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Wilson's Arch (Jerusalem)

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Wilson's Arch
Western Wall, with view of Wilson's Arch (at left)
Wilson's Arch (Jerusalem) is located in Jerusalem
Wilson's Arch (Jerusalem)
Shown within Jerusalem
LocationJerusalem
Coordinates31°46′36″N 35°14′03″E / 31.776667°N 35.234167°E / 31.776667; 35.234167
Heightexposed: 20 feet (6 m)
History
BuilderHerod the Great; enlarged by a Roman Procurators (Pontius Pilate?)
MaterialLimestone
Founded20 BCE-20 CE; enlarged between 30-60 CE
Site notes
Conditionpreserved

Wilson's Arch is the modern name for an ancient stone arch from Jerusalem, the first in a row of arches that supported a large bridge connecting the Herodian Temple Mount with the Upper City on the opposite Western Hill. The Arch springs from the Western Wall and is still visible underneath later buildings set against the Wall. The name Wilson's Arch is also used to denote the hall that it partially covers, which is currently used as a synagogue. This hall opens towards the Western Wall Plaza at the Plaza's northeast corner, so that it appears on the left of the prayer section of the Western Wall to visitors facing the Wall.

The Arch once spanned 42 feet (13 m), supporting a bridge that carried both a street and an aqueduct. The bridge allowed access to a gate that was level with the surface of the Temple Mount during the late Second Temple period.[citation needed]

Name

Wilson's 1865 Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem marks "Wilson's Arch" at the top of this site plan

In the description of the survey he made at the site, Charles Wilson wrote about "[t]he arch, which Sir Henry James has called after my name.[1]

Location

The Arch is located below the Street of the Chain leading to the Chain Gate of the Haram esh-Sharif.[2] It connects to the Western Wall to the east and can be accessed by men from the Western Wall Plaza and by women from inside adjacent buildings.

Purpose

Wilson's Arch was built as part of a bridge described by Josephus that connected the Temple Mount to the Upper City on the Western Hill; it carried a road as well as the last section of an aqueduct bringing water from Solomon's Pools near Bethlehem to the Temple Mount.[3]

Date

A distinction must be made between the remains of the first arch of the bridge, known as Wilson's Arch, and those of the rest of the bridge and possible later additions to it.

Absolute date

Excavations between 2015 and 2019 collected organic material in the mortar used during various stages of construction.[4] Radiocarbon dating indicated that the initial bridge to the Temple Mount was completed between 20 BCE and 20 CE, and a doubling in width occurred between 30 CE and 60 CE.[4] The 2020 study concluded that Wilson's Arch was initiated by Herod the Great, and enlarged during the Roman Procurators, such as Pontius Pilate, in a range of 70 years.[4]

Structural correlations and relative date

Stinespring argued already in the 1960s that the Arch is still preserved in his original Herodian form, based on the way it is bonded to the retaining wall of the Temple Mount, which indicates that it is "a definitive part of the ancient Temple structure."[3]

The fact that Roman theater-like structure which was discovered right underneath the arch was never finished, due to the outbreak of the Bar Kokhba Revolt or the death of the Emperor Hadrian in 138 CE, gives the terminus ante quem the Arch was built.[4]

The oldest of the pools beneath the arch was dated to 1305–1340 CE.[4]

Alternative theory: Umayyad date

There are scholars who have favored dating the Arch's construction to the Umayyad period (651–750), basing their conclusions on what they see as evidence from the period of excavation after the Six-Day War, when Israel's Ministry of Religious Affairs began to excavate the area of the Western Wall still unexposed, and dig a tunnel beneath the existing structures above. During much of the time of these excavations, which went on between 1968–82 and was restarted in 1985, the Israel Antiquities Authority's (IAA) District Archeologist for Jerusalem was Dan Bahat, who became the archaeologist of the site after resigning from IAA. In his book, Jerusalem Down Under: Tunneling Along Herod's Temple Mount Wall, he writes that the evidence found was enough to convince him that despite earlier beliefs that the Arch was built during Herod's time, the later dating is correct.[citation needed]

It is believed by those who date the current arch to the later period, that it was a replacement for an earlier arch erected during the Second Temple period, and that the Umayyads didn't just restore the retaining walls surrounding the Mount, but also rebuilt the arches of the "Great Bridge".[citation needed]

Dimensions

The Arch was measured by Wilson, who noted that its crown reaches a height of 72 feet 9 inches (22.17 m) above bedrock, its span being of 42 feet (13 m).[5] [5] Only a 20-foot (6.1 m) portion of the Arch is visible today.[citation needed]

A square shaft cut down under the arch allows sighting of the wall's original massive foundations, "with fourteen courses of dressed stone below the present ground level."[6][dubious – discuss]

The exact dimensions of the Second Temple period bridge which stood over the arch are impossible to determine.[citation needed]

Discovery and excavation

Wilson's 1871 diagram
Sketch of Wilson's discovery

Titus Tobler noted the structure and wrote in 1853 that "I regard the vaults as supporting arches for the path or bridge that leads from Suk Bab es-Sinsleh to Bab es-Sinsleh".[7][2] The arch was scientifically documented for the first time in 1865 by explorer and surveyor Charles Wilson, for whom it was named.[2] Wilson had joined the Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem in 1864, continuing to participate in the city surveying project that was established to improve the city's water system.[8] Not long after Wilson, Charles Warren excavated under the arch by digging two trial shafts, one along the western pier all the way down to bedrock. He published his discoveries in 1876.[9]

In 1968, only a few months after the Six-Day War, Israel began excavations to uncover the portion of the Western Wall that was not exposed.[10] As the excavations continued, the opening to the arch was uncovered, and rubble began to be removed.[10] It would take 17 years, until 1985, until the entire length of the wall would be cleared.[10]

The space under the arch was fitted out after 1967 as a synagogue, with a new floor built over the floor of a large Mamluk-Ottoman water reservoir, called by Warren 'Pool Al Burak'.[9] The presence of the synagogue restricted further excavation under Wilson's Arch to a large degree, with limited digs being carried out in 2006 and 2011,[9] followed by a substantial dig between 2015-18 over a 200 m³ total area.[2] This large project focused on dating the arch and, after exposing a theatre-like structure directly beneath it, the date and function of this unexpected finding.[2]

Associated structures

Herodian "Western Stone"

The Western Stone, located in the north section of the Arch, is a monolithic stone block forming part of the lower level of the Western Wall. Weighing 570 tonnes (628 tons),[citation needed] it is one of the largest building blocks in the world. The stone is 13.6 meters (44.6 ft) long, 4.5 meters (15 ft) wide and has an estimated height of 3.5 meters (11.5 ft). It is considered to be one of the heaviest objects ever lifted by human beings without powered machines. It is the largest building stone found in Israel and second in the world. It is only partially intact, the rest was destroyed in 70 CE during the Roman siege of Jerusalem.[11]

Roman theater-like structure

A small Roman theater-like structure was discovered just underneath the Arch. The theater was never finished, this being possibly the result of the Bar Kokhba Revolt or the death of Emperor Hadrian (r. 117–138).[4]

Mamluk-Ottoman "Al-Buraq" Pool

The modern synagogue under the arch covers the Mamluk-Ottoman cistern known in the time of Wilson and Warren as the 'Pool Al Burak'.[9][5]

Makhkama building

Over the prayer hall area partially covered by the Arch is the large building known as the "Makhkama" ("Court House") or "Tankiziah," that includes a porch looking over the Temple Mount.[citation needed] Former Chief Rabbi Shlomo Goren used to use that porch to recite special "Kinot" prayers on the night of Tisha B'Av.[12]

Modern synagogue

After the 1967 Six Day War, the space under the arch was transformed into a synagogue.[9]

In 2005, the Western Wall Heritage Foundation initiated a major renovation effort under Rabbi Rabinovich, then-rabbi of the wall ("Rabbi of the Kotel", as the title is usually referenced, using the Hebrew word for the Wall).[13] Israeli workers renovated and restored the area for three years, strengthening the arch in preparation for access for visitors and use for prayer.[14] Scaffolding remained in place for over a year to allow workers to remove cement that had been applied as patches over the stone.[14] The restoration included additions to the men's section included a Torah ark that can house over one hundred Torah scrolls, in addition to new bookshelves, a library, and heating for the winter and air conditioning for the summer.[14] There is also a new room built for the scribes who maintain and preserve the Torah scrolls used at the Wall.[14]

Torah Ark inside men's section of Wilson's Arch.

Speakers at the March 12, 2006[15] dedication ceremony included: President of Israel, Mr. Moshe Katzav, Ashkenazi and Sephardi chief rabbis, Rabbi Yona Metzger and Rabbi Shlomo Amar, the mayor of Jerusalem, Rabbi Uri Lupolianski, the chief rabbi of the Kotel, Rabbi Rabinovich, and the director of The Western Wall Heritage Foundation, Rabbi Mordechai (Suli) Eliav.[14]

Women's section/balcony, Wilson's Arch prayer area

New construction also included a women's section and gallery, which was dedicated on May 25, 2006, a little more than two months after the March dedication ceremony.[16] This addition creates a woman's section to allow separate seating during worship services and special events conducted within the Wilson's Arch prayer area, including Bar Mitzvah ceremonies, and advertisements for special programs such as the middle-of-the-night prayers climaxing the six-week "Shovavim" period have made a point of reminding women that this new area exists.[17][18] According to the Western Wall Heritage Foundation, this new construction allows women for the first time to "take part in the services held inside under the Arch."[19] On May 14, 2008, United States First Lady Laura Bush visited the new women's section during her visit to Israel.[20]

On July 25, 2010, a Ner Tamid, an oil-burning "eternal light," was installed within the prayer hall within Wilson's Arch, the first eternal light installed in the area of the Western Wall.[21] According to the Western Wall Heritage Foundation, requests have been made for many years that "an olive oil lamp be placed in the prayer hall of the Western Wall Plaza, as is the custom in Jewish synagogues, to represent the menorah of the Temple in Jerusalem as well as the continuously burning fire on the altar of burnt offerings in front of the Temple, especially in the closest place to where they used to stand."[21]

Special events

1983 interfaith service

In 1983, a highly unusual interfaith service was conducted in the area under Wilson's Arch—the first interfaith service ever to be conducted at the Western Wall since it came under Israeli control. Attended by both men and women who were allowed to sit together, it was conducted under the supervision of the Israel Ministry of Religious Affairs, and led by U.S. Navy Chaplain (Rabbi) Arnold Resnicoff. Ministry of Affairs representative Yonatan Yuval was present, responding to press queries that this service was authorized as part of a special welcome for the U.S. Sixth Fleet.[22][23][24]

Since the restoration, a growing number of worship events have been scheduled in the area, to take advantage of the cover and temperature control, especially for services at night that are traditionally recited at the Wall.[25] For example, "Tikkun Chatzot," a kabbalistic midnight prayer for redemption has been conducted there, with a number of public figures in attendance.[25]

The area has also been utilized during times when security concerns make it difficult to allow the use of the outdoor prayer plaza, such as the March 19, 2009 visit of Pope Benedict XVI to the Wall and Temple Mount.[26] Despite the fact that the Pope's visit coincided with the Jewish festival of Lag B'Omer, the decision had been made to close the Wall and not allow services, but at the request of the Wall's rabbi, Shmuel Rabinowitz, the government allowed worship to be conducted in the area within the Arch.[26] The original decision to close the entire prayer area to Jewish worship had begun to elicit negative reaction as soon as the decision was announced, between one and two months before the visit.[27] Rabbi Rabinowitz, protesting the decision, was quoted as saying that "It's inconceivable that the pope's visit would hurt worshippers at the Western Wall, some of whom have been praying there daily."[27] Part of the reaction was a threat to assemble and protest on the part of some Israelis, saying the police would have to "drag" them out of the area.[27] News articles quoted one comment that, "Just like the visit of a chief rabbi at the Vatican doesn't cause the Vatican to shut down, we expect the same approach when the pope visits a place holy to the Jewish people."[27] The decision to utilize the prayer area within Wilson's Arch, allowing worship during the Pope's visit, was eventually announced by the Israel Police and the Israel Security Agency (ISA/Shin Bet).[28] Worshippers were allowed into the main plaza during the hours prior to the Pope's scheduled arrival, but moved into the enclosed Wilson's Arch prayer before his actual arrival.[28]

Video and audio streaming of some special events are available online from the "Wilson's Arch camera" (webcam).[25] It does not operate on Shabbat, the Jewish Sabbath, or on those Jewish holy days when photography is prohibited by Jewish religious law.[29]

See also

References

  1. ^ Sir Charles William Wilson; Sir Charles Warren (1871). The Recovery of Jerusalem: A Narrative of Exploration and Discovery in the City and the Holy Land. R. Bentley. p. 13. The arch, which Sir Henry James has called after my name, is one of the most perfect and magnificent remains in Jerusalem, and its age is probably the same as that of the Sanctuary Wall at the Wailing Place.
  2. ^ a b c d e Joe Uziel, Tehillah Lieberman & Avi Solomon (2019). "The Excavations beneath Wilson's Arch: New Light on Roman Period Jerusalem". Tel Aviv. 46 (2): 237–266. doi:10.1080/03344355.2019.1650499.
  3. ^ a b Stinespring, William F. (1966). "Wilson's Arch revisited". The Biblical Archaeologist. 29 (1): 27–36. doi:10.2307/3211052. JSTOR 3211052.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Regev J, Uziel J, Lieberman T, Solomon A, Gadot Y, Ben-Ami D, Regev L and Boaretto E (2020). "Radiocarbon dating and microarchaeology untangle the history of Jerusalem's Temple Mount: A view from Wilson's Arch". PLoS ONE. 15 (6). e0233307. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233307.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b c Wilson, C. W. (1880). The Masonry of the Haram Wall (PDF). Palestine Exploration Fund. pp. 9-65 [21-22, pl. 7]. Retrieved 1 July 2020. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  6. ^ Wilson's Arch, Madain Project, accessed 1 July 2020
  7. ^ Titus Tobler (1853). Denkblätter aus Jerusalem. p. 43. Die Rebensgewölbe betrachte ich als Stützungsgewölbe für den Weg oder die Brücke, welche vom Suk Bab es-Sinsleh zum Bab es-Sinsleh führt.
  8. ^ "Excavations". Arch Park. IL. Retrieved March 11, 2011.
  9. ^ a b c d e "Jerusalem, Old City, Wilson's Arch: Preliminary Report, 31/12/2019". Hadashot Arkheologiyot. 131. Israel Antiquities Authority. 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2020. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  10. ^ a b c Avrahami, Avner, "The Eternal Rock for NIS 18," Haaretz, July 26, 2004, retrieved March 21, 2011
  11. ^ Bahat, Dan, Touching the stones of our heritage: the Western Wall tunnels p. 85, Western Wall Heritage Foundation, 2002
  12. ^ TheKotel.org, Makhama, retrieved March 13, 2011
  13. ^ iaa-conservation.org, retrieved March 11, 2011
  14. ^ a b c d e English.thekotel.org, retrieved March 11, 2011.
  15. ^ TheKotel.org, note for March 12, 2006, retrieved March 12, 2011
  16. ^ The Kotel, note about May 25, 2006., retrieved March 11, 2011
  17. ^ IsraelNationalNews.com, retrieved March 24, 2011
  18. ^ Flickr.com photo of women's gallery, retrieved March 24, 2011
  19. ^ English.TheKotel.org, retrieved March 24, 2011
  20. ^ English.thekotel.org "today" section, retrieved March 24, 2011
  21. ^ a b Thekotel.org, note for July 25, 2010, retrieved March 12, 2011
  22. ^ Jerusalem Post, Sep 5, 1983, and Jerusalem Post International Edition, Sep 11–17, 1983, "U.S. Navy Chaplain Conducts Western Wall Interfaith Litany"
  23. ^ JNF.org, retrieved March 24, 2011
  24. ^ Borschel-Dan, Amanda, "The Day Israel Gave Its Blessing to Egalitarian Prayer at Western Wall," The Times of Israel, Jun 30, 2017
  25. ^ a b c The Kotel.org, note on February 3, 2006., retrieved March 13, 2011.
  26. ^ a b TheKotel.org, Lag B'omer 2009, retrieved March 13, 2011
  27. ^ a b c d 'Pope's visit won't stop us from praying at Western Wall', YnetNews.com, retrieved March 24, 2011
  28. ^ a b IsraelNationalNews.com, retrieved March 24, 2011.
  29. ^ The kotel.org, Events, retrieved March 13, 2011

Bibliography

  • Ben-Dov, Meir (1982). The Dig at the Temple Mount (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Keter. pp. 122–133.
  • Ben Dov, Meir (1985). In the Shadow of the Temple. New York, New York: Harper & Row, Publishers. ISBN 0-06-015362-8.
  • Mazar, Benjamin (1975). The Mountain of the Lord. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-385-04843-2.
  • Stern Ephraim, ed. (1993). The Western Wall of the Temple Mount and Remains in the Tyropoeon Valley. The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. Vol. 2. The Israel Exploration Society. pp. 740–42. ISBN 978-0-13-276296-0.
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