Wąsosz pogrom: Difference between revisions
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The '''Wąsosz pogrom''' was the mass murder of [[History of the Jews in Poland|Jewish residents]] of [[Wąsosz, Podlaskie Voivodeship|Wąsosz]] in [[Nazi]] German [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|occupied Poland]] that took place on 5 July 1941, during [[World War II]]. |
The '''Wąsosz pogrom''' was the mass murder of [[History of the Jews in Poland|Jewish residents]] of [[Wąsosz, Podlaskie Voivodeship|Wąsosz]] in [[Nazi]] German [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|occupied Poland]] that took place on 5 July 1941, during [[World War II]]. |
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The Wąsosz pogrom was the mass murder of Jewish residents of Wąsosz in Nazi German occupied Poland that took place on 5 July 1941, during World War II.
Circumstances surrounding the pogrom
When Nazi Germany invaded Poland in 1939, the village of Wąsosz (Podlaskie Voivodeship) was taken by the Germans in the second week of the war.[1] At the end of September, in accordance with the German–Soviet Boundary Treaty, the area was transferred by the Nazis to the Soviet Union.[1]
The Soviet Union invaded Poland from the East two weeks earlier, on 17 September 1939, pursuant to the secret protocol of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. The Red Army overran 52.1% of territory of Poland with over 13,700,000 inhabitants.[2] The Soviet occupation zone included 5.1 million ethnic Poles (ca. 38%),[2] 37% Ukrainians,[2] 14.5% Belarusians,[2] 8.4% Jews,[2] 0.9% Russians and 0.6% Germans.[2] There were also 336,000 refugees who escaped to eastern Poland from areas already occupied by Germany – most of them Polish Jews numbering at around 198,000.[2]
Following the Nazi German invasion of the Soviet Union, German Wehrmacht re-entered Wąsosz on 22 June 1941.[1] At that time, 800 Jews lived in the town according to the one and only one existing deposition.[3][4]
Pogrom
On the night between 4 and 5 July, a small group of Polish killers armed with axes and iron clubs murdered several dozens of the Jewish inhabitants of Wąsosz. The killings were performed in a brutal manner, killing women and children as well.[5] The death toll was probably 150 to 250 people, though some claim that the amount of victims may reach 1,200.[6]
Aftermath
Menachem Finkielsztejn, a resident of Radziłów, described in a post-war testimony how Poles from Wąsosz arrived in Radziłów on the 6th of July saying that "It was immediately known that those who came had previously killed in a horrible manner, using pipes [?] and knifes, all the Jews in their own town, not sparing even women or little children". However, they were chased away by the local townfolk of Radziłów, who then massacred the Jews of Radziłów on the 7th of June, killing the entire community except for 18 survivors.[7][8][9] According to Andrzej Żbikowski the townfolk of Radziłów drove away the Wąsosz killers so that they could kill and steal the property of the Jews for themselves.[5]
Fifteen surviving Jews remained in the town until 1 July 1942, when they were moved to the Milbo estate where some 500 Jews were employed in various works. In November 1942 the survivors were moved to the Bogusze transit camp and in January 1943 sent to Majdanek or Treblinka extermination camps.[1]
In 1951, Marian Rydzewski was tried and acquitted for participating pogrom before a communist court.[10][11][12]
IPN investigation
The crimes committed in Wąsosz was investigated by Institute of National Remembrance of Poland,[13] under the direction of the IPN prosecutor Radosław Ignatiew who earlier investigated the atrocities in Jedwabne.[14]
In 2014, Polish Jewish leaders were reportedly divided regarded exhumation of the bodies of the Jewish victims. Some, such as Poland's chief rabbai Michael Schudrich are opposed due to the dignity of the dead. Others, such as Piotr Kadicik the president of the Union of Jewish Religious Communities in Poland, support the exhumation.[10][15]
In 2015, while on vacation, Ignatiew was removed from the investigation and replaced with Malgorzata Redos-Ciszewska. The exhumation was not carried out, and the investigation was closed in 2016. The IPN did not identify any additional perpetrators beyond two Polish men sentenced for their actions shortly after World War II.[16]
References
- ^ a b c d Abraham Wein, ed. (1989). Pinkas hakehillot Polin. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. Retrieved 2007-03-17.
- ^ a b c d e f g Trela-Mazur, Elżbieta (1998) [1997]. Włodzimierz Bonusiak; Stanisław Jan Ciesielski; Zygmunt Mańkowski; Mikołaj Iwanow (eds.). Sovietization of educational system in the eastern part of Lesser Poland under the Soviet occupation, 1939-1941 [Sowietyzacja oświaty w Małopolsce Wschodniej pod radziecką okupacją 1939-1941]. Kielce: Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna im. Jana Kochanowskiego. pp. 43, 294. ISBN 83-7133-100-2.. Also in: Trela-Mazur 1997, Wrocławskie Studia Wschodnie, Wrocław.
- ^ Template:Pl icon Wojewódzka Żydowska Komisja Historyczna w Białymstoku, 14 VI 1946 roku."Relacja Menachema Finkelsztajna: Zagłada Żydów w powiecie grajewskim i łomźyńskim w lipcu 1941 r." Archived from the original on April 20, 2008. Retrieved October 14, 2010.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) (deposition by Menachem Finkelsztajn; commentary by prof. Tomasz Strzembosz) 47. ŻIH. - ^ Translation from Polish: "Reported by Menachem Finkelsztajn / Born in Radzilow, age 22 / Extermination of Jews in the Districts of Grajewo and Lomza in July, 1941." The District Jewish Historical Committee Bialystok, June 14, 1946 No. 5/46. Publisher makes no representations regarding the accuracy of the translation.
- ^ a b Shared History, Divided Memory: Jews and Others in Soviet-occupied Poland 1939-1941, edited by Elazar Barkan, Elizabeth A. Cole, Kai Struve, essay authored by Andrzej Zbikowski, pages 349-350, Leipziger Universitätsverlag
- ^ Timeline of pogroms in the former Soviet occupation zone – summer of 1941, POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews, 10 July 2016
- ^ Testimony of Menachem Finkielsztejn, Jewish Historical Commission, 27 June 1945, L.p. 72
- ^ The Holocaust: Europe, the World, and the Jews, 1918 - 1945, Norman Goda
- ^ Fear: Anti-Semitism in Poland After Auschwitz, Jan T. Gross, page 42
- ^ a b Wasosz Pogrom Mass Murder Investigation Sharply Divides Jewish Leaders, 5 October 2014, NBC News
- ^ Antisemitism: An Annotated Bibliography, Sara Grosvald, page 180
- ^ The Rise and Fall of Jewish Communities in Poland and Their Relics Today: District Bialystok, page 224, Arnon Rubin, Tel Aviv University press
- ^ Template:Pl icon Sprostowanie do artykułu redaktor Anny Bikont „Pięć lat po Jedwabnem” zamieszczonym w „Gazecie Wyborczej” z dnia 4-5.03.2006 r.
- ^ Template:Pl icon "Śledztwo w sprawie zbrodni na Żydach w Jedwabnem zostanie prawdopodobnie umorzone do końca marca" Informacyjna Agencja Radiowa, 2003-01-21
- ^ Polish Jews Split Over Plan to Exhume Victims of 1941 Massacre, Haaretz (JTA), 18 Sptember, 2014
- ^ POLISH INSTITUTE STOPS INVESTIGATION INTO WWII MURDER OF 70 JEWS, JPost (JTA), 14 March 2016
- The Crime and the Silence, Anna Bikont, Farrar, Straus and Giroux
See also