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League of Legends
Game logo reading "League of Legends" in gold text
Logo variant from 2019
Developer(s)
Publisher(s)
Director(s)
  • Andrei van Roon[2]
Producer(s)
  • Jeff Jew
Writer(s)
Platform(s)
ReleaseOctober 27, 2009
Genre(s)MOBA
Mode(s)Multiplayer

League of Legends is a 2009 multiplayer online battle arena video game developed and published by Riot Games. Inspired by Defense of the Ancients, a custom map for Warcraft III, Riot's founders sought to develop a stand-alone game in the same genre. Since its release in October 2009, the game has been free-to-play, and is monetized through purchasable character customization. The game is available for Microsoft Windows and macOS.

In the game, two teams of five players battle in player versus player combat, with each team occupying and defending their own half of the map. Each of the ten players controls a character, known as a "champion", with unique abilities and differing styles of play. During a match, champions become more powerful by collecting experience points and purchasing items in order to defeat the opposing team. In the game's main mode, Summoner's Rift, a team wins by pushing through to the enemy base and destroying their "nexus", a large structure located within it.

League of Legends received generally positive reviews, with critics highlighting its accessibility, character designs, and production value. The game's long lifespan has resulted in a critical reappraisal, with reviews trending positively. The player base's negative and abusive in-game behavior, criticized since early in the game's lifetime, persists despite attempts by Riot to fix the problem. In 2019, the game regularly peaked at eight million concurrent players, and its popularity has led to tie-ins such as music videos, comic books, short stories, and an upcoming animated series. The game's success has also spawned several spin-off video games, including a mobile version and a digital collectible card game. A massively multiplayer online role-playing game is in development.

League of Legends is often cited as the world's largest esport, with an international competitive scene composed of 13 leagues. The 2019 League of Legends World Championship had over 100 million unique viewers, peaking at a concurrent viewership of 44 million, with a minimum prize pool of US$2.5 million. The North American league is broadcast on cable television sports channel ESPN.

Gameplay

Screenshot of League of Legends, featuring four champions in the bottom lane of the game's primary map, surrounded by minions.
Four champions in the bottom lane of the primary game mode's map, surrounded by minions. The red health bars indicate that they are opposing players.

League of Legends is a multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) game, in which the player controls a character ("champion") with a set of unique abilities from an isometric, or top-down, perspective.[4][5] Over the course of a match, champions gain levels by gaining experience points (XP) through killing non-player enemies called minions.[6] Items also increase the strength of champions,[7] and are bought using gold earned by killing minions,[4] or destroying enemy structures.[6][7] In the main game mode, Summoner's Rift, items are purchased through a shop menu that is only available to players when their champion is in the team's base.[4] Each match is discrete; levels and items do not transfer from one match to another.[8]

Summoner's Rift

The game's main map. It is a square, with the team bases on the top right and bottom right corners. There are three pathways to each base: one diagonally across the centre, and the others going up and turning at the top left and bottom right corners.
A simplified representation of Summoner's Rift. The yellow paths are the "lanes" down which minions march; blue and red dots represent turrets. The fountains are the dark areas within each base, and are beside each nexus. The dotted black line indicates the river.

Summoner's Rift is the flagship game mode of League of Legends and the most prominent in professional-level play.[9][10][11] The mode has a ranked competitive ladder; a matchmaking system determines a player's skill level and generates a starting rank from which they can climb. There are nine tiers; the least skilled are Iron, Bronze, and Silver, and the highest are Master, Grandmaster, and Challenger.[12][a]

Two teams of five players compete to destroy the opposing team's nexus, which is guarded by the enemy champions and defensive structures known as turrets.[14] Each team's nexus is located in their base, beside the "fountain"—where players start the game or reappear after a death.[14] Minions, which are not controlled by players, are generated from each team's three inhibitors. These inhibitors are structures located behind the third tower of each lane. Destroying one of the enemy team's inhibitors causes stronger allied minions to spawn in that lane.[15] Minions advance toward the opposing team's base along three lanes guarded by turrets: top, middle, and bottom.[16] In the "jungle"—the region between lanes—are "monsters" that, like minions, reappear at regular intervals. Like minions, monsters provide gold and XP when killed.[17] Another, more powerful class of monster resides within the river that separates each team's jungle.[18] These monsters require multiple players to defeat and grant special abilities to their slayers' team. For example, a team that slays Baron Nashor greatly increases the durability of their minions, making it difficult for enemy players to clear them.[19]

Summoner's Rift matches can last from as little as 15 minutes to over an hour.[20] The top and middle lanes have one champion each per side; the bottom lane has two. Players in a lane kill minions to accumulate gold and XP ("farming") and try to prevent their opponent from doing the same. A fifth champion, known as a "jungler", farms the jungle monsters and, when powerful enough, assists their teammates in a lane.[21] Although the game does not enforce where players may go, conventions have arisen over the game's lifetime.[4][22]

Other modes

Besides Summoner's Rift, League of Legends has two other permanent game modes. ARAM ("All Random, All Mid") is a five-versus-five mode like Summoner's Rift, but with only one long lane, no jungle area, and with champions randomly chosen for players.[23][24] Given the small size of the map, players must be vigilant in avoiding enemy abilities.[25]

Teamfight Tactics is an auto battler released in June 2020.[26][27] As with others in its genre, players build a team and battle to be the last one standing. Players do not directly affect combat, but position their units on a board for them to fight automatically against opponents each round.[28] Teamfight Tactics is available for mobile operating systems iOS and Android, and has cross-platform play with the Windows and macOS clients.[29]

Other game modes have been made available on a temporary basis. Ultra Rapid Fire (URF) mode was available for 2 weeks as a 2014 April Fools Day prank. In the mode, champion abilities have no resource cost, significantly reduced cooldown timers, increased movement speed, reduced healing, and faster attacks.[30][31] URF was available for two weeks. A year later, in April 2015, Riot disclosed that they had not brought the mode back because its unbalanced design resulted in player "burnout", with many quitting League of Legends entirely. The developer also said the costs associated of maintaining and balancing URF were too high.[32]

Development

Pre-release

A photograph of Riot Games's headquarters in West Los Angeles
Riot Games's West Los Angeles headquarters (2015)

Riot Games's founders Brandon Beck and Marc Merill had an idea for a spiritual successor to the MOBA Defense of the Ancients, known as DotA. A mod for Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos, DotA required players to buy Warcraft III and install custom software; The Washington Post's Brian Crecente said the mod "lacked a level of polish and was often hard to find and set up".[33] Phillip Kollar of Polygon noted that Blizzard Entertainment supported Warcraft III with an expansion pack, then shifted their focus to other projects while the game still had players. Beck and Merill sought to create a game that would be supported over a significantly longer period of time.[34]

Beck and Merill held a DotA tournament for students at the University of Southern California, with an ulterior goal of recruitment. There they met Jeff Jew, later a producer on League of Legends. Jew was very familiar with DotA, and spent much of the tournament teaching others how to play. Beck and Merill invited him to an interview, and he joined Riot Games as an intern.[33] Beck and Merill recruited two figures involved with DotA: Steve Feak, one of its designers,[33] and Steve Mescon, who ran a support website to assist players.[35][36] Feak said early development was highly iterative, comparing it to designing DotA.[37]

A demonstration of League of Legends was built in the Warcraft III game engine was completed in 4 months, and then shown at the 2007 Game Developers Conference.[38] There, Beck and Merill had little success with potential investors. Publishers were confused by the game's free-to-play business model and lack of a single-player mode. The free-to-play model was untested outside of Asian markets,[33] so publishers were primarily interested in a retail release, and the game's capacity for a sequel.[38] In 2008, Riot reached an agreement with holding company Tencent to oversee the game's launch in China.[38]

League of Legends was announced October 7, 2008 for Microsoft Windows.[39][40] Closed beta-testing began in April 2009.[39][41] Upon the launch of the beta, seventeen champions were available.[42] Riot initially aimed to ship the game with 20 champions, but doubled the number prior to the game's full release in North America on October 27, 2009.[43][44] Although the game's full name was announced as League of Legends: Clash of Fates, the subtitle was dropped prior to launch.[38]

Post-release

League of Legends receives regular updates in the form of patches. Although previous games had utilized patches to ensure no one strategy dominated, League of Legends's patches made keeping pace with the developer's changes a core part of the game. In 2014, Riot standardized their patch cadence to once approximately every two or three weeks.[45]

The development team includes hundreds of game designers and artists. In 2016, the music team had four full-time composers and a team of producers creating audio for the game and its promotional materials.[46] As of 2019, the game has over 140 champions,[43] and frequently radically overhauls the visuals and gameplay of their oldest champions.[47] Although only available for Microsoft Windows at launch, a Mac version of the game was made available in March 2013.[48]

Revenue model

League of Legends uses a free-to-play business model. Several forms of purely cosmetic customization—for example, "skins" that change the appearance of champions—can be acquired after buying an in-game currency called Riot Points (RP).[49] Skins have five main pricing tiers, ranging from $4 to $25.[50] As virtual goods, they have high profit margins.[46] A loot box system has existed in the game since 2016; these are purchasable virtual "chests" with randomized, cosmetic items.[51] These chests can be bought outright, or acquired at a slower rate for free by playing the game. The practice has been criticized as a form of gambling.[52] In 2019, Riot Games's CEO said that he hoped loot boxes would become less prevalent in the industry.[53] Riot have also experimented with other forms of monetization. In August 2019, they announced an achievement system purchasable with Riot Points. The system was widely criticized for its high cost and low value.[54]

In 2014, Ubisoft analyst Teut Weidemann said that only around 4% of players paid for cosmetics—significantly lower than the industry standard of 15 to 25%. He argued the game was only profitable because of its large player base.[55] In 2017, the game had a revenue of US$2.1 billion;[56] in 2018, a lower figure of $1.4 billion still positioned it as one of the highest-grossing games of 2018.[57] In 2019, the number rose to $1.5 billion, and again to $1.75 billion in 2020.[57][56] According to magazine Inc., players collectively played three billion hours every month in 2016.[46]

Plot

See also: League of Legends § Spin-offs and other media

Prior to 2014, players existed in-universe as political leaders, or "Summoners", commanding champions to fight on the Fields of Justice—for example, Summoner's Rift—to avert a catastrophic war.[58] Sociologist Matt Watson said that the plot and setting were bereft of the political themes found in other role-playing games, and presented in reductive "good versus evil" terms.[59] In the game's early development, Riot did not hire writers, and designers were responsible for writing character biographies of only a paragraph in length.[34]

In September 2014, Riot Games rebooted the game's fictional setting, removing summoners from the game's lore to avoid "creative stagnation".[58][60] Luke Plunkett wrote for Kotaku that, although the change would upset long-term fans, it was necessary as the game's player base grew in size.[61] Shortly after the reboot, Riot hired Warhammer writer Graham McNeill.[62] Riot's storytellers and artists create flavor text, adding "richness" to the game, but very little of this is seen as a part of normal gameplay. Instead, that work supplies a foundation for the franchise's expansion into other media,[46] such as comic books and spin-off video games.[63][64] The Fields of Justice were replaced by a new fictional setting—a planet called Runeterra. The setting has elements from various genres—from Lovecraftian horror to traditional sword and sorcery fantasy.[65]

Reception

League of Legends received generally favorable reviews on initial release, according to review aggregator website Metacritic.[66] Many publications noted the game's high replay value.[78][79][80] Kotaku reviewer Brian Crecente admired how items altered champion play styles.[80] Quintin Smith of Eurogamer concurred, praising the amount of experimentation offered by champions.[81] Comparing it to Defense of the Ancients, Rick McCormick of GamesRadar+ said that playing League of Legends was "a vote for choice over refinement".[82]

Given the game's origins, other reviewers frequently compared various aspects of it to DotA. According to GamesRadar+ and GameSpot, League of Legends would feel familiar to those who had already played DotA.[69][83] The game's inventive character design and lively colours distinguished the game from its competitors.[84] Smith concluded his review by noting that, although there was not "much room for negativity", Riot's goal of refining DoTA had not yet been realized.[81]

Although the game's free-to-play model was praised by Crecente,[80] GameSpy's Ryan Scott was critical of the grind required for non-paying players to unlock key gameplay elements, calling it unacceptable in a competitive game.[85][b] Many outlets said the game was under-developed.[87][75] A physical version of the game was available for purchase from retailers; GameSpot's Kevin VanOrd said it was an inadvisable purchase because the value included $10 of store credit for an unavailable store.[87] German site GameStar noted that none of the bonuses in that version were available until the launch period had ended and refused to carry out a full review.[88] IGN's Steve Butts compared the launch to the poor state of CrimeCraft's release earlier in 2009; he indicated that features available during League of Legends's beta were removed for the release, even for those who purchased the retail version.[75] Matches took unnecessarily long to find for players, with long queue times,[80][75][89] and GameRevolution mentioned frustrating bugs.[90]

Some reviewers addressed toxicity in the game's early history. Crecente wrote that the community was "insular" and "whiney" when losing.[80] Butts speculated that League of Legends inherited many of DotA's players, who had developed a reputation for being "notoriously hostile" to newcomers.[75]

Reassessment

Fan cosplay of the League of Legends champion Nidalee

Regular updates to the game have resulted in a reappraisal by some outlets, with IGN's reviewer Leah B. Jackson explaining that their original review had become "obsolete".[76] Two publications increased their original scores: GameSpot from 6 to 9,[71][72] and IGN from 8 to 9.2.[75][76] The variety offered by the champion roster was described by Steven Strom of PC Gamer as "fascinating";[91] Jackson pointed to "memorable" characters and abilities.[76] Although the items had previously been praised,[80] Jackson added that the items recommended to the player in the in-game shop "might as well be called required items" because they were so powerful, and did not contribute to diversity.[76]

While reviewers were pleased with the diverse array of play styles offered by champions and their abilities,[76][92][93] Strom thought that the female characters still resembled those in "horny Clash of Clans clones" in 2018.[91] Two years prior to Strom's review, a champion designer responded to criticism by players that a young, female champion was not conventionally attractive. He argued that limiting female champions to one body type was constraining, and said progress had been made with Riot's recent releases.[94]

Comparisons persisted between the game and others in the genre. GameSpot's Tyler Hicks wrote that new players would pick up League of Legends quicker than DotA, and that the removal of randomness-based skills made the game more competitive.[92] Jackson described League of Legends's rate of unlock for champions as "a model of generosity", but less than DotA's sequel, Dota 2 (2013), produced by Valve, wherein characters are unlocked by default.[76] Strom said the game was fast-paced compared to Dota 2's "yawning" matches, but slower than those of Blizzard Entertainment's "intentionally accessible" MOBA Heroes of the Storm (2015).[93]

Accolades

At the first Game Developers Choice Awards in 2010, the game won four major awards: Best Online Technology, Game Design, New Online Game, and Visual Arts.[95] At the 2011 Golden Joystick Awards, it won Best Free-to-Play Game.[96] Music produced for the game won a Shorty Award,[97] and was nominated at the Hollywood Music in Media Awards.[98]

League of Legends has received awards for its contribution to esports. It was nominated for Best Esports Game at The Game Awards in 2017 and 2018,[99][100] then won in 2019,[101] and 2020.[102] Specific events organised by Riot for esports tournaments have been recognized by awards ceremonies. Also at the Game Awards,, the League of Legends World Championship won Best Esports Event in 2019 and 2020.[103][104] At the 39th Sports Emmy Awards in 2018, League of Legends won Outstanding Live Graphic Design for the 2017 League of Legends World Championship; as part of the pre-competition proceedings, Riot used augmented reality technology to have a computer-generated dragon fly across the stage.[105][106][107]

Player culture

League of Legends's player base has a longstanding reputation for "toxicity"—negative and abusive in-game behavior.[108][109][110] Riot Games has acknowledged the problem, and explained that only a small portion of the game's players are consistently toxic. According to Jeffrey Lin, lead designer of social systems, majority of negative behavior is committed by players "occasionally acting out".[111] Several major systems have been implemented to tackle the issue. One such measure is basic report functionality; players can report teammates or opponents who violate the game's code of ethics. The in-game chat is also monitored by algorithms which detect various kinds of abuse.[111] An early system was the "Tribunal"—players who met certain requirements were able to review reports sent to Riot. If enough players determined that the messages were a violation, an automated system would punish them.[112] Lin said that eliminating toxicity was an unrealistic goal, and the focus should be on rewarding good player behavior.[113] To that effect, Riot reworked the "Honor system" in 2017, allowing players to award teammates with virtual medals following games, for one of three positive attributes. Acquiring these medals increases a player's "Honor level", rewarding them with free loot boxes over time.[114]

In esports

Photo of the 2015 League of Legends Championship crowd.
The 2015 League of Legends World Championship final in Berlin
Main article: League of Legends in esports

League of Legends is one of the world's largest esports, described by The New York Times as its "main attraction".[115] Online viewership and in-person attendance for the game's esports events outperformed those of the National Basketball Association, the World Series, and the Stanley Cup in 2016.[116] For the 2019 League of Legends World Championship final, Riot Games reported 44 million concurrent viewers.[117] Harvard Business Review said that League of Legends epitomized the birth of the esports industry.[118]

Riot Games operates esports 13 leagues internationally,[119][120] totaling 109 teams and 545 players.[121] The company sells streaming rights to the game;[46] the North American league play-off is broadcast on cable television by sports network ESPN.[122] The game's highest paid professional players have commanded salaries of above US$1 million—over three times the highest paid players of Overwatch.[123] The scene has attracted investment from businesspeople otherwise unassociated with esports, such as retired basketball player Rick Fox, who founded his own team.[124]

Spin-offs and other media

Games

For the 10th anniversary of League of Legends, Riot Games announced several games at various stages of production.[125] Of these, two were directly related to the League of Legends intellectual property (IP).[126] Legends of Runeterra, a free-to-play digital collectible card game, launched in April 2020 for Microsoft Windows; the game features characters from League of Legends.[127][128][129] League of Legends: Wild Rift is a version of the game for mobile operating systems Android, iOS, and unspecified consoles.[130][c] Instead of porting the game from League of Legends, Wild Rift's character models and environments were entirely rebuilt.[133] The third and final League of Legends-related announcement at the anniversary event was a single-player, turn-based role-playing game titled Ruined King: A League of Legends Story. The game is set for a 2021 release for the PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, Nintendo Switch, and Windows.[64] It will be the first title released under Riot Games's publishing arm, Riot Forge, wherein non-Riot studios develop games using League of Legends characters.[134] In December 2020, Greg Street, Vice-President of IP and Entertainment at Riot Games, announced that a massively multiplayer online role-playing game based on the game is in development.[135]

Music

Riot Games's first venture into music was in 2014 with the virtual heavy metal band Pentakill, promoting a skin line of the same name.[136][137] Pentakill is composed of six champions. Their music was primarily made by Riot Games's in-house music team, but features cameos by Mötley Crüe drummer Tommy Lee and Danny Lohner, a former member of the industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails. Their second album, Grasp of the Undying, reached Number 1 on the iTunes metal charts in 2017.[138]

Pentakill was followed by K/DA, a virtual pop group composed of four champions. As with Pentakill, K/DA is promotional material for a skin line by the same name.[139] Their debut single, "Pop/Stars", premiered at the 2018 League of Legends World Championship, garnering over 38 million views on YouTube and mainstream interest from people unfamiliar with League of Legends.[140] After a two-year hiatus, Riot Games released a second single from the virtual group in August 2020.[141]

In 2019, Riot created a virtual hip hop group called True Damage,[142] featuring five champions.[143] The vocalists performed a live version of the group's debut song, "Giants", during the opening ceremony of the 2019 League of Legends World Championship, alongside holographic versions of their characters.[143] The in-game cosmetics promoted by the music video featured a collaboration with fashion house Louis Vuitton.[144]

Comics

Riot announced a collaboration with Marvel Comics in 2018.[63] Riot had previously experimented with releasing comics through its website.[145][146] Shannon Liao of The Verge noted that the comic books were "a rare opportunity for Riot to showcase its years of lore that has often appeared as an afterthought".[63] The first comic was League of Legends: Ashe—Warmother, which debuted in 2018, followed by League of Legends: Lux that same year.[147] A print version of the latter was released in 2019.[148]

Animated series

In a video posted to celebrate the tenth anniversary of League of Legends, Riot announced an animated television series, Arcane.[149] In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, head of creative development Greg Street said the series is "not a light-hearted show. There are some serious themes that we explore there, so we wouldn't want kids tuning in and expecting something that it's not."[149] The series will be set in Piltover and Zaun, and is expected to include the champions Jinx and Vi.[150][151] The series was set to be released in 2020, but was delayed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[152]

Notes

  1. ^ Prior to this, there were seven tiers: Bronze, Silver, Gold, Platinum, Diamond, Master, and Challenger.[13]
  2. ^ Scott's review referenced a now-retired system of in-game bonuses to champions which could be slowly earned while playing or purchased outright with real money.[86]
  3. ^ Although some sources have stated that the game will be available for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One,[131] others mention the Nintendo Switch.[132] Riot has made no official announcements about which consoles the game will be available on.

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