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The Caldwell catalogue is an astronomical catalogue of 109 star clusters , nebulae , and galaxies for observation by amateur astronomers . The list was compiled by Patrick Moore as a complement to the Messier catalogue .[ 1]
While the Messier catalogue is used by amateur astronomers as a list of deep-sky objects for observation, Moore noted that Messier's list was not compiled for that purpose and excluded many of the sky's brightest deep-sky objects,[ 1] such as the Hyades , the Double Cluster (NGC 869 and NGC 884 ), and the Sculptor Galaxy (NGC 253). The Messier catalogue was actually compiled as a list of known objects that might be confused with comets. Moore also observed that since Messier compiled his list from observations in Paris, it did not include bright deep-sky objects visible in the Southern Hemisphere , such as Omega Centauri , Centaurus A , the Jewel Box , and 47 Tucanae .[ 1] [ 2] Moore compiled a list of 109 objects to match the commonly accepted number of Messier objects (he excluded M110 [ 3] ), and the list was published in Sky & Telescope in December 1995.[ 3]
Moore used his other surname – Caldwell – to name the list, since the initial of "Moore" is already used for the Messier catalogue.[ 1] [ 4] Entries in the catalogue are designated with a "C" and the catalogue number (1 to 109).
Unlike objects in the Messier catalogue, which are listed roughly in the order of discovery by Messier and his colleagues,[ 5] the Caldwell catalogue is ordered by declination , with C1 being the most northerly and C109 being the most southerly,[ 1] although two objects (NGC 4244 and the Hyades ) are listed out of sequence.[ 1] Other errors in the original list have since been corrected: it incorrectly identified the S Norma Cluster (NGC 6087 ) as NGC 6067 and incorrectly labelled the Lambda Centauri Cluster (IC 2944 ) as the Gamma Centauri Cluster.[ 1]
Caldwell star chart
Caldwell Star Chart
Number of objects by type in the Caldwell catalogue
Caldwell objects
Open cluster
Globular cluster
Dark nebula
Diffuse nebula
Planetary nebula
Supernova remnant
Galaxy
Caldwell number
NGC number
Common name
Image
Type
Distance (1000 ly )
Constellation
Magnitude
C1
NGC 188
File:NGC 0188 DSS.jpg
Open Cluster
4.8
Cepheus
8.1
C2
NGC 40
Bow-Tie Nebula
Planetary Nebula
3.5
Cepheus
11
C3
NGC 4236
Barred Spiral Galaxy
7,000
Draco
9.7
C4
NGC 7023
Iris Nebula
Open Cluster and Nebula
1.4
Cepheus
7
C5
IC 342
Hidden Galaxy [ 6]
Spiral Galaxy
10,000
Camelopardalis
9
C6
NGC 6543
Cat's Eye Nebula
Planetary Nebula
3
Draco
9
C7
NGC 2403
Spiral Galaxy
14,000
Camelopardalis
8.4
C8
NGC 559
Open Cluster
3.7
Cassiopeia
9.5
C9
Sh2-155
Cave Nebula
Nebula
2.8
Cepheus
7.7
C10
NGC 663
Open Cluster
7.2
Cassiopeia
7.1
C11
NGC 7635
Bubble Nebula
Nebula
7.1
Cassiopeia
10
C12
NGC 6946
Fireworks Galaxy
Spiral Galaxy
18,000
Cepheus
8.9
C13
NGC 457
Owl Cluster, E.T. Cluster
Open Cluster
-
Cassiopeia
6.4
C14
NGC 869 & NGC 884
Double Cluster , h & χ Persei
Open Cluster
7.3
Perseus
4
C15
NGC 6826
Blinking Planetary
Planetary Nebula
2.2
Cygnus
10
C16
NGC 7243
Open Cluster
2.5
Lacerta
6.4
C17
NGC 147
Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
2,300
Cassiopeia
9.3
C18
NGC 185
Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
2,300
Cassiopeia
9.2
C19
IC 5146
Cocoon Nebula
Open Cluster and Nebula
3.3
Cygnus
7.2
C20
NGC 7000
North America Nebula
Nebula
1.8
Cygnus
4
C21
NGC 4449
Irregular galaxy
10,000
Canes Venatici
9.4
C22
NGC 7662
Blue Snowball
Planetary Nebula
3.2
Andromeda
9
C23
NGC 891
Silver Sliver Galaxy
Spiral Galaxy
31,000
Andromeda
10
C24
NGC 1275
Perseus A
Supergiant Elliptical Galaxy
230,000
Perseus
11.6
C25
NGC 2419
Globular Cluster
275
Lynx
10.4
C26
NGC 4244
Spiral Galaxy
10,000
Canes Venatici
10.2
C27
NGC 6888
Crescent Nebula
Nebula
4.7
Cygnus
7.4
C28
NGC 752
Open Cluster
1.2
Andromeda
5.7
C29
NGC 5005
Spiral Galaxy
69,000
Canes Venatici
9.8
C30
NGC 7331
Spiral Galaxy
47,000
Pegasus
9.5
C31
IC 405
Flaming Star Nebula
Nebula
1.6
Auriga
13
C32
NGC 4631
Whale Galaxy
Barred Spiral Galaxy
22,000
Canes Venatici
9.3
C33
NGC 6992
East Veil Nebula
Supernova Remnant
2.5
Cygnus
7
C34
NGC 6960
West Veil Nebula
Supernova Remnant
2.5
Cygnus
7
C35
NGC 4889
Coma B
Supergiant Elliptical Galaxy
300,000
Coma Berenices
11.4
C36
NGC 4559
Spiral Galaxy
32,000
Coma Berenices
9.9
C37
NGC 6885
Open Cluster
1.95
Vulpecula
6
C38
NGC 4565
Needle Galaxy
Spiral Galaxy
32,000
Coma Berenices
9.6
C39
NGC 2392
Eskimo Nebula/Clown Face Nebula [ 7]
Planetary Nebula
4
Gemini
10
C40
NGC 3626
Spiral Galaxy
86,000
Leo
10.9
C41
Mel 25
Hyades
Open Cluster
0.151
Taurus
0.5
C42
NGC 7006
Globular Cluster
135
Delphinus
10.6
C43
NGC 7814
Spiral Galaxy
49,000
Pegasus
10.5
C44
NGC 7479
Barred Spiral Galaxy
106,000
Pegasus
11
C45
NGC 5248
Spiral Galaxy
74,000
Boötes
10.2
C46
NGC 2261
Hubble's Variable Nebula
Nebula
2.5
Monoceros
-
C47
NGC 6934
Globular Cluster
57
Delphinus
8.9
C48
NGC 2775
Spiral Galaxy
55,000
Cancer
10.3
C49
NGC 2237
Rosette Nebula
Nebula
4.9
Monoceros
9.0
C50
NGC 2244
Satellite Cluster [ 8]
Open Cluster
4.9
Monoceros
4.8
C51
IC 1613
Irregular galaxy
2,300
Cetus
9.3
C52
NGC 4697
Elliptical galaxy
76,000
Virgo
9.3
C53
NGC 3115
Spindle Galaxy
Lenticular Galaxy
22,000
Sextans
9.2
C54
NGC 2506
Open Cluster
10
Monoceros
7.6
C55
NGC 7009
Saturn Nebula
Planetary Nebula
1.4
Aquarius
8
C56
NGC 246
Skull Nebula [ 9]
Planetary Nebula
1.6
Cetus
8
C57
NGC 6822
Barnard's Galaxy
Barred irregular galaxy
2,300
Sagittarius
9
C58
NGC 2360
Caroline's Cluster
Open Cluster
3.7
Canis Major
7.2
C59
NGC 3242
Ghost of Jupiter
Planetary Nebula
1.4
Hydra
9
C60
NGC 4038
Antennae Galaxies
Interacting galaxy
83,000
Corvus
10.7
C61
NGC 4039
Antennae Galaxies
Interacting galaxy
83,000
Corvus
13
C62
NGC 247
Spiral Galaxy
6,800
Cetus
8.9
C63
NGC 7293
Helix Nebula
Planetary Nebula
0.522
Aquarius
7.3
C64
NGC 2362
Tau Canis Majoris Cluster
Open Cluster and Nebula
5.1
Canis Major
4.1
C65
NGC 253
Sculptor Galaxy
Spiral Galaxy
9,800
Sculptor
7.1
C66
NGC 5694
Globular Cluster
113
Hydra
10.2
C67
NGC 1097
Barred Spiral Galaxy
47,000
Fornax
9.3
C68
NGC 6729
R CrA Nebula
Nebula
0.424
Corona Australis
-
C69
NGC 6302
Bug Nebula
Planetary Nebula
5.2
Scorpius
13
C70
NGC 300
Spiral Galaxy
3,900
Sculptor
9
C71
NGC 2477
Open Cluster
3.7
Puppis
5.8
C72
NGC 55
Barred Spiral Galaxy
4,200
Sculptor
8
C73
NGC 1851
Globular Cluster
39.4
Columba
7.3
C74
NGC 3132
Eight Burst Nebula
Planetary Nebula
2
Vela
8
C75
NGC 6124
Open Cluster
1.5
Scorpius
5.8
C76
NGC 6231
Open Cluster and Nebula
6
Scorpius
2.6
C77
NGC 5128
Centaurus A
Elliptical or Lenticular Galaxy
16,000
Centaurus
7
C78
NGC 6541
Globular Cluster
22.3
Corona Australis
6.6
C79
NGC 3201
Globular Cluster
17
Vela
6.8
C80
NGC 5139
Omega Centauri
Globular Cluster
17.3
Centaurus
3.7
C81
NGC 6352
Globular Cluster
18.6
Ara
8.2
C82
NGC 6193
Open Cluster
4.3
Ara
5.2
C83
NGC 4945
Barred Spiral Galaxy
17,000
Centaurus
9
C84
NGC 5286
Globular Cluster
36
Centaurus
7.6
C85
IC 2391
Omicron Velorum Cluster
Open Cluster
0.5
Vela
2.5
C86
NGC 6397
Globular Cluster
7.5
Ara
5.7
C87
NGC 1261
Globular Cluster
55.5
Horologium
8.4
C88
NGC 5823
Open Cluster
3.4
Circinus
7.9
C89
NGC 6087 [ note 1]
S Normae Cluster
Open Cluster
3.3
Norma
5.4
C90
NGC 2867
Planetary Nebula
5.5
Carina
10
C91
NGC 3532
Wishing Well Cluster
Open Cluster
1.6
Carina
3
C92
NGC 3372
Eta Carinae Nebula
Nebula
7.5
Carina
3
C93
NGC 6752
Great Peacock Globular [ 10]
Globular Cluster
13
Pavo
5.4
C94
NGC 4755
Jewel Box
Open Cluster
4.9
Crux
4.2
C95
NGC 6025
Open Cluster
2.5
Triangulum Australe
5.1
C96
NGC 2516
Southern Beehive Cluster
Open Cluster
1.3
Carina
3.8
C97
NGC 3766
Pearl Cluster
Open Cluster
5.8
Centaurus
5.3
C98
NGC 4609
Open Cluster
4.2
Crux
6.9
C99
-
Coalsack Nebula
Dark Nebula
0.61
Crux
-
C100
IC 2944
Lambda Centauri Nebula
Open Cluster and Nebula
6
Centaurus
4.5
C101
NGC 6744
Spiral Galaxy
34,000
Pavo
9
C102
IC 2602
Theta Car Cluster
Open Cluster
0.492
Carina
1.9
C103
NGC 2070
Tarantula Nebula
Open Cluster and Nebula
170
Dorado
8.2
C104
NGC 362
Globular Cluster
27.7
Tucana
6.6
C105
NGC 4833
Globular Cluster
19.6
Musca
7.4
C106
NGC 104
47 Tucanae
Globular Cluster
14.7
Tucana
4
C107
NGC 6101
Globular Cluster
49.9
Apus
9.3
C108
NGC 4372
Globular Cluster
18.9
Musca
7.8
C109
NGC 3195
Planetary Nebula
5.4
Chamaeleon
11.6
Caldwell number
NGC number
Common name
Picture
Object type
Distance to object in thousands of light years
Constellation
Apparent magnitude
^ C89 was mistakenly written as NGC 6067 in the original, but its description is that of NGC 6087.
See also
Template:Wikipedia books
References
^ a b c d e f g O'Meara, Stephen James (2002). The Caldwell Objects . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-0-521-82796-6 .
^ "Caldwell Club Introduction" . Retrieved 2006-09-08 .
^ a b Moore, Patrick (December 1995). "Beyond Messier: The Caldwell Catalogue" . Sky & Telescope : 38. Archived from the original (subscription required) on 2009-01-16. Retrieved 2006-08-29 .
^ Mobberley, Martin (2009). The Caldwell Objects and How to Observe Them . Springer . ISBN 978-1-4419-0325-9 .
^ Jones, Kenneth Glyn (1991). "Introduction". Messier's Nebulae & Star Clusters . Cambridge University Press . pp. 1–8. ISBN 0-521-37079-5 .
^ "Hubble's Hidden Galaxy" . www.spacetelescope.org . Retrieved 3 July 2017 .
^ Deep-Sky Companions: The Caldwell Objects, 2nd Edition, Stephen James O'Meara, 2016, p.181
^ "The Rosette Nebula In Hubble Palette" . Sky & Telescope . Retrieved 2020-06-23 .
^ "The Night Sky", Astronomy Now , Oct 2008.
^ Chadwick, S; Cooper, I. Imaging the Southern Sky . New York: Springer. p. 242. ISBN 1461447496 .
External links