1820 United States presidential election

1820 United States presidential election

November 1 – December 6, 1820
235 members of the Electoral College 118 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	10.1% 6.8 pp
Nominee James Monroe Party Democratic-Republican Home state Virginia Running mate Daniel D. Tompkins Electoral vote 228 States carried 23 Popular vote 87,343 Percentage 80.6%
Presidential election results map. Green denotes states won by Monroe and light green denotes a New Hampshire elector William Plumer's vote for John Quincy Adams. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes cast by each state. Missouri's statehood status and subsequent electoral votes were disputed, and are therefore not counted in the above infobox.
President before election James Monroe Democratic-Republican Elected President James Monroe Democratic-Republican

The 1820 United States presidential election was the ninth quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Wednesday, November 1, to Wednesday, December 6, 1820. Taking place at the height of the Era of Good Feelings, the election saw incumbent Democratic-Republican President James Monroe win re-election without a major opponent. It was the third and the most recent United States presidential election in which a presidential candidate ran effectively unopposed. As of 2023, this is the most recent presidential election where an incumbent president was re-elected who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican, before the Democratic-Republican party split into separate parties.

Monroe and Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins faced no opposition from other Democratic-Republicans in their quest for a second term. The Federalist Party had fielded a presidential candidate in each election since 1796, but the party's already-waning popularity had declined further following the War of 1812. Although able to field a nominee for vice president, the Federalists could not put forward a presidential candidate, leaving Monroe without organized opposition.

Monroe won every state and received all but one of the electoral votes. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams received the only other electoral vote, which came from faithless elector William Plumer. Nine different Federalists received electoral votes for vice president, but Tompkins won re-election by a large margin. No other post-Twelfth Amendment presidential candidate has matched Monroe's share of the electoral vote. Monroe and George Washington remain the only presidential candidates to run without any major opposition. Monroe's victory was the last of six straight victories by Virginians in presidential elections (Jefferson twice, Madison twice, and Monroe twice). This was the last election in which an incumbent ticket got reelected until the ticket of Woodrow Wilson and Thomas R. Marshall got reelected in 1916.

Background

Despite the continuation of single party politics (known in this case as the Era of Good Feelings), serious issues emerged during the election in 1820. The nation had endured a widespread depression following the Panic of 1819 and momentous disagreement about the extension of slavery into the territories was taking center stage. Nevertheless, James Monroe faced no opposition party or candidate in his re-election bid, although he did not receive all of the electoral votes (see below).

Massachusetts was entitled to 22 electoral votes in 1816, but cast only 15 in 1820 by reason of the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which made the region of Maine, long part of Massachusetts, a free state to balance the pending admission of slave state Missouri. In addition, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Mississippi also cast one fewer electoral vote than they were entitled to, as one elector from each state died before the electoral meeting. Consequently, this meant that Mississippi cast only two votes, when any state is always entitled to a minimum of three. This is one of only three times a state or district has cast under the minimum of three electoral votes, the others being Nevada in 1864 and the District of Columbia in 2000. In the case of the former, an elector was snowbound and there was no law to replace him (Nevada had only become a state that year). In that of the latter, a faithless elector abstained from voting.

Alabama, Illinois, Maine, Mississippi and Missouri participated in their first presidential election in 1820, Missouri with controversy since it was not yet officially a state (see below). No new states would participate in American presidential elections until 1836, after the admission to the Union of Arkansas in 1836 and Michigan in 1837 (after the main voting, but before the counting of the electoral vote in Congress).

Nominations

Democratic-Republican Party nomination

Democratic-Republican Party 1820 Democratic-Republican Party Ticket
James Monroe	Daniel D. Tompkins
for President	for Vice President
5th President of the United States (1817–1825)	6th Vice President of the United States (1817–1825)

Only fifty of the one hundred ninety-one Democratic-Republican members of the United States Congress attended the nominating caucus and they unanimously voted to not make a nomination as it would be unnecessary to do so. Monroe and Tompkins appeared on the ballot with the support of the Democratic-Republican Party despite not being formally nominated.

General election

Campaign

Effectively there was no campaign, since there was no serious opposition to Monroe and Tompkins.

Disputes

See also: Missouri Compromise § Second Missouri Compromise

On March 9, 1820, Congress had passed a law directing Missouri to hold a convention to form a constitution and a state government. This law stated that "the said state, when formed, shall be admitted into the Union, upon an equal footing with the original states, in all respects whatsoever." However, when Congress reconvened in November 1820, the admission of Missouri became an issue of contention. Proponents claimed that Missouri had fulfilled the conditions of the law and therefore was a state; detractors contended that certain provisions of the Missouri Constitution violated the United States Constitution.

By the time Congress was due to meet to count the electoral votes from the election, this dispute had lasted over two months. The counting raised a ticklish problem: if Congress counted Missouri's votes, that would count as recognition that Missouri was a state; on the other hand, if Congress failed to count Missouri's vote, it would count as recognition that Missouri was not a state. Knowing ahead of time that Monroe had won in a landslide and that Missouri's vote would therefore make no difference in the final result, the Senate passed a resolution on February 13, 1821 stating that if a protest were made, there would be no consideration of the matter unless the vote of Missouri would change who would become president. Instead, the President of the Senate would announce the final tally twice, once with Missouri included and once with it excluded.

The next day this resolution was introduced in the full House. After a lively debate, it was passed. Nonetheless, during the counting of the electoral votes on February 14, 1821, an objection was raised to the votes from Missouri by Representative Arthur Livermore of New Hampshire. He argued that since Missouri had not yet officially become a state, it had no right to cast any electoral votes. Immediately, Representative John Floyd of Virginia argued that Missouri's votes must be counted. Chaos ensued, and order was restored only with the counting of the vote as per the resolution and then adjournment for the day.

Results

Popular vote

The Federalists received a small amount of the popular vote despite having no electoral candidates. Even in Massachusetts, where the Federalist slate of electors was victorious, the electors cast all of their votes for Monroe. This was the first election in which the Democratic-Republicans won in Connecticut and Delaware.

Presidential candidate	Party	Home state	Popular vote(a)		Electoral vote
			Count	Percentage
James Monroe (incumbent)	Democratic-Republican	Virginia	87,343	80.61%	228/231(c)
No candidate	Federalist	N/A	17,465	16.12%	0
John Quincy Adams	Democratic-Republican	Massachusetts	2,215	2.04%	1(b)
DeWitt Clinton	Democratic-Republican	New York	1,893	1.75%	0
Unpledged electors	None	N/A	1,658	1.53%	0
Total			108,359	100.0%	229/232(c)
Needed to win					117/118(d)

Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 30, 2005.

Source (Popular Vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825

^(a) Only 15 of the 24 states chose electors by popular vote.
^(b) Adams received his vote from a faithless elector.
^(c) There was a dispute as to whether Missouri's electoral votes were valid, due to the timing of its assumption of statehood. The first figure excludes Missouri's votes and the second figure includes them.
^(d) Electors were elected to all 235 apportioned positions; however, three electors (from Mississippi, Pennsylvania and Tennessee) pledged to the Monroe/Tompkins ticket died before the Electoral College convened and were not replaced, bringing the total number of electoral votes cast to 229 or 232 respectively.

Electoral vote

John Quincy Adams (pictured here in 1818) received a single electoral vote from William Plumer.

Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage of the winning candidate in each county. Shades of blue are for Monroe (Democratic-Republican), shades of yellow are for the Federalist Party, shades of green are for alternative Democratic-Republican candidates, and shades of reds are for various other candidates.

The sole electoral vote against Monroe came from William Plumer, an elector from New Hampshire and former United States senator and New Hampshire governor. Plumer cast his electoral ballot for Secretary of State John Quincy Adams. Everett S. Brown, a political scientist, noted that Plumer had asked his son, William Plumer Jr., to see if Adams had objections to Plumer casting his vote for him. While legend has it this was to ensure that George Washington would remain the only American president unanimously chosen by the Electoral College, that was not Plumer's goal. In fact, Plumer simply thought that Monroe was a mediocre president and that Adams would be a better one. Plumer also refused to vote for Tompkins for Vice President as "grossly intemperate", not having "that weight of character which his office requires," and "because he grossly neglected his duty" in his "only" official role as President of the Senate by being "absent nearly three-fourths of the time"; Plumer ultimately voted for Adams for President and Richard Rush for Vice President. In response to Plumer's vote, Adams felt "surprise and mortification", and that Plumer's vote was an affront to the Monroe administration.

Even though every member of the Electoral College was pledged to Monroe, there were still a number of Federalist electors who voted for a Federalist vice president rather than Monroe's running mate Daniel D. Tompkins: those for Richard Stockton came from Massachusetts, while the entire Delaware delegation voted for Daniel Rodney for vice president, and Robert Goodloe Harper's vice presidential vote was cast by an elector from his home state of Maryland. In any case, these breaks in ranks were not enough to deny Tompkins a substantial electoral college victory.

Monroe's share of the electoral vote has not been exceeded by any candidate since, with the closest competition coming from Franklin D. Roosevelt's landslide 1936 victory.

Only Washington, who won the vote of each presidential elector in the 1789 and 1792 presidential elections, can claim to have swept the Electoral College.

Vice presidential candidate	Party	State	Electoral vote
Daniel D. Tompkins	Democratic-Republican	New York	215/218(a)
Richard Stockton	Federalist	New Jersey	8(b)
Daniel Rodney	Federalist	Delaware	4(b)
Robert Goodloe Harper	Federalist	Maryland	1(b)
Richard Rush	Federalist	Pennsylvania	1(b)
Total			229/232(a)
Needed to win			117/118(c)

Source: "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 30, 2005.

^(a) There was a dispute over the validity of Missouri's electoral votes, due to the timing of its assumption of statehood. The first figure excludes Missouri's votes and the second figure includes them.
^(b) These votes are from electors who voted for a Federalist vice president rather than Monroe's running mate Daniel D. Tompkins; combined, these votes represent only 5.6% of the electoral vote.
^(c) Electors were elected to all 235 apportioned positions; however, three electors (from Mississippi, Pennsylvania and Tennessee) pledged to the Monroe/Tompkins ticket died before the Electoral College convened and were not replaced, bringing the total number of electoral votes cast to 229 or 232 respectively.

Popular vote Monroe   81.61% No candidate   16.19% Clinton   1.75% Unpledged electors   1.53%

Electoral vote—President Monroe   98.3% Adams   0.4% Unpledged electors   1.3%

Electoral vote—Vice President Tompkins   92.8% Stockton   3.4% Rodney   1.7% Harper   0.4% Rush   0.4% Unpledged electors   1.3%

Results by state

Elections in this period were vastly different from modern day Presidential elections. The actual Presidential candidates were rarely mentioned on tickets and voters were voting for particular electors who were pledged to a particular candidate. There was sometimes confusion as to who the particular elector was actually pledged to. Results are reported as the highest result for an elector for any given candidate. For example, if three Monroe electors received 100, 50, and 25 votes, Monroe would be recorded as having 100 votes. Confusion surrounding the way results are reported may lead to discrepancies between the sum of all state results and national results.

In Massachusetts, Federalist electors won 62.06% of the vote. However, only 7,902 of these votes went to Federalist electors who did not cast their votes for Monroe (this being most likely because these Federalist electors lost). Similarly, In Kentucky, 1,941 ballots were cast for an elector labelled as Federalist who proceeded to vote for Monroe. All of the Federalist Monroe votes have been placed in the Federalist column, as the Federalist party fielded no presidential candidate and therefore it is likely these electors simply cast their votes for Monroe because the overwhelming majority he achieved made their votes irrelevant.

		James Monroe Democratic-Republican			No candidate Federalist			Others			Not cast	Margin		Citation
State	Electoral vote	#	%	Electoral votes	#	%	Electoral votes	#	%	Electoral votes	#	#	%
Alabama	3	-	-	3	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Connecticut	9	3,871	84.17%	9	728	15.83%	-	-	-	-	-	3,143	68.34%
Delaware	4	-	-	4	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Georgia	8	-	-	8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Illinois	3	940	65.14%	3	-	-	-	503	34.86%	-	-	749	51.91%
Indiana	3	-	-	3	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Kentucky	12	2,729	58.44%	12	1,941	41.56%	-	-	-	-	-	788	16.88%
Louisiana	3	-	-	3	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Maine	9	9,282	95.83%	9	-	-	-	404	4.17%	-	-	8,878	91.39%
Maryland	11	4,167	82.61%	11	877	17.39%	-	-	-	-	-	3,290	65.22%
Massachusetts	15	17,619	36.85%	15	29,675	62.06%	-	523	1.09%	-	-	-12,056	-25.21%
Mississippi	3	490	100%	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	490	100%
Missouri	3	-	-	3	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
New Hampshire	8	9,459	98.96%	7	99	1.04%	-	-	-	1	-	9,360	97.92%
New Jersey	8	4,102	99.88%	8	5	0.12%	-	-	-	-	-	4,097	99.76%
New York	29	-	-	29	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
North Carolina	15	3,340	99.11%	15	1	0.03%	-	29	0.86%	-		3,311	98.25%
Ohio	8	7,164	99.53%	8	-	-	-	34	0.47%	-	-	7,130	99.06%
Pennsylvania	25	30,313	94.12%	24	-	-	-	1,893	5.88%	-	1	28,420	88.24%
Rhode Island	4	724	100%	4	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	724	100%
South Carolina	11	-	-	11	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Tennessee	7	1,336	80.34%	6	-	-	-	327	19.66%	-	1	1,009	60.68%
Vermont	8	-	-	8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Virginia	25	4,320	100%	25	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	4,320	100%

Electoral college selection

Method of choosing Electors	State(s)
Each Elector appointed by state legislature	Alabama Delaware Georgia Indiana Louisiana Missouri New York South Carolina Vermont
Each Elector chosen by voters statewide	Connecticut Mississippi New Hampshire New Jersey North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Virginia
State divided into electoral districts, with one Elector chosen per district by the voters of that district	Illinois Maryland Tennessee
State divided into three electoral districts, with four Electors chosen per district by the voters of each district	Kentucky
Two Electors chosen by voters statewide and one Elector chosen per Congressional district by the voters of that district	Maine Massachusetts

See also

• History of the United States (1789–1849)
• One-party state
• Second inauguration of James Monroe
• 1820–21 United States House of Representatives elections
• 1820–21 United States Senate elections

Bibliography

• Turner, Lynn W. (September 1955). "The Electoral Vote against Monroe in 1820—An American Legend". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 42 (2). Organization of American Historians: 250–273. doi:10.2307/1897643. JSTOR 1897643.
• "A Historical Analysis of the Electoral College". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 20, 2005.

External links

• Presidential Elections of 1816 and 1820: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress
• A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787-1825
• Election of 1820 in Counting the Votes Archived October 2, 2019, at the Wayback Machine