Ponary massacre: Difference between revisions
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The '''Ponary massacre''' (or '''Paneriai massacre''') was the sequence of events that took place between July [[1941]] and August [[1944]] near the railway station of [[Paneriai]] ({{lang-pl|Ponary}}), now a suburb of [[Vilnius]] (Wilno), which became the [[mass murder]] site of approximately 100,000 victims, the vast majority of them [[Jews]] and [[Poles]] many from nearby metropolis of Vilnius.<ref name="Sak_Ard">[[Kazimierz Sakowicz]], [[Yitzhak Arad]], ''Ponary Diary, 1941–1943: A Bystander's Account of a Mass Murder'', Yale University Press, 2005, ISBN 0300108532, [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0300108532&id=ZNI79jJnsOoC&pg=PP4&lpg=PP4&ots=O_XeZ1ygWQ&dq=Ponary+Diary,+1941-1943:+A+Bystander%27s+Account+of+a+Mass+Murder&sig=qGlw7NriESdK0hGeGvHU2DUeOe8 Google Print].</ref><ref name="Piotrowski_168">[[Tadeusz Piotrowski]], ''Poland's Holocaust'', McFarland & Company, 1997, ISBN 0-7864-0371-3, [http://books.google.com/books?id=ZNI79jJnsOoC&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&sig=mhIWpT7B-0wqoYuaUMUIGox9I8A p. 168].</ref><ref name="IPN-Ponary">{{pl icon}} [http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal.php?serwis=pl&dzial=194&id=3327&search=30903 Śledztwo w sprawie masowych zabójstw Polaków w latach 1941 - 1944 w Ponarach koło Wilna dokonanych przez funkcjonariuszy policji niemieckiej i kolaboracyjnej policji litewskiej] (Investigation of mass murders of Poles in the years 1941–1944 in Ponary near Wilno by functionaries of German police and Lithuanian collaborating police). [[Institute of National Remembrance]] documents from 2003 on the ongoing investigation]. Last accessed on 10 February 2007.</ref> The executions were carried out by German units of [[Sicherheitsdienst|SD]] and [[SS]] with help from local [[Ypatingasis būrys|Special SD and Security Police Squad Ypatingasis būrys]],<ref name="IPN-Ponary"/><ref name="WSP-Ponary">{{pl icon}} Czesław Michalski, [http://www.wsp.krakow.pl/konspekt/konspekt5/ponary.html Ponary - Golgota Wileńszczyzny] (Ponary — the Golgoth of Wilno Region). ''Konspekt'' nº 5, Winter 2000–2001, a publication of the [[Academy of Pedagogy in Kraków]]. Last accessed on 10 February 2007.</ref><ref name="Bubnys">{{lt icon}} {{cite book | author =[[Arūnas Bubnys]] | coauthors = | title =Vokiečių ir lietuvių saugumo policija (1941–1944) (German and Lithuanian security police: 1941–1944)| year =2004 | publisher =Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras | location =Vilnius | url =http://www.genocid.lt/Leidyba/1/arunas1.htm | accessdate =2006-06-09 }}</ref> The victims were usually brought to the edges of huge pits and shot to death with machine gun fire. |
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[[Image:Lithuania Ponary Monument.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Monument of Polish victims in Paneriai]] |
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During the [[interwar period]] the town of Ponary was part of the [[Second Polish Republic]], [[Wilno Voivodship]] ([[Kresy]] region). In September 1939 the region was [[Soviet invasion of Poland (1939)|taken over by the Soviets]]. After the annexation of Lithuania by the [[Soviet Union]], the following year, the Soviet authorities started to build a huge oil warehouse for a nearby military [[airfield]]. The construction was never finished as in [[1941]] the area [[Operation Barbarossa|was occupied]] by [[Nazi Germany]]. The Nazis decided to take advantage of the large pits dug for the oil warehouses to dispose of bodies of unwanted locals. The massacres began in July, 1941, when [[Einsatzkommando 9]] rounded up 5,000 Jewish men of Wilno and took them to Paneriai where they were shot. Further mass killings, often aided by Lithuanian police ''[[Ypatingasis burys]]'', took place throughout the summer and fall<ref name="Bubnys"/>. By the end of the year, more than 40,000 Jews had been killed at Paneriai. |
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The total number of victims by the end of 1944 was between 70,000 and 100,000. According to post-war [[exhumation]] by the forces of [[2nd Belorussian Front]] the majority (50,000–70,000) of the victims were [[Polish Jew|Polish]] and [[Lithuanian Jews]] from nearby Polish and Lithuanian cities, while the rest were primarily [[Poles]] (about 20,000) and [[Russians]] (about 8,000)<ref name="WSP-Ponary"/><ref name="IPN-Ponary"/>. The Polish victims were mostly members of Polish [[intelligentsia]] (teachers, professors of the [[Stefan Batory University]] like [[Kazimierz Pelczar]], priests like [[Romuald Świrkowski]]) and members of [[Armia Krajowa]] [[resistance movement]].<ref name="WSP-Ponary"/><ref name="Piotrowski_168"/> Among the first victims were approximatly 7,500 Soviet [[POW]]s shot in [[1941]] soon after [[Operation Barbarossa]] begun.<ref name="Rzecz-Ponary">[http://rzecz-pospolita.com/ponary.php3 Ponary]. Last accessed on 10 February 2007.</ref> At later stages there were also smaller numbers of victims of other nationalities, including local Russians, [[Roma (people)|Roma]] and Lithuanians, particularly communists sympathisers and members of general [[Povilas Plechavičius]] [[Local Lithuanian Detachment]] who refused to follow German orders<ref name="WSP-Ponary"/>. |
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As Soviet troops advanced in 1943, the German-led units tried to [[cover-up]] the crime. A unit of eighty workers was formed from nearby [[Stutthof concentration camp]] prisoners and was forced to dig up the bodies, pile them on wood and burn them. The ashes were then mixed with sand and buried.<ref name="WSP-Ponary"/> After six months of this gruesome work, aware that eventually they would be executed themselves,{{fact}} the brigade managed to escape on [[April 19]], [[1944]]. Eleven of them managed to survive the ordeal, and their testimony contributed to revealing the massacre. The information about it begun to spread as early as 1943, due to the activities and works of [[Helena Pasierbska]], [[Jozef Mackiewicz]], [[Kazimierz Sakowicz]] and others. Nonetheless the Soviet regime, which supported the resettlement of Poles from the [[Kresy]], also found it convenient to deny that Poles were massacred in Panerai; the official line was that Panerai was a site of massacre of Soviet citizens only.{{fact}} It was only a decade after the [[fall of communism]] that the new government of independent Lithuania allowed a monument (a cross) to fallen Polish citizens to be built there.<ref name="Rzecz-Ponary"/> |
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The site of the massacre is commemorated by a memorial to the victims of the Holocaust<!--when was it raised and what is it?-->, a memorial to the Polish victims and a small museum (currently closed). The executions at Paneriai, sometimes compared to the [[Katyn massacre]] by Polish press (since it happened in 'the East' and was mostly ignored by the communist government of [[People's Republic of Poland]]), are currently a matter of an investigation by the [[Gdańsk]] branch of the Polish [[Institute of National Remembrance]].<ref name="IPN-Ponary"/> |
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==See also== |
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*[[Babi Yar]] |
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*[[Bogdanovka]] |
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*[[Palmiry]] |
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==Notes== |
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<!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags--> |
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<div class='references-small'> |
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<references/> |
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</div> |
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==External links== |
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<!-- * [http://www.noarfamily.com/PONARYFOREST.html Ponary Forest] 404 as of 10 Feb 2007--> |
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* [http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/ Ponary timeline], US Holocaust Museum article on Vilna |
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* [http://www.deathcamps.org/occupation/ponary.html Ponary] at deathcamps.org |
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* {{pl icon}} [http://www1.ipn.gov.pl/portal.php?serwis=pl&dzial=2&id=522 Konferencja „Zbrodnie na Polakach w podwileńskich Ponarach 1941–1944” – Gdańsk, 9 maja 2003 r.] (Conference "Poles as victims in Ponary near Wilno 1941–4) — IPN |
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* {{pl icon}} [http://www.polonica.net/Zbrodnia_w_Ponarach.htm Zbrodnia w Ponarach] (Crime of Ponary) - reprints of articles from [[Nasz Dziennik]], Nr 109 (1605) z 12 maja 2003 |
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[[Category:The Holocaust]] |
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[[Category:Nazi Germany]] |
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[[Category:History of Lithuania]] |
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[[Category:History of Vilnius]] |
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[[Category:1940s]] |
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[[it:Massacro di Ponary]] |
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Revision as of 20:40, 19 February 2007
The Ponary massacre (or Paneriai massacre) was the sequence of events that took place between July 1941 and August 1944 near the railway station of Paneriai (Polish: Ponary), now a suburb of Vilnius (Wilno), which became the mass murder site of approximately 100,000 victims, the vast majority of them Jews and Poles many from nearby metropolis of Vilnius.[1][2][3] The executions were carried out by German units of SD and SS with help from local Special SD and Security Police Squad Ypatingasis būrys,[3][4][5] The victims were usually brought to the edges of huge pits and shot to death with machine gun fire.
During the interwar period the town of Ponary was part of the Second Polish Republic, Wilno Voivodship (Kresy region). In September 1939 the region was taken over by the Soviets. After the annexation of Lithuania by the Soviet Union, the following year, the Soviet authorities started to build a huge oil warehouse for a nearby military airfield. The construction was never finished as in 1941 the area was occupied by Nazi Germany. The Nazis decided to take advantage of the large pits dug for the oil warehouses to dispose of bodies of unwanted locals. The massacres began in July, 1941, when Einsatzkommando 9 rounded up 5,000 Jewish men of Wilno and took them to Paneriai where they were shot. Further mass killings, often aided by Lithuanian police Ypatingasis burys, took place throughout the summer and fall[5]. By the end of the year, more than 40,000 Jews had been killed at Paneriai.
The total number of victims by the end of 1944 was between 70,000 and 100,000. According to post-war exhumation by the forces of 2nd Belorussian Front the majority (50,000–70,000) of the victims were Polish and Lithuanian Jews from nearby Polish and Lithuanian cities, while the rest were primarily Poles (about 20,000) and Russians (about 8,000)[4][3]. The Polish victims were mostly members of Polish intelligentsia (teachers, professors of the Stefan Batory University like Kazimierz Pelczar, priests like Romuald Świrkowski) and members of Armia Krajowa resistance movement.[4][2] Among the first victims were approximatly 7,500 Soviet POWs shot in 1941 soon after Operation Barbarossa begun.[6] At later stages there were also smaller numbers of victims of other nationalities, including local Russians, Roma and Lithuanians, particularly communists sympathisers and members of general Povilas Plechavičius Local Lithuanian Detachment who refused to follow German orders[4].
As Soviet troops advanced in 1943, the German-led units tried to cover-up the crime. A unit of eighty workers was formed from nearby Stutthof concentration camp prisoners and was forced to dig up the bodies, pile them on wood and burn them. The ashes were then mixed with sand and buried.[4] After six months of this gruesome work, aware that eventually they would be executed themselves,[citation needed] the brigade managed to escape on April 19, 1944. Eleven of them managed to survive the ordeal, and their testimony contributed to revealing the massacre. The information about it begun to spread as early as 1943, due to the activities and works of Helena Pasierbska, Jozef Mackiewicz, Kazimierz Sakowicz and others. Nonetheless the Soviet regime, which supported the resettlement of Poles from the Kresy, also found it convenient to deny that Poles were massacred in Panerai; the official line was that Panerai was a site of massacre of Soviet citizens only.[citation needed] It was only a decade after the fall of communism that the new government of independent Lithuania allowed a monument (a cross) to fallen Polish citizens to be built there.[6]
The site of the massacre is commemorated by a memorial to the victims of the Holocaust, a memorial to the Polish victims and a small museum (currently closed). The executions at Paneriai, sometimes compared to the Katyn massacre by Polish press (since it happened in 'the East' and was mostly ignored by the communist government of People's Republic of Poland), are currently a matter of an investigation by the Gdańsk branch of the Polish Institute of National Remembrance.[3]
See also
Notes
- ^ Kazimierz Sakowicz, Yitzhak Arad, Ponary Diary, 1941–1943: A Bystander's Account of a Mass Murder, Yale University Press, 2005, ISBN 0300108532, Google Print.
- ^ a b Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland's Holocaust, McFarland & Company, 1997, ISBN 0-7864-0371-3, p. 168.
- ^ a b c d Template:Pl icon Śledztwo w sprawie masowych zabójstw Polaków w latach 1941 - 1944 w Ponarach koło Wilna dokonanych przez funkcjonariuszy policji niemieckiej i kolaboracyjnej policji litewskiej (Investigation of mass murders of Poles in the years 1941–1944 in Ponary near Wilno by functionaries of German police and Lithuanian collaborating police). Institute of National Remembrance documents from 2003 on the ongoing investigation]. Last accessed on 10 February 2007.
- ^ a b c d e Template:Pl icon Czesław Michalski, Ponary - Golgota Wileńszczyzny (Ponary — the Golgoth of Wilno Region). Konspekt nº 5, Winter 2000–2001, a publication of the Academy of Pedagogy in Kraków. Last accessed on 10 February 2007.
- ^ a b Template:Lt icon Arūnas Bubnys (2004). Vokiečių ir lietuvių saugumo policija (1941–1944) (German and Lithuanian security police: 1941–1944). Vilnius: Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras. Retrieved 2006-06-09.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ a b Ponary. Last accessed on 10 February 2007.
External links
- Ponary timeline, US Holocaust Museum article on Vilna
- Ponary at deathcamps.org
- Template:Pl icon Konferencja „Zbrodnie na Polakach w podwileńskich Ponarach 1941–1944” – Gdańsk, 9 maja 2003 r. (Conference "Poles as victims in Ponary near Wilno 1941–4) — IPN
- Template:Pl icon Zbrodnia w Ponarach (Crime of Ponary) - reprints of articles from Nasz Dziennik, Nr 109 (1605) z 12 maja 2003