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2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami

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2022 Hunga Tonga eruption and tsunami
Satellite animation of the initial ash plume on 15 January
VolcanoHunga Tonga
Start date14 January 2022
End dateOngoing
LocationPacific Ocean, Tonga
20°33′00″S 175°23′06″W / 20.550°S 175.385°W / -20.550; -175.385 (Hunga Tonga)
Impact
  • Some people missing in Tonga
  • 2 dead in Peru
  • 2 injured in the United States
Hunga Tonga is located in Tonga
Hunga Tonga
Hunga Tonga
Hunga Tonga is located in Pacific Ocean
Hunga Tonga
Hunga Tonga

A large eruption of Hunga Tonga, a volcanic island of Tonga in the Pacific Ocean, began on 14 January 2022. Hunga Tonga is 65 km (40 mi) north of Tongatapu, the country's main island.[1] The eruption caused tsunamis in Tonga, Fiji and American Samoa; tsunami warnings were issued in Fiji, Samoa, Vanuatu, New Zealand, Australia, Japan, Russia, the United States, Canada, Mexico, Chile and Ecuador. Damaging tsunami waves were reported in New Zealand, the United States, Chile and Peru. Two people drowned in Peru when a 2 m (6.6 ft) wave struck the coast, and two fishermen in the United States suffered minor injuries.

Background

After being relatively inactive since 2014,[2] the Hunga Tonga volcano erupted on 20 December 2021, sending particulates into the stratosphere. A large plume of ash was visible from Nukuʻalofa, the capital city of Tonga, about 70 km (43 mi) from the volcano.[3] The Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) in Wellington, New Zealand, issued an advisory notice to airlines.[4] The eruption was heard more than 2000 km (1240 miles) away in New Zealand, where the sound arrived two hours later.[5] This initial eruption ended at 02:00 on 21 December 2021.[3] Volcanic activity continued, and on 25 December 2021, the island had increased in size on satellite imagery.[6] As activity on the island decreased, it was declared dormant on 11 January 2022.[7]

Tsunamis are typically triggered by earthquakes and not volcanoes.[8][9] Fewer than 100 volcanic tsunamis were recorded in the prior two centuries.[8]

Eruptions

A four-hour observation of the January 2022 eruption over the southern Pacific Ocean from the GOES-West satellite.

A large eruption commenced on 14 January sending clouds of ash 20 km (12 mi) into the atmosphere.[10] The government of Tonga issued a tsunami warning to residents.[11] Tongan geologists near the volcano observed explosions and a 5 km (3.1 mi)-wide ash column.[12]

The next day, a much larger eruption started at 5.15pm local time (04:14:45 UTC).[13] The VAAC again issued an advisory notice to airlines.[14] Ash from the eruption made landfall on the main island of Tongatapu, blotting out the Sun. Loud explosions were heard 65 km (40 mi) away in Nukuʻalofa, and small stones and ash rained down from the sky.[15] Many residents in Tonga were stuck in traffic while attempting to flee to higher ground.[16] The explosion was heard in Samoa, roughly 840 km (520 mi) away before the sound travelled to more distant countries.[17][18] Residents in Fiji described the sounds of thunder. Booms were heard across New Zealand, and as far away as Yukon in Canada.[19][20] From space, a very wide eruption column and shockwaves were captured propagating across the Pacific Ocean by satellites.[19] The pressure wave was measured by weather stations throughout New Zealand at a maximum amplitude of about 7 hPa.[21] The pressure wave was also recorded by weather stations in Australia.[22][23][24] The United States Geological Survey estimated the eruption at a surface-wave magnitude of 5.8.[13] A pressure fluctuation of 2.5 hPa was measured in Switzerland.[25]

Intense lightning activity was recorded during the eruption phase. The Vaisala National Lightning Detection Network detected the lightning in the form of radio waves. Several hundred to thousand flashes of lightning were recorded by the system during the two weeks prior to the eruption. From 14 to 15 January 2022, tens of thousands of lightning flashes occurred. Between 05:00 and 06:00 UTC on 15 January 2022, 200,000 flashes were recorded.[26]

Preliminary observations showed that the eruption column ejected a large amount of volcanic material into the stratosphere. The eruption has potential to cause a temporary cooling climate effect.[27] A scientist from the University of Auckland described it as a one-in-1000-year event.[28][29]

Impact

Little information is yet available on the extent of damage and casualties from Tonga due to communication issues.[30] New Zealand prime minister Jacinda Ardern stated that an undersea cable servicing Tonga was affected, probably due to power cuts, and authorities were urgently attempting to restore communications.[31] Video footage showing waves hitting coastal areas in Tonga was reported by Sky News.[32] Atata, a small island off the capital city, was reportedly submerged and rescue operations are being carried out. There are some reports of residents in Tonga struggling to breathe as a result of the ash.[33] The Tongan government has not confirmed any casualties from the eruption and tsunami.[34]

According to a New Zealand government official in Nuku'alofa, extensive damage has occurred on the waterfront of the city as it was severely hit by the tsunami. Acting High Commissioner Peter Lund said that several people had been unaccounted following the eruption and tsunami.[35]

The tsunami killed two women in Peru when a 2 m (6 ft 7 in) wave struck them at Naylamp beach, Lambayeque, Peru. The two women were in a truck along with a driver; the husband of one of the women. When the wave struck, the male occupant escaped.[36]

At San Gregorio, California, four fishermen were swept out to sea by the tsunami. Two of the men were injured and received medical treatment while another two were rescued and unhurt.[37] San Francisco firefighters and the United States Coast Guard rescued three surfers.[38]

Tsunami

Oceania

Nuku’alofa Tonga.
video icon Video of the tsunami waves hitting the capital, filmed by a resident, Mamani moe me’a fakaofō on YouTube

As a result of the eruption on 15 January 2022, a magnitude 5.8 earthquake[13] and a 1.2-metre (3.9 ft) tsunami[39] struck the Tongan capital Nukuʻalofa.[7][40] Tide gauges in the city recorded waves 1.5–2 metres (4.9–6.6 ft) in height.[41] Videos posted on the Internet showed a series of waves hitting the shore and homes, sweeping away debris.[42] Other videos show ashfall and a cloud of ash obscuring the sun.[7] According to a resident in the Tongan capital, a series of initial smaller explosions were heard. It was followed by a tsunami approximately 15 minutes later. The first wave was said to be the largest. A long white wave was observed out at sea approaching the coast. Three waves reportedly struck the coast.[43] In the wake of the tsunami King Tupou VI was evacuated and traffic jams formed as locals fled to high ground.[44]

In Fiji, a tidal gauge in Suva recorded a wave measuring 20 centimetres (8 in) at 17:40 local time. Some tsunami activity was also reported in the Lau Islands.[41] The islands of Moce, Moala, Kadavu and Taveuni were struck by low-level tsunami that triggered flooding.[45]

In American Samoa, a tsunami measuring 0.61 metres (2 ft) was recorded by tide gauges.[19]

Destructive tsunami waves of 1–2.5 metres (3 ft 3 in – 8 ft 2 in) were observed in several islands in Vanuatu. The Vanuatu Meteorology & Geo-hazards Department said tsunami activity is expected to persist for the night of 15 January 2022.[46] Waves up to 0.8 metres (2.6 ft) in height were recorded in Hanalei, Hawaii.[30]

The tsunami sank several boats and ripped others off their moorings at a marina in Tutukaka in New Zealand.[47] The waves took boats out into the bay and smashed some together. Debris from boats and polystyrene was reported. Civil Defence Northland said that damage at the marina was "serious". According to Hauraki Gulf Weather, the tsunami struck on 16 January at between 01:05 and 01:10 local time on Great Barrier Island with a height of 1.33 metres (4.4 ft).[48] The tsunami caused flooding at Mahinepua Bay where a campsite was located but all 50 individuals at the site were safe. A group of fishermen in Hokianga Harbour had to run for their lives to escape the waves, and reported having to drive through water over 1 metre (3.3 ft) deep.[49] There were no casualties reported in New Zealand.[50]

In Australia, the Bureau of Meteorology said tsunami waves were observed throughout Saturday night on the shores along the east coast of Australia.[51] Maximum tsunami waves of 1.27 m (4.2 ft) was recorded at Norfolk Island, 1.10 m (3.6 ft) at Lord Howe Island, 0.82 m (2.7 ft) at the Gold Coast, Queensland, 0.77 m (2.5 ft) at Twofold Bay, New South Wales and 0.50 m (1.6 ft) at Hobart, Tasmania.[52][53]

Asia

In Kominato, Amami, Kagoshima, Japan, a 1.2-metre (3 ft 11 in) tsunami was reported at 23:55 on 15 January JST. At Tosashimizu, Kōchi, the tsunami was 0.9 metres (2 ft 11 in) in height.[54][55] A tsunami measuring 0.9 metres (2 ft 11 in) was also reported in Chichijima Futami.[56] On the Tohoku coast, a 0.7-metre (2 ft 4 in) wave struck at 00:38 local time, 16 January. In the Sendai Port, the tsunami measured 0.9 metres (2 ft 11 in) at 00:08.[57] In Iwate Prefecture, a 1.1-metre tsunami was recorded at 02:26 on 16 January. Tsunami waves of less than a metre were reported along the Hokkaido Pacific coast. This was the nation's first tsunami warning since the 2016 Fukushima earthquake.[58] The JMA said that the tsunami struck 2.5 hours earlier than predicted.[59]

Russia's Kuril Islands in the country's far east had tsunami waves of about 20 centimetres (8 in)[60]

Americas

The highest tsunami waves were 1.3 metres (4.3 ft) in Port San Luis and 1.1 metres (3.7 ft) in Arena Cove and Crescent City, California.[60][38] Significant waves hit the Santa Cruz Harbor,[61] and the harbor parking was flooded with about 0.91 metres (3 ft) of water.[38] Strong currents in Half Moon Bay were reported,[61] while small waves were observed at Seal Beach.[62] Waves up to 0.37 metres (1.2 ft) in height were recorded in Nikolski, Alaska.[63]

On the Mexican coasts of the states of Guerrero, Colima and Baja California Peninsula, sea level rise was reported with waves of 0.30 metres (1 ft) to 0.61 metres (2 ft).[64] A maximum tide level of 2.05 metres at Manzanillo, Colima according to the Mareographic Service of the Institute of Geophysics of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. The tsunami had an amplitude of 1.19 metres in Zihuatanejo. Waves of just under 1 metre were recorded in Acapulco, Huatulco and Salina Cruz.[65]

Along the coast of Peru, the tsunami was damaging. Restaurants and boats in Lagunillas beach and San Andrés District were damaged by waves. Many beachgoers evacuated to safety while businesses closed.[66] Damage to piers and some homes occurred in the capital Lima. In some areas, boat owners dragged their boats onto shore to prevent the waves from damaging them.[67] Some material damage was confirmed on the beaches. A wave measuring 0.68 m was recorded in the port of Callao, 0.72 m in Marcona District and 0.65 m in Paita.[68] The tsunami measured 2 metres in Lambayeque, killing two people.[36]

In northern Chile, waves of up to 2 metres struck the coastline. Videos and images on social media from the Los Ríos Region showed the tsunami damaging piers, carrying boats and hitting beaches. Coastal evacuation notices were issued in 14 of the 16 regions in Chile. A "Red alert" level was issued to more than 6,400 km of ts coastline. The Chilean National Office for Emergency (ONEMI) said that tsunami activity can persist overnight so those affected have to sustain on their emergency supplies and aid.[69]

Minor tsunamis related to the eruption were measured as far away as the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, with NOAA reporting a maximum rise of 0.12 m (0.39 ft) in Puerto Rico.[70]

Response

A tsunami warning was issued on 14 January in Tonga after an eruption was observed. Volcanic activity decreased following that eruption and the warning was lifted in the early morning of 15 January. A 30-centimetre wave was observed during the first tsunami warning.[71] Another warning was issued to the whole of Tonga on the evening of 15 January following another large eruption.[71] Warning sirens blared in Nukuʻalofa while authorities urged residents to flee to higher ground.[72]

The Mineral Resources Department in Fiji issued advisories to people living around the coastal areas to stay away from the shores.[73] Evacuations were made on the Lau Islands after wave activity was observed in the sea.[41] Fiji's Acting Prime Minister Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum urged the public to stay indoors and cover household water tanks in the event of rain due to the risk of sulfuric acid generated from the eruption.[74]

Tsunami warnings were also issued to American Samoa by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC).[75][76] The PTWC considered the tsunami "hazardous" and warned that changes in sea level, as well as strong currents could pose a risk along the coast.[77] Samoa later issued a tsunami advisory.[78] The PTWC later cancelled the tsunami warning for American Samoa.[79]

The National Emergency Management Agency of New Zealand told residents to expect "strong and unusual currents and unpredictable surges" along the north and east coast of North Island, as well as the Chatham Islands.[80] The agency added that the currents have the potential to injure and drown people.[81]

A tsunami warning was issued by the Bureau of Meteorology in Australia, with a land warning issued for Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island, and a marine warning for the east coast of Australia, Tasmania and Macquarie Island.[52] On 16 January, at 06:55 local time, tsunami marine warnings were issued to New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, and Tasmania for strong and dangerous currents.[82]

The Japan Meteorological Agency informed residents that a slight disturbance in the sea could occur without any damage.[30] The tsunami would not pose a threat to Japanese coastline. Officials from the JMA said that sea level rise of no more than 20 centimetres (7.9 in) can be expected for 24 hours from 9:00 p.m. Japan Standard Time (UTC+9).[83] A tsunami warning was issued in the Amami Islands and Tokara Islands by the JMA with forecasted waves of up to 3 metres (9.8 ft). Additional warnings were issued to the east and southeast coast for waves of up to 1 metre (3 ft 3 in).[84] A warning and evacuation order was issued to Iwate Prefecture, and evacuation orders were also issued to six other prefectures. The Fire and Disaster Management Agency (FDMA) said that 210,000 residents living in the seven prefectures were evacuated.[85] Japan downgraded its warnings the following morning. Russia issued a tsunami advisory for Kuril Islands.[60]

The National Tsunami Warning Center issued a tsunami advisory along the West Coast of the United States and British Columbia, Canada.[86][87] The advisory contained all U.S. areas along the West Coast from Southern California to Alaska.[88] Beaches were closed,[89] and coastal residents were requested to move to higher grounds.[90] A surfing contest with over 100 participants was cancelled in Santa Cruz, California.[38][91] Tsunami waves measuring 1–2 feet (0.30–0.61 m) were expected to hit the shores as early as 7:30 a.m. Pacific Standard Time (UTC−8) along the Central Coast.[86] San Francisco was expected to receive waves at 8:10.[92] The highest tsunami waves are expected one to two hours after the arrival of the first waves.[86] A tsunami advisory was put in place for the entirety of Hawaii.[93] Advisories in Canada were issued along the North and Central coasts of British Columbia, along with the Haida Gwaii archipelago and Vancouver Island. No evacuation issue was ordered, but people were urged to avoid beaches and marinas. The warning level was low due to the height of reported waves, as they were below the 91 centimetres (36 in) threshold which would warrant an upgrade.[94] By the evening, the United States lifted advisories for Alaska, Hawaii, Washington, Oregon and portions of California. They remained in effect in California in parts of the Central and North Coast.[60]

Chile also issued a warning for a "minor tsunami" for most of its coastal area including the island of Rapa Nui, evacuation was declared for other 12 regions.[95][96]

Rescue

Rescue operations are underway at Atata Island, located off the main Tonga island near Nukuʻalofa after the small island was reportedly submerged by the tsunami.[33]

Assistance

New Zealand's Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern said officials in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs are discussing the provision of aid to Tonga.[97] Ardern described the events in Tonga as "hugely concerning".[33] On 16 January 2022, she announced New Zealand was donating NZ$500,000, which was "very much the starting point". The Royal New Zealand Navy was preparing to sail and a RNZAF P3 Orion would be sent on a reconnaissance flight as soon as it was safe to do so. The ash cloud was estimated at 19,000 m (62,000 ft), well above the Orion's service ceiling.[31]

Tonga has accepted an offer by the Australian government of a surveillance flight to assess the damage. A Boeing P-8 Poseidon of the Australian Defence Force is planned to depart on the morning of 17 January 2022 for Tonga to survey damage to roadways, ports and powerlines.[98] The Australian government will coordinate its assistance with New Zealand.[99]

See also

References

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