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Mariam-uz-Zamani

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Mariam-uz-Zamani
An artistic depiction of Mariam-uz-Zamani
Bornc. 1542
Died19 May 1623(1623-05-19) (aged 80–81)[1]
Agra,[1] Mughal Empire
(now India)
Burial
Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani, Agra
SpouseAkbar
IssueJahangir
DynastyKachwaha (by birth)
Timurid (by marriage)
FatherBharmal
MotherRani Champavati
ReligionHinduism

Mariam-uz-Zamani (Template:Lang-fa[2]), (c. 1542 – 19 May 1623) was a wife of the Mughal emperor Akbar. She has also been referred to by several other names, including Hira Kunwari,[3] Harkha Bai[4] and Jodha Bai.[5]

Born a Hindu-Rajput princess,[6] in 1562, Mariam-uz-Zamani was offered in marriage to Akbar by her father, Raja Bharmal of Amber. The wedding, held in Sambhar, was a political one and was a sign of complete submission of her father to his imperial overlord.[4][7] Her marriage to Akbar led to a gradual shift in his religious and social policy. She is widely regarded in modern Indian historiography as exemplifying Akbar's and the Mughal's tolerance of religious differences and their inclusive policies within an expanding multi-ethnic and multi-denominational empire.[7]

She was to become the mother of Akbar's eldest surviving son and eventual successor, Jahangir.[8]

Name and background

Mariam-uz-Zamani was born in 1542, the daughter of Raja Bharmal of Amber by his wife Rani Champavati, daughter of Rao Ganga Solanki.[9][10][11] Her paternal grandparents were Raja Prithviraj Singh I and Apurva Devi, a daughter of Rao Lunkaran of Bikaner.[12]

The name she was given at birth is unknown.[7] 'Mariam-uz-Zamani' was in fact a title bestowed on her by Akbar on the occasion of their son Jahangir's birth.[13] This was the name by which she was referred to in contemporary Mughal chronicles, including Jahangir's autobiography, the Tuzk-e-Jahangiri.[14] Later historical accounts give several suggestions for her birth name. In an 18th-century genealogy of her clan (the Kachwahas) for example, she is referred to as 'Harkhan Champavati'.[7] Other names provided by various sources include Harkha Bai,[4] Jiya Rani, Maanmati, Harika, and Shahi-Bai. However, the name by which she is most popularly known in modern-times is 'Jodha Bai'.[5]

The name 'Jodha Bai' was first used in relation to Mariam-uz-Zamani in James Tod's Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han, a colonialist history written in the early 19th century.[15] This naming appears to have been an error, given that it implies a relation with the royal family of Jodhpur, rather than that with the Rajas of Amber.[16] Further to this, there is no historical record of Akbar having married a princess of Jodhpur at all.[17] Instead, it is believed that 'Jodha Bai' in fact refers to the wife of Jahangir, Jagat Gosain daughter of Raja Udai Singh of Jodhpur.[18]

Marriage

Mariam-uz-Zamani's marriage was the result of a conflict between her father and Akbar's brother-in-law Sharif-ud-din Mirza, the Hakim of Mewat. Bharmal, facing harassment at Sharif-ud-din's hands, approached Akbar to request his intervention. The emperor agreed to mediate on the condition of Bharmal's personal submission, as well as the suggestion that Mariam-uz-Zamani be given to Akbar in marriage.[4]

A painting describing the scene of the birth of the 4th Mughal emperor of India, Jahangir.

The marriage, thus a political one, took place on 6 February 1562, while Akbar was on his way back to Agra from Ajmer (after offering prayers to the tomb of Moinuddin Chishti) at the imperial military camp in Sambhar, Rajasthan, instead of the bride's natal home in Ajmer (which was only 80 miles away). This was a sign that the marriage was not of equals and indicated Bharmal's family's inferior social status.[7] The marriage with the Amber princess provided the service of her family throughout the reign, and offered a proof manifest to all the world that Akbar had decided to be the Badshah or Shahenshah of his whole people i.e. Hindus as well as Muslims.[19]

Akbar took many Rajput princesses in marriage as the rajas had much to gain from the link to imperial family. He made such marriages respectable for Rajputs.[20] Akbar did not convert any of his Hindu wives to Islam and permitted them to perform their rituals in the palace, and even participated occasionally.[21] However, the Rajput wives (including Mariam-uz-Zamani) did not play any political role in the Mughal court.[22]

In 1569, Akbar heard the news that his first Hindu wife was expecting a child, and that he might hope for the first of the three sons that had previously been promised to him by Sheikh Salim Chisti, a reputed holy man who lived at Sikri. The expectant empress was sent to Sheikh's humble dwelling Sikri during the latter period of her pregnancy. On 30 August 1569, the boy was born and received the name Salim, in acknowledgement of his father's faith in the efficacy of the holy man's prayer. Though she remained a Hindu, the new mother was subsequently honoured with the title Mariam-uz-Zamani ("Mary of the Age").

Family advancement

The Rajas of Amber (who came from a very small kingdom) especially benefited from their close association with the Mughals, and acquired immense wealth and power. Of twenty-seven Rajputs in Abu'l-Fazl list of mansabdars, thirteen were of the Amber clan, and some of them rose to positions as high as that of imperial princes. Mariam-uz-Zamani's brother Raja Bhagwan Das, for instance, became commander of 5000, the highest position available at that time, and bore the proud title Amirul-Umara (Chief Noble). His son, Man Singh I, rose even higher to become commander of 7000.[23] His daughter, Manbhawati Bai or Manmati Bai, married Jahangir on 13 February 1585. Man Bai later became mother to Prince Khusrau Mirza[24][25] and was awarded the title of Shah Begum.[26]

Jahangir's reign

Although she may have enjoyed a certain status in Akbar's imperial household after giving birth to the heir, Mariam-uz-Zamani gained prestige only during Jahangir's reign (as the emperor's mother), after he had succeeded Akbar as Mughal emperor in 1605.[7] During the reign of Jahangir, she was amongst the most prodigious female traders at the Mughal court.[27] No other noblewoman on record seems to have been as adventurous a trader as the Queen mother.[28]

Mariam-uz-Zamani owned ships that carried pilgrims to and from the Islamic holy city Mecca. In 1613, her ship, the Rahīmī , was seized by Portuguese pirates along with the 600-700 passengers onboard and the cargo. Rahīmī was the largest Indian ship sailing in the Red Sea and was known to the Europeans as the "great pilgrimage ship". When the Portuguese officially refused to return the ship and the passengers, the outcry at the Mughal court was quite unusually severe. The outrage was compounded by the fact that the owner and the patron of the ship was the revered dowager empress. Jahangir, in retaliation ordered the seizure of the Portuguese town Daman. This episode is considered to be an example of the struggle for wealth that would later ensue and lead to colonisation of the Indian sub-continent.[29]

She was known to receive a jewel from every nobleman "according to his estate" each year on the occasion of New Year's festival.[27] Like only a few other women at the Mughal court, Mariam-uz-Zamani was granted the right to issue official documents by Jahangir, called firmans, usually the exclusive privilege of the emperor. Issuing of such orders was confined to the highest ladies of the harem such as Hamida Banu Begum, Nur Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal, Nadira Banu Begum, Jahanara Begum etc.[27][30][31] It was quite common for women of noble birth to commission architecture in the Mughal Empire, so Mariam-uz-Zamani built gardens, wells, mosques and other developments around the countryside.[27][32]

These courtesies and largesses demonstrate the amount of respect and love Jahangir held for his mother, Mariam-uz-Zamani. A number of royal functions took place in the household of Mariam-uz-Zamani like Jahangir's solar weighing,[33] Jahangir's marriage to daughter of Jagat Singh,[34] and Shehzada Parviz's wedding to daughter of Sultan Murad Mirza.[35]

Death

Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani, Sikandra, Agra

Mariam-uz-Zamani died in 1623. The grave itself is underground with a flight of steps leading to it. Her tomb, built in 1623–27, is on the Tantpur road now known as in Jyoti Nagar. Mariam's Tomb, commissioned by her son, is only a kilometre from Tomb of Akbar the Great.

The Mosque of Mariam Zamani Begum Sahiba was built by Jahangir in her honour and is situated in the Walled City of Lahore, present day Pakistan.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mariam uz-Zamani.

References

  1. ^ a b Jahangirnama (1909). Alexander Rogers and Henry Beveridge (ed.). The Tūzuk-i-Jahāngīrī, Volume 2. Royal Asiatic Society, London. p. 261.
  2. ^ Mukhia, Harbans (2004). India’s Islamic Traditions, Islam in Kashmir (Fourteenth to Sixteenth Century). New Delhi [India]: The Medieval History Journal, New Delhi. p. 126.
  3. ^ Manuel, Paul Christopher; Lyon, Alynna; Wilcox, Clyde (2013). Religion and Politics in a Global Society. Plymoth [England]: Lexington Books. p. 68.
  4. ^ a b c d Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India : from Sultanat to the Mughals (Revised ed.). New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. pp. 111–112. ISBN 9788124110669.
  5. ^ a b Hooja, Rima (2006). A history of Rajasthan. Rupa & Co. p. 484.
  6. ^ Aftab, Tahera (2008). Inscribing South Asian Muslim Women: An Annotated Bibliography & Research Guide. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 44.
  7. ^ a b c d e f chief, Bonnie G. Smith, editor in (2008). The Oxford encyclopedia of women in world history. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press. p. 656. ISBN 9780195148909. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link),
  8. ^ Metcalf, Barbara, Thomas (2006). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-521-86362-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ L. McJannet, Bernadette Andrea, Early Modern England and Islamic Worlds (2011), p.106
  10. ^ C. M. Agrawal, Akbar and his Hindu officers: a critical study (1986), p.27
  11. ^ Sarkar, J. N. (1994) [1984]. A History of Jaipur (Reprinted ed.). Orient Longman. p. 43. ISBN 81-250-0333-9.
  12. ^ Sarkar 1994, p. 31-4.
  13. ^ Verma, Chob Singh (1999). Splendour of Fatehpur Sikri. Agam Kala Prakashan. p. 6.
  14. ^ Rogers and Beveridge 1909, p. 78.
  15. ^ Jhala, Angma Dey (2011). Royal Patronage, Power and Aesthetics in Princely India. Pickering & Chatto Limited. p. 119.
  16. ^ Chatterjee, Ramananda (1962). The Modern Review, Volume 112. Prabasi Press Private Limited. p. 117.
  17. ^ Ray, Aniruddha (2017). Towns and Cities of Medieval India: A Brief Survey. Routledge. p. 271.
  18. ^ Atul Sethi (24 June 2007). "'Trade, not invasion brought Islam to India'". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 February 2008.
  19. ^ Smith, Vincent Arthur (1917). Akbar the Great Mogul. Oxford, Clarendon Press. p. 58. ISBN 0895634716.
  20. ^ Eraly, Abraham (2000). Emperors of the Peacock Throne, The Saga of the Great Mughals. Penguin Books India. p. 145. ISBN 0141001437.
  21. ^ Eraly 2000, p. 136.
  22. ^ Sharma, Sudha (2016). The Status of Muslim Women in Medieval India. SAGE Publications India. ISBN 9351505650. It is noteworthy that Akbar's Rajput wives have not been mentioned for having played any active political role
  23. ^ Eraly 2000, p. 146.
  24. ^ Smith 1917, p. 225.
  25. ^ Eraly 2000, p. 273.
  26. ^ Rogers and Beveridge 1909, p. 56.
  27. ^ a b c d Findly, Ellison B. (1988). "The Capture of Maryam-uz-Zamānī's Ship: Mughal Women and European Traders". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 108 (2). American Oriental Society: 232. doi:10.2307/603650. JSTOR 603650.
  28. ^ Findly 1988, p. 233.
  29. ^ Findly 1988, p. 227-238.
  30. ^ Tirmizi, S.A.I. (1979). Edicts from the Mughal Harem. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. pp. 127–128. OCLC 465427663.
  31. ^ Mishra, Rekha. Women in Mughal India, 1526-1748 A.D. Munshiram Manoharlal, 1967. p. 67. ISBN 9788121503471.
  32. ^ Mishra 1967, p. 112.
  33. ^ Rogers and Beveridge 1909, p. 78, 230.
  34. ^ Rogers and Beveridge 1909, p. 145.
  35. ^ Rogers and Beveridge 1909, p. 81.
  36. ^ "The emperor`s healing touch". DAWN.COM. 17 September 2009.
  37. ^ Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998, p. 365.
  38. ^ "Will U B My Jodha?". Sify. 14 July 2005. Archived from the original on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  39. ^ Unnikrishnan, Chaya (26 June 2013). "Show review: So far, so good". DNA India.
  40. ^ "After being replaced, Delnaaz is back on 'Akbar Birbal' - Times of India". The Times of India.
  41. ^ "Gurdeep Kohli Punjj dons 10kg costume for TV show - Times of India". The Times of India.
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