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A Slavic dragon is any dragon in Slavic mythology, including the Russian zmei (or zmey; змей), known in Ukraine as zmiy (змій), and its counterparts in other Slavic cultures: the Bulgarian zmei (змей), the Slovak drak and šarkan, Czech drak, Polish żmij, the Serbian and Croatian zmaj (змај, zmaj), the Macedonian zmey (змеј). The Romanian zmeu is also a Slavic dragon, but a non-cognate etymology has been proposed.

A zmei may be beast-like or human-like, sometimes wooing women, but often plays the role of chief antagonist in Russian literature. In the Balkans, the zmei type is overall regarded as benevolent, as opposed to malevolent dragons known variously as lamia [bg], ala or hala, or aždaja.

The Polish smok (e.g. Wawel Dragon of Kraków) or the Ukrainian or Belarusian smok (смок), tsmok (цмок), can also be included. In some Slavic traditions smok is an ordinary snake which may turn into a dragon with age.

Some of the common motifs concerning Slavic dragons include their identification as masters of weather or water source; that they start life as snakes; and that both the male and female can be romantically involved with humans.

Etymology

The derivation that Serbo-Croatian zmaj "dragon" and zemlja "earth" descended from proto-Slavic root zbm, and Indo-European *ḡhdem, was proposed by Croatian linguist Petar Skok.[2]

The forms and spellings are Russian: zmei or zmey змей (pl. zmei зме́и); Ukrainian: zmiy змій (pl. zmiyi змії); Bulgarian: zmei змей (pl. zmeiove змейове); Polish zmiy żmij(pl. żmije); Serbian zmaj змај (pl. зма̀јеви), Croatian zmȁj (pl. zmàjevi); Slovene zmaj zmáj or zmàj (pl. zmáji or zmáji).

Russian zmei

Dobrynya Nikitich rescues Princess Zabava from Zmey Gorynych, by Ivan Bilibin
Further information: zmei (Russian)

In the legends of Russia and Ukraine, a particular dragon-like creature, Zmey Gorynych (Russian: Змей Горыныч or Template:Lang-uk), has three to twelve heads,[3] and Tugarin Zmeyevich (literally: "Tugarin Dragon-son"), known as zmei-bogatyr or "serpent hero", is a man-like dragon who appears in Russian (or Kievan Rus) heroic literature.[4] The name "Tugarin" may symbolize Turkic or Mongol steppe-peoples.[5]

Chudo-Yudo

Chudo-Yudo (or Chudo-Iudo, чудо-юдо; pl. Chuda-Yuda) is a multi-headed dragon, appearing in some wondertale variants.[6] The Chudo-Iudo is considered[by whom?] to be water-dwelling.[7] Some legends portray him as the brother of Koshchey the Deathless, and thus the offspring of the witch Baba Yaga; others present him as a personification of the witch in her foulest form.[8] Chudo Yudo is one of the guardians of the Water of Life and Death, and his name traditionally was invoked[by whom?] in times of drought.[8] He can apparently assume human-like forms - this being is able to ride a horse. He has the ability to regenerate any decapitated heads.[9][10]

The term Chudo-Yudo may not be a name for a specific type of dragon at all, but rather a fanciful term for a generic "monster". According to this explanation, the term is to be understood as a poetic form of chudovishe (чудовище) meaning "monster", with a -iudo ending appended simply for the rhyme.[11][12]

Three- and six-headed zmei slain by the titular hero in "Ivan Popyalov" (Иван Попялов. "Ivan Cinders". Afanasyev's tale #135)[13] appear as six-, nine-, and twelve-headed Chuda-Iuda in the cognate tale #137 "Ivan Bykovich" (Иван Быкович). The inference is that Chudo-Yudo must also be a dragon, even though the word "serpent" (zmei) does not appear explicitly in the latter tale.[14][15] The six-, nine-, and twelve-headed Chuda-Yuda that appear out of the Black Sea are explicitly described as zmei in yet another cognate tale, #136 "Storm-Bogatyr, Ivan the Cow's Son" (Буря-богатырь Иван коровий сын). The Storm-Bogatyr is in possession of a magic sword (Sword Kladenets), but uses his battle club (or mace) to attack them.[16][17][10]

Chudo-Yudo's heads have a remarkable healing property: even if severed, he can pick them up and re-attach them with a stroke of his fiery finger, according to one of these tales;[9] this has been compared[by whom?] to the regenerative power of the Lernaean hydra that grows its head back.[18]

Smok

The terms smok ("serpent") and tsmok ("sucker") can signify a dragon, but also just an ordinary snake. There are Slavic folk tales in which a smok, when it reaches a certain age, grows into a dragon (zmaj, etc.). Similar lore is widespread across Slavic countries, as described below.

Some common themes

Snake into dragons

The folklore that an ancient snake grows into a dragon is fairly widespread in Slavic regions. This is also paralleled by similar lore in China.[a]

In Bulgaria is a similar folk belief that the smok, which starts out as a non-venomous snake, grows to become a zmei dragon after living 40 years.[19][20][21] Or, if the body of a decapitated snake (zmiya) is joined to an ox or buffalo horn, it grows into a lamia after just 40 days, according to Bulgarian folk tradition published by Racho Slaveykov [bg] in the 19th century.[22]

There are also among the East Slavic folk the tradition that a viper transforms into a dragon.[23] In Ukrainian folklore the viper needs 7 years to metamorphosize into a dragon, while in Belorussian folklore the requisite time is 100 years, according to one comparison.[23]

The weather-making dragon, ismeju (or zmeu[24]), of Romanian Scholomance folklore is also locally believed to grow out of a snake which has lived for 9 years (belief found at "Hatzeger Thal" or Hațeg).[25]

Weather

Locally in Ukraine, around Lutsk, the rainbow is called tsmok ("sucker") which is said to be a tube that guzzles water from the sea and rivers and carries the moisture up into the clouds.[28][29]

There is the notion (thought to be inspired by the tornado) of a Slavic dragon that dips its tail into a river or lake and siphons up the water, ready to cause floods.[30]

In Rumanian folklore, dragons are ridden by weather-controlling wizards called the Solomonari. The type of dragon they ride may be the zmeu[b][24] or the balaur, depending on the source.[31][32]

The lamia and the hala (explained further below) are also generally perceived as weather dragons or demons.

Balkan Slavic dragons

In Bulgarian lore, the zmei is sometimes described as a scale-covered serpent-like creature with four legs and bat's wings,[20] at other times as half-man, half-snake, with wings and a fish-like tail.[19]

In Bulgaria, this zmei tends to be regarded as a benevolent guardian creature, while the lamya and hala were seen as detrimental towards humans.[33][34][c]

Zmei lovers

A favorite topic of folk songs was the male zmey-lover who may marry a woman and carry her to the underworld, or a female zmeitsa (zmeitza) who falls in love with a shepherd.[35][36] When a zmei falls in love with a woman, she may "pine, languish, become pale, neglect herself.. and generally act strangely", and the victim stricken with the condition could only be cured by bathing in infusions of certain herbs, according to superstition.[36]

In Serbia, there is the example of the epic song Carica Milica i zmaj od Jastreptsa (Template:Lang-sr) and its folktale version translated as "The Tsarina Militza and the Zmay of Yastrebatz".[37][38]

Zmey of Macedonian fairy tales

In most Macedonian tales and folk songs they are described as extremely intelligent, having hypnotizing eyes. However, sometimes Zmey's could be men who would astrally project into the sky when there is a storm to battle the Lamia, a female evil version that wants to destroy the wheat. They were also known as guardians of the territory, and would even protect the people in it. Hostile behaviour was shown if another zmey comes into his territory. They could change their appearance in the form of a smoke, strong spark, fire bird, snake, cloud but almost afterwards he would gain the form of a handsome man and enter the chambers of a young maiden. They fell in love with women who were conceived on the same night as them, or born in the same day as them. He usually guards the girl from a small age and his love lasts forever. Some girls get sick by loving a zmey, and symptoms include paleness, shyness, antisocial behaviour, watery eyes, quietness and hallucinations. They didn't live a long life, because it resulted in suicide. Zmeys would kidnap girls and lead them into their mountain caves where she would serve him.

Benevolent zmei of the Balkans

There is a pan-Balkan notion that the zmei (known by various cognates) is a sort of "guardian-spirit dragon" against the "evil" types of dragon, given below.[39][40] One explanation is that the Balkan zmej symbolized the patriotic dragon fighting the Turkish dragon, a way to vent the local population's frustration at not being able to overthrow the long-time Turkish rule.[41]

Zmaj of Serbian fairy tales

Serbian tale "A Pavilion Neither in the Sky nor on the Earth".
—Painting by William Sewell

The zmaj dragon in Serbian fairy tales are nevertheless have sinister roles in a number of instances. In the well-known tale[42] "A Pavilion Neither in the Sky nor on the Earth" the youngest prince succeeds in killing the dragon (zmaj) that guards the three princesses held captive.[d][44]

Vuk Karadžić's collection of folktales have other examples. In "The Golden Apple-tree and the Nine Peahens", the dragon carries away the peahen maiden who is the hero's lover.[45][44] In "Baš Čelik" the hero must contend with a dragon-king.[46][47]

Lamia

The lamia [bg] or lamya (Template:Lang-bg), derived from the Greek lamia,[48] is also seen as a dragon-like creature in Bulgarian ethnic population, currently inhabiting Bulgaria, with equivalents in Macedonia (lamja, lamna; ламја), and South-East Serbian areas (lamnia ламња).[49]

The Bulgarian lamia is described as reptile- or lizard-like and covered with scales, with 3–9 heads which are like dog's heads with sharp teeth.[50][23] It may also have sharp claws, webbed wings, and the scales may be yellow color.[23]

The Bulgarian lamia dwells in the bottoms of the seas and lakes, or sometimes mountainous caverns,[23] or tree holes[e][51] and can stop the supply of water to the human population, demanding sacrificial offerings to undo its deed.[23][50] The lamia, bringer of drought, was considered the adversary of St. Ilya (Elijah) or a benevolent zmei.[50]

In the Bulgarian version of Saint George and the Dragon, the dragon was a lamia.[50] Bulgarian legends tell of how a hero (actually a double of St. George, denoted as "George of the Flowers", Cveten Gǝorgi, Template:Lang-bg[52]) cuts off the heads of the three- or multi-headed Lamia, and when the hero accomplishes its destruction and sever all its heads, "rivers of fertility" are said to flow.[50][53][52] This song about St. George's fight with the lamia occurs in ritual spiritual verse supposed to be sung around St. George's day.[f][55]

One of the versions collected by ethnologist Dimitar Marinov [bg] begins: "Тръгнал ми е цветен Гьорги/Да обиди нивен сънор/На път среща сура ламя.. (George of the Flowers fared out / Going around his congregation /On the road he met the tawny/fallow lamia..)".[56][g] Another version collected by Marinov substitutes "Yuda-Samodiva" in the place of the lamia.[52] Three rivers gush out of the dragons head-stumps: typically one of corn, one of red wine, and one of milk and honey. These benefitted the crop-growers, vineyard growers (winemakers), and the beekeepers and shepherds, respectively.[56][53][52] .

Other evil Balkan dragons

There is some overlap or conflation of the lamia and the hala (or halla), although the latter is usually conceived of as a "whirlwind".[23][58] Or it might be described as regional differences. The lamia in Eastern Bulgaria is the adversary of the benevolent zmei,[59] and the hala or ala takes its place in Western Bulgaria.[49][39]

This motif of hero against the evil dragon (lamia, ala/hala, or aždaja) is found more generally throughout the Balkan Slavic region.[60] Sometimes this hero is a saint (usually St. George).[60] And after the hero severs all its (three) heads, "three rivers of wheat, milk, and wine" flow out of the stumps.[60][h]

Hala

Main article: Ala (demon)

The demon or creature known as hala (or ala), whose name derived from the Greek word for "hail" took the appearance of a dense mist or fog, or a black cloud.[50][23] Hala was believed to be the cause of strong winds and whirlwind in Eastern Bulgaria,[50] while the lamya was blamed as the perpetrator in Southwestern Bulgarian lore.[61] In Western Bulgarian tradition, the halla itself was regarded as the whirlwind, which guarded clouds and contained the rain,[62] but was also regarded as a type of dragon,[49][39] alongside the folklore that the "grass snake" (smok) was a crag-dwelling whirlwind.[62]

These (h)ala were also known in East and Central Serbia.[49] Similar lore occur in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro.[citation needed]

Aždaja

The demon (h)ala was also called by other names regionally, in some parts of Bulgaria they were known as aždarha (Template:Lang-bg) or ažder (аждер), in Macedonian as aždaja or ažder (аждаја, аждер), in Serbian as aždaja (аждаја).[i][49][39]

The word aždaja or aždaha is borrowed from Persian azdahā (اژدها),[63] and has its origins in the Indo-Iranian mythology surrounding the dragon azidahā.[60] As an example, in some local Croatian icons, St. George is represented as slaying the aždaja and not a zmaj.[64]

Pozoj

A pozoj is a dragon of legends in Croatia.[j] In Međimurje County, the Čakovec pozoj was said to dwell beneath the city, with its head under the church and tail under the town square, or vice versa, and it could only be gotten rid of by a grabancijaš (a "wandering scholar", glossed as a "black [magic] student").[66]

The pozoj is also known in Slovenia, and according to legend there is one living underneath Zagreb, causing an earthquake whenever it shrugs.[67] Poet Matija Valjavec [sl] (1866) has published some tales concerning the pozoj in the Slovenski glasnik magazine, which also connected the creature to the črne škole dijak ("black school student"),[68] which other Slovene sources call črnošolec ("sorcerer's apprentice"),[69] and which some equate with a grabancijaš dijak[70]

Dragons in Slovenia are generally negative in nature, and usually appear in relation with St. George.[citation needed] The Slovene god-hero Kresnik is known as a dragonslayer.[71]

Representations

Coat of arms of Moscow

There are natural and man-made structures that have dragon lore attached to them. There are also representations in sculpture and painting. In iconography, Saint George and the Dragon is prominent in Slavic areas. The dragon is a common motif in heraldry, and the coat of arms of a number of cities or families depict dragons.

The Dragon Bridge (Template:Lang-sl) in Ljubljana, Slovenia depicts dragons associated with the city or said to be the city's guardians,[citation needed] and the city's coat of arms features a dragon (representing the one slain by Kresnik).[71]

The coat of arms of Moscow also depicts a St George (symbolizing Christianity) killing the Dragon (symbolizing the Golden Horde).[72][73][need quotation to verify]

Some prehistoric structures, notably the Serpent's Wall near Kiev, have been associated with dragons as symbols of foreign peoples.[citation needed]

See also

Coats of arms of Ljubljana

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ As Popova (1987), p. 56 points out, the tradition that an ancient snake becomes a dragon is also found in China, recorded for example in the Shuyiji [zh] or "Accounts of Strange Things", but in the Chinese version, the snake requires 500 years times 3 for it to evolve into a full dragon. Citation is given to Clébert, Jean Paul (1971) Bestiaire fabuleux, p. 157
  2. ^ Also improperly spelt "ismeju" in this context.
  3. ^ Kremenliev groups the zmei with the nymphs samodivi and samovili, which he says are winged serpents.
  4. ^ This tale was set down in writing by Prince Michael Obrenović III based on a childhood tale he heard, and submitted to the folklore collector Vuk Karadžić[43]
  5. ^ To hide from St. Ilya (Elijah)
  6. ^ Marinov's example collected from Veslov was being sung around Christmas but the informant stated that it is supposed be sung on St. George's Day.[54]
  7. ^ The adjective sura (сура) has been translated fauve in French by Auguste Dozon,[57] which is probably closer to "tawny" color, but Oxenford, following Dozon, gives the color of the lamia as "fallow".[53]
  8. ^ As "rivers of fertility" flows from the slain dragon in the Bulgarian version, as already noted.
  9. ^ Or aždraja (аждраја).
  10. ^ Vatroslav Jagić for one seemed to equate pazoj with lintvern.[65]

References

Citations
  1. ^ Cited in: Kerewsky-Halpern, Barbara (Fall 1983), "Watch out for Snakes! Ethnosemantic Misinterpretations and Interpretation of a Serbian Healing Charm", Anthropological Linguistics, 25 (3), Indiana University: 321–322 and note 14 JSTOR 30027675
  2. ^ Skok, Petar (1973), Etimologijski rjeinik Hrvatskoga ili Srpskoga jezika, 3, pp. 657–8, Zagreb, Jugoslavenska Akademija Znanosti i Umjetnosti.[1]
  3. ^ McCullough, Joseph A. (2013). Dragonslayers: From Beowulf to St. George. Osprey Publishing. p. 67.
  4. ^ W. R. M. (1911). "Russian Literature" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 914–915.
  5. ^ Тугарин // Мифологический Словарь / Ed. Елеазар Мелетинский. — М.: Советская Энциклопедия, 1991.
  6. ^ Wigzell, Faith (2002), Cornwell, Neil (ed.), "Folklore and Russian Literature", The Routledge Companion to Russian Literature, Routledge, p. 3738 ISBN 9-781-1345-6907-6
  7. ^ Warner (2002), p. 22.
  8. ^ a b Dixon-Kennedy (1998), p. 52.
  9. ^ a b Haney, Jack V. (2015). #137. Ivan, the Bull's Son. Vol. 1. Univ. Press of Mississippi. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  10. ^ a b "#136. Storm-Bogatyr, Ivan the Cow's Son", Afanas'ev & Haney (2015).
  11. ^ Levchin (2014), p. 161, note 39, stating that Vasmer concurs.
  12. ^ Vasmer, Max (1973). Etimologicheskiy slovar' russkogo yazyka Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological dictionary of the Russian language] (in Russian). Vol. 4. Progress. pp. 377–378.
  13. ^ "Ivan Popyalof", Ralston (1880), pp. 79–83.
  14. ^ Ralston (1880), pp. 83–85.
  15. ^  Russian Wikisource has original text related to this article: Иван Быкович
  16. ^  Russian Wikisource has original text related to this article: Буря-богатырь Иван коровий сын
  17. ^ Levchin, Sergei (2014). Blast Bogatyr Ivan the Cow's Son. Mineola, New York: Dover. pp. 153–. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  18. ^ Ralston (1880), p. 83.
  19. ^ a b MacDermott (1998), p. 65.
  20. ^ a b Georgieva (1985), p. 59.
  21. ^ Popova, Assia (1987), "La naissance des dragons", Civilisations, 37 (2), Institut de Sociologie de l'Université de Bruxelles: 56 JSTOR 41229340 (in French)
  22. ^ Slaveykov (2014), p. 70.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h Kmietowicz (1982), p. 207.
  24. ^ a b Florescu, Radu R; McNally, Raymond T. (2009). Dracula, Prince of Many Faces: His Life and His Times. Little, Brown. Ismeju [the correct Romanian spelling is Zmeu, another word for dragon {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) ISBN 9-780-3160-9226-5
  25. ^ Schmidt, Wilhelm (1865), "Das Jahr und seine Tage in Meinung und Brauch der Romänen Siebenbürgens", Österreichische Revue, 1; reissued: (1866), Hermannstadt, A. Schmiedicke
  26. ^ Dragomanof, M. (1879), L'Arc-en-ciel", Mélusine II, p. 41
  27. ^ Dragomanov, Mikhaïl; Dragomanov, Lydia (2015). Travaux sur le folklore slave, suivi de Légendes chrétiennes de l'Ukraine. Lingva. p. 67., citing Chubinski (1872).
  28. ^ Chubinski, P. P. (1872), Trudy Etnografichesko-statisticheskoy ekspeditsii v Zapadno-Russkiy kray, snaryazhennoy Imperatorskim russkim geograficheskim obshchestvom (Yugo-Zapadnyy otdyyel): materialy i izsliyedovaniya Труды Этнографическо-статистической экспедиции в Западно-Русский край, снаряженной Императорским русским географическим обществом (Юго-Западный отдыел): материалы и изслиедования (in Russian), vol. 1, cited by Dragomanov[26][27]
  29. ^ Patai, Raphael (1983). On Jewish Folklore. Wayne State University Press. p. 75.
  30. ^ Kmietowicz (1982), p. 207: When the monster lowers his tail into the river or lake, he 'takes up' the water which he uses to make floods.
  31. ^ Marian (1879): "Cînd voiesc Solomonarii să se suie în nori, iau friul cel de aur şi se duc la un lac fără de fund sau la o altă apă mare, unde ştiu ei că locuiesc balaurii [With these [golden] reins, the Solomonari rein their dragons called balaurii that they use instead of horses]", quoted in: Hasdeu, Bogdan Petriceicu; Brâncuș, Grigore (1976) edd., Etymologicum Magnum Romaniae 3, p. 438.
  32. ^ Philippide, Alexandru (1907). "Travaux sur le title=Rümanische Etymologien". Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie (in German). 31: 96.
  33. ^ MacDermott (1998), p. 65: "Unlike the lamia and hala which were always malevolent.. zmey was seen mainly as a protector".
  34. ^ Kremenliev (1956), pp. 316–317: "In the majority of folksongs these creatures [zmei, samodivi, samovili, etc.] are quite agreeable,.. The exception is the lamiá".
  35. ^ Kremenliev (1956), pp. 316–317.
  36. ^ a b MacDermott (1998), pp. 65–66.
  37. ^ Karadžić, Vuk Stefanović, ed. (1845), Srpske narodne pjesme, vol. 2, U štampariji Jermenskoga manastira, pp. 255–
  38. ^ Petrovitch (1914), pp. 23, 129–133.
  39. ^ a b c d Pócs (1989), p. 18.
  40. ^ Plotnikova (2001), p. 306: Bulgarian lamia is the "enemy of the kind dragon (zmej)", and a list is given of the "corresponding demon, in "other parts of these Balkan Slavic zones". Also Plotnikova (2006), "[Balkan Demon's Protecting Places]", p. 216.
  41. ^ Kmietowicz (1982), p. 208.
  42. ^ Bing, Judith; Harrington, J. Brooke (1996), Cornwell, Neil (ed.), "A Study of Words and Buildings: The Čardaks of Former Yugoslavia", Architectural Elements of Traditional Settlements, International Association for the Study of Traditional Environments, p. 38
  43. ^ Karadžić, Vuk Stefanović, ed. (1870), "Čardak ni na nebu ni na zemlji" Чардак ни на небу ни на земљи, Srpske narodne pripovijetke Српске народне приповиjетке, pp. 7–10   Wikisource has original text related to this article: Srpske narodne pripovijetke
  44. ^ a b Petrovitch (1914), pp. 220–224.
  45. ^ Karadžić (1870), "Zlatna jabuka i devet paunica Златна јабука и девет пауница", pp. 15–26
  46. ^ Karadžić (1870), "Baš Čelik Баш-Челик", pp. 185–205
  47. ^ "Bash Tchelik or Real Steel".
  48. ^ Kremenliev (1956), p. 317.
  49. ^ a b c d e Plotnikova (2001), p. 306.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g MacDermott (1998), p. 64.
  51. ^ Boyadzhieva (1931), p. 31 Boyadzhieva (1931), cited by Plotnikova (2001), p. 306
  52. ^ a b c d Cigán, Ing. Mgr. Michal (2016). Anthropological and Philological Analysis of Social and Gender Relations in Indo-European Myths Priest-King of the Warriors and Witch-Queen of the Others (Thesis). Masaryk University. {{cite thesis}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  53. ^ a b c Oxenford, John (1876). "The Bogies of Bulgarian Song". Macmillan's Magazine. XXXIV: 552., after Auguste Dozon.
  54. ^ Marinov (1981), p. 596
  55. ^ Marinov (1981), p. 596
  56. ^ a b Marinov (1981) Narodna vyara i religiozni narodni obichai], p. 596 Song collected from Vlesovo near Burgas.
  57. ^ Dozon (1873), p. 227: "sura lamia, la fauve lamie".
  58. ^ Georgieva (1985), pp. 62–63.
  59. ^ Benovska-Sabkhova, Milena (1995) Змеят в българския фолклор [Serpents in Bulgarian Folklore], pp. 47–50, cited by Plotnikova (2001), p. 306
  60. ^ a b c d Zlatar, Zdenko (1995). The Slavic Epic: Gundulić's Osman. Peter Lang. p. 270.
  61. ^ Plotnikova (2001), p. 306 citing Boyadzhieva (1931), p. 213
  62. ^ a b Georgieva (1985), p. 63.
  63. ^ Afnan, Elham (2010). Finding Myself: Loanwords as Aids to Identity-Building. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 221–222. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  64. ^ Marjanić (2010), p. 132–133, note 16, citing Banović, Stjepan (1918), "Vjerovanja (Zaostrog u Dalmaciji)", Zbornik za narodni život i običaje Južnih Slavena 23, p. 213.
  65. ^ Marks (1990), p. 325.
  66. ^ Marjanić (2010), p. 130.
  67. ^ Marks (1990), p. 332.
  68. ^ "XI. Pozoj" in: Valjavec, Matija (1866), "Národne stvarí priče , navade, stare vere", Slovenski glasnik, 12: 309–310, "five legends" according to Marks (1990), p. 325's count.
  69. ^ Kropej (2012), p. 111.
  70. ^ Grafenauer, Ivan (1956), p. 324, cited by Kropej (2012), p. 111
  71. ^ a b Copeland, Fanny S. (April 1933). "Slovene Myths". The Slavonic and East European Review. 11 (33): 637–638, 645, 646.
  72. ^ Soboleva, N. A. (1998), Yu.A. Polyakova (preface), Гербы городов России, [Coats of arms of Russian cities], Moscow, Profizdat, p. 70. ISBN 9785255013319.
  73. ^ Soboleva, N. A. (2002), Российская государственная символика: история и современность [Russian State Symbols: History and Modernity], Moscow, Vlados, p. 43. ISBN 9785691009907.
Bibliography
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