚيـ‎ إِيـ‎ أٛو‎ أُو‎
Vowel at middle and end of word
a e (ɛ) i o (ɔ) u
◌َ‎ ◌ٚ‎ ◌ِ‎ ◌ٛ‎ ◌ُ‎
aa ee (ɛɛ) ii oo (ɔɔ) uu
◌َا / ـَا‎ ◌ٚيـ / ـٚيـ‎
◌ٚي / ـٚي‎ 		◌ِيـ / ـِيـ‎
◌ِي / ـِي‎ 		ٛ◌و / ـٛو‎ ◌ُو / ـُو‎

References

  1. ^ a b c Maba at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) Closed access icon
  2. ^ "Maba". Ethnologue. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  3. ^ Weiss, Doris (2009). Phonologie et morphosyntaxe du Maba. Université Lumière - Lyon II.
  4. ^ Maass, Antje; Mahamat, Abdoulaye Issaakha; Ali, Ousman Timsa; Adam, Duudeen Ali (2017) [2000]. Buraa mabaŋnu jiŋ ger mirni! (Kitab 1) (in Maba) (3 ed.). N’Djaména: SIL Tchad. (PDF dead link)
  5. ^ Oumar, Alkassim; Hicham, Fathimat Al-Zahra; Dahab, Abdoulaye Ali; Ali, Ousman Timsa; Zürcher, Evodie; Weiss, Doris (2007) [2000]. بُرَا مَبَݝْنُ، جِݝ قٚر مِرْنِ! (كِتَب ١) (Buraa mabaŋnu jiŋ ger mirni! (Kitab 1)) (in Maba) (4 ed.). N’Djaména: SIL Tchad.

Further reading

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