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Tenzing Norgay
Norgay in Sweden (1967)
Personal information
Birth nameNamgyal Wangdi
Main disciplineMountaineer
Born(1914-05-29)29 May 1914
Khumbu, Solukhumbu District, Sagarmatha Zone, Nepal
Died9 May 1986(1986-05-09) (aged 71)
Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
NationalityNepalese, Indian
Career
Starting age19 years
Starting disciplinePorter
Notable ascentsFirst ascent of Mount Everest, 1953
Famous partnershipsEdmund Hillary
Family
Spouse
Dawa Phuti
​
​
(m. 1935; died 1944)​

Ang Lahmu
​
​
(m. 1945; died 1964)​

Dakku (m. before or in 1964)
Children7, including Jamling

Tenzing Norgay GM OSN /ˈtɛnzɪŋ ˈnɔːrɡeɪ/ (Template:Lang-xsr tendzin norgyé; perhaps 29 May 1914 – 9 May 1986), born Namgyal Wangdi, and also referred to as Sherpa Tenzing,[1] was a Nepali-Indian Sherpa mountaineer.[2][3] He was one of the first two individuals known to reach the summit of Mount Everest, which he accomplished with Edmund Hillary on 29 May 1953.[4] Time named him one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century.[5]

Early life

There are conflicting accounts of his early life. The account he gave in his autobiography, accepted for several years, is that he was a Sherpa born and raised in Tengboche, Khumbu, in northeastern Nepal.[6] In an interview with All India Radio in 1985, he said that his parents came from Tibet, but that he was born in Nepal.[need quotation to verify][7] According to many later accounts as well as a book co-authored by his son Jamling Tenzin Norgay, he was born in Tibet,[8][9] at Tse Chu in the Kama Valley. He spent his early childhood in Kharta, nearby to the north. Tenzing went to Nepal as a child to work for a Sherpa family in Khumbu.[3][10][11][12][13][14] He grew up in Thame, Nepal according to his son Norbu Tenzing Norgay.[15]

Khumbu lies near Mount Everest, which the Tibetans and Sherpas call Chomolungma, which in Standard Tibetan means "Holy Mother", or the goddess of the summit.[16] Norgay was a Buddhist; Buddhism is the traditional religion of the Sherpas and Tibetans.

His exact date of birth is unknown, but he knew it was in late May by the weather and the crops. After his ascent of Everest on 29 May 1953, he decided to celebrate his birthday on that day thereafter. His year of birth, according to the Tibetan calendar, was the Year of the Rabbit, making it likely that he was born in 1914.[6] This agrees with Hunt's statement that he was thirty-nine in 1953, and had established himself (as) not only the foremost climber of his race but as a mountaineer of world standing.[17]

Norgay was originally called "Namgyal Wangdi", but as a child his name was changed on the advice of the head lama and founder of Rongbuk Monastery, Ngawang Tenzin Norbu.[18] "Tenzing Norgay" translates as "wealthy-fortunate-follower-of-religion". His father, a Tibetan yak herder, was Ghang La Mingma (d. 1949), and his Tibetan mother was Dokmo Kinzom (who lived to see him climb Everest); he was the 11th of 13 children, most of whom died young.[6]

Tenzing ran away from home twice in his teens, first to Kathmandu and later Darjeeling, India, at that time the starting point for most expeditions in eastern Himalaya. He was once sent to Tengboche Monastery to become a monk, but he decided that was not for him and departed.[19] At the age of 19, he eventually settled in the Sherpa community in the village, named Tungsung Hindi: village, Nepali: village in the Darjeeling District of the Darjeeling metropolitan area.

Mountaineering

Statue of Norgay at the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute
Mount Everest

Norgay received his first opportunity to join an Everest expedition when he was employed by Eric Shipton, leader of the 1935 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition. As a 20-year-old his chance came when two of the others failed their medical tests. As a friend of Ang Tharkay (a Sherpa sirdar who had been on the 1933 British Mount Everest expedition), Norgay was quickly pushed forward, and his attractive smile caught the eye of Shipton, who decided to take him on.

Norgay participated as a high-altitude porter in three official British attempts to climb Everest from the northern Tibetan side in the 1930s.[6] On the 1936 expedition, he worked with John Morris. He also took part in other climbs in various parts of the Indian subcontinent. For a time in the early 1940s Norgay lived in the princely state of Chitral (that later became a part of Pakistan on partition of India) as batman to a Major Chapman. Norgay's first wife died during his tenure there and was buried there. He returned to Darjeeling with his two daughters during the Indian partition of 1947, and managed to cross India by train without a ticket and without being challenged, by wearing one of Major Chapman's old uniforms.[6]

In 1947, Norgay participated in an unsuccessful summit attempt of Everest. Canadian-born Earl Denman, Ange Dawa Sherpa, and Norgay entered Tibet illegally to attempt the mountain; the attempt ended when a strong storm at 22,000 feet (6,700 m) pounded them. Denman admitted defeat, and all three turned around and safely returned.[6] In 1947, Norgay became a sirdar of a Swiss expedition for the first time, following a magnificent performance in the rescue of Sirdar Wangdi Norbu who had fallen and been seriously injured. The expedition reached the main summit of Kedarnath at 22,769 feet (6,940 m) in the western Garhwal Himalaya with Norgay being one of the summit party.[20]

1952 Swiss Mount Everest expedition

Main article: 1952 Swiss Mount Everest expedition

In 1952, he took part in the two Swiss expeditions led by Edouard Wyss-Dunant (spring) and Gabriel Chevalley (autumn), the first serious attempts to climb Everest from the southern (Nepalese) side, after two previous US and British reconnaissance expeditions in 1950 and 1951. Raymond Lambert and Tenzing Norgay were able to reach a height of about 8,595 metres (28,199 ft) on the southeast ridge, setting a new climbing altitude record.[21] The expedition opened up a new route on Everest that was successfully climbed the next year. Norgay and Raymond Lambert reached on 28 May the then-record height of 8,600 metres (28,215 ft),[22] and this expedition, during which Norgay was for the first time considered a full expedition member ("the greatest honour that had ever been paid me") [6] forged a lasting friendship between Norgay and his Swiss friends, in particular Raymond Lambert. During the autumn expedition, the team was stopped by bad weather after reaching an altitude of 8,100 metres (26,575 ft).[6]

Success on Mount Everest

Main article: 1953 British Mount Everest expedition

In 1953, Tenzing Norgay took part in John Hunt's expedition; Tenzing had previously been to Everest six times (and Hunt three).[23] A member of the team was Edmund Hillary, who had a near-miss following a fall into a crevasse but was saved from hitting the bottom by Norgay's prompt action in securing the rope using his ice axe, which led Hillary to consider him the climbing partner of choice for any future summit attempt.[24]

At the time, newspaper reports variously referred to him as Tensing, Tenzing, Tenzing Bhotia, Tenzing Norgay, Tensing Norkey, Tenzing Sherpa or Dan Shin, as one Indian academic suggested.[25]

The Hunt expedition totalled over 400 people, including 362 porters, 20 Sherpa guides and 10,000 pounds (4,500 kg) of baggage,[26] and like many such expeditions, was a team effort.

The expedition set up base camp in March 1953. Hillary wrote in 1975 about first meeting Norgay in Kathmandu on 5 March 1953:[27]

I was eager to meet Tenzing Norgay. His reputation had been most impressive even before his two great efforts with the Swiss expedition … Tenzing really looked the part – larger than most Sherpa’s he was very strong and active; his flashing smile was irresistible; and he was incredibly patient with all our questions and requests. His success in the past had given him great physical confidence – I think that even then he expected to be a member of the final assault party … One message came through however in very positive fashion - Tenzing had substantially greater personal ambition than any Sherpa I had met.

Working slowly, the expedition set up their penultimate camp at the South Col, at 25,900 feet (7,900 m). On 26 May, Tom Bourdillon and Charles Evans attempted the climb, but turned back when Evans' oxygen system failed. The pair had reached the South Summit, coming within 300 vertical feet (91 m) of the summit.[28] Hunt then directed Norgay and Hillary to go for the summit.

Snow and wind held the pair up at the South Col for two days. They set out on 28 May with a support trio comprising Ang Nyima, Alfred Gregory and George Lowe. Norgay and Hillary pitched a tent at 27,900 feet (8,500 m) on 28 May while their support group returned down the mountain. On the following morning Hillary discovered that his boots had frozen solid outside the tent. He spent two hours warming them before he and Tenzing attempted the final ascent, wearing 30-pound (14 kg) packs.[29] The last part of the ascent comprised a 40-foot (12 m) rock face later named the "Hillary Step". Hillary saw a means to wedge his way up a crack in the face between the rock wall and the ice, and Norgay followed.[30]

From there, the following effort was relatively simple. They reached Everest's 29,028-foot (8,848 m) summit, the highest point on Earth, at 11:30 a.m.[31] As Hillary put it, "A few more whacks of the ice axe in the firm snow, and we stood on top."[32]

Sir Edmund Hillary greets Tenzing Norgay, circa 1971.

They spent only about 15 minutes at the summit. Hillary took the famous photo of Norgay posing with his ice-axe, but since Norgay had never used a camera, Hillary's ascent went unrecorded. However, according to Norgay's autobiography Man of Everest,[6] when Norgay offered to take Hillary's photograph Hillary declined—"I motioned to Hillary that I would now take his picture. But for some reason he shook his head; he did not want it".[33][34] Additional photos were taken looking down the mountain, in order to re-assure that they had made it to the top and to document that the ascent was not faked.[35] The two had to take care on the descent after discovering that drifting snow had covered their tracks, complicating the task of retracing their steps. The first person they met was Lowe, who had climbed up to meet them with hot soup.

Afterwards, Norgay was met with great adulation in Nepal and India. Hillary and Hunt were knighted by Queen Elizabeth II,[36] while Norgay received the George Medal for his efforts on the expedition.[18][37] It has been suggested that Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru refused permission for Norgay to be knighted.[18]

It has been a long road ... From a mountain coolie, a bearer of loads, to a wearer of a coat with rows of medals who is carried about in planes and worries about income tax.

— Tenzing Norgay[6]

Nonetheless, there was some inequity, according to National Geographic,[38]

"Hillary was knighted for being the first known person to climb to the top of Mount Everest. But Tenzing, who simultaneously reached its summit, only received an honorary medal. In the years since, there's been growing disquiet at the lack of official recognition."

Norgay and Hillary were the first people to conclusively set foot on the summit of Mount Everest, but journalists were persistently repeating the question: "Which of the two men had the right to the glory of being the first one, and who was merely the second, the follower?" Colonel Hunt, the expedition leader, declared, "They reached it together, as a team."[39]

Norgay eventually ended the speculation by revealing that Hillary was first in his 1955 autobiography Man of Everest (page 268; originally titled Tiger of the Snows). It was ghost-written by American writer James Ramsay Ullman as Tenzing could not read English; he could speak four languages but his English was minimal. They were roped six feet apart, with most of the 30 foot rope in loops in his hand:[40]

A little below the summit Hillary and I stopped. ... I was not thinking of 'first' and 'second'. I did not say to myself, there is a golden apple up there. I will push Hillary aside and run for it.’ We went on slowly, steadily. And then we were there. Hillary stepped on top first. And I stepped up after him ... Now the truth is told. And I am ready to be judged by it.

After Everest

Tenzing Norgay became the first Director of Field Training of the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute in Darjeeling, when it was set up in 1954.

May (you) climb from peak to peak

In January 1975, with permission of the King of Bhutan, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, Norgay served as sirdar (guide) for the first American tourist party allowed into the country.[41][42] Brought together by a company then called Mountain Travel (now called Mountain Travel-Sobek), the group first met Norgay in India before beginning the trek. The official trek began in Paro, northern Bhutan and included a visit to Tiger's Nest (Paro Taktsang), the ancient Buddhist monastery, before returning to India via Nepal and Sikkim. Norgay even introduced his group to the King of Sikkim (the last king of Sikkim, as Sikkim is now a part of India) and also brought them to his home in India for a farewell celebration.[42]

In 1978 Norgay founded Tenzing Norgay Adventures,[43] a company providing trekking adventures in the Himalayas. As of 2003, the company was run by his son Jamling Tenzing Norgay, who himself reached the summit of Everest in 1996.[citation needed]

On 10 May 1984 Tenzing Norgay, together with Grp Capt A. J. S. Grewal, Principal of the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute, attended the 10th-anniversary celebrations of The School of Adventure, Mysore, Karnataka held at the Mysore Institution of Engineers' auditorium.[citation needed]

Honours

In 1938, after Norgay's third Everest expedition as a porter, the Himalayan Club awarded him its Tiger Medal for high-altitude work.[18]

On 7 June 1953, it was announced that the newly crowned Queen Elizabeth II wished to recognize Norgay's achievements. 10 Downing Street announced on 1 July that, following consultation with the governments of India and Nepal, the Queen had approved awarding Norgay the George Medal.[44][45] He also received, along with the rest of the Everest party, the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal.[citation needed]

In 1953, King Tribhuvan of Nepal presented him with the Order of the Star of Nepal, 1st Class (Supradipta-Manyabara-Nepal-Tara).[46]

In 1959, the Government of India awarded him the Padma Bhushan, the third-highest civilian award of India.[47]

Norgay also received several other decorations through his career.[which?][citation needed]

In May 2013, Norgay's grandson, Tashi Tenzing, said he believed his grandfather should have been knighted, not just given "a bloody medal".[48][49]

In September 2013, the Government of Nepal proposed naming a 7,916-foot (2,413 m) mountain in Nepal Tenzing Peak in Norgay's honour.[50]

In July 2015, the highest-known, 3.4-kilometre-high (11,000 ft) mountain range on the dwarf planet Pluto was named Tenzing Montes.[51]

Personal life

The house in Darjeeling where Norgay spent his last years

Norgay was married three times. His first wife, Dawa Phuti, died young in 1944. They had a son, Nima Dorje, who died at the age of four, and two daughters: Pem Pem, whose son, Tashi Tenzing, climbed Everest, and Nima, who married a Filipino graphic designer, Noli Galang.

Norgay's second wife was Ang Lahmu, a cousin of his first wife. They had no additional biological children, but she was adoptive mother to their daughters from his earlier marriage with her cousin.

His third wife was Dakku, whom he married while his second wife was still alive, as allowed by Sherpa custom (see polygyny). They had three sons (Norbu, Jamling and Dhamey), and one daughter, Deki, who married American lawyer Clark Trainor. Jamling would join Peter Hillary, Edmund Hillary's son, in climbing Everest in 2003 on the 50th anniversary of their fathers' climb.

Other relatives include Norgay's nephews, Nawang Gombu and Topgay, who took part in the 1953 Everest expedition; and his grandsons, Tashi Tenzing, who lives in Sydney, Australia, and the Trainor grandsons: Tenzing, Kalden, and Yonden. Tenzing Trainor rose to fame as an actor on Liv and Maddie.[6][52]

Tenzing Norgay memorial

Norgay died of a cerebral hemorrhage in Darjeeling, West Bengal, India, on May 9, 1986[53] at the age of 71.[54][55] His remains were cremated in the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute, Darjeeling, his favorite haunt. His widow Dakku died in 1992.[56]

Legacy

Art, entertainment and media

Literature

  • In 2011, Indian comic publisher Amar Chitra Katha released a children's comic book about Tenzing Norgay.[57]
  • Gardner E. Lewis wrote a humorous poem called "Poem — Neither Hilláryous Norgay" (1965), about the pair and their achievement.[58]

Places

Animals

Notes

  1. ^ Norgay, Jamling Tenzing; Coburn, Broughton (2002). Touching My Father's Soul: In the Footsteps of Sherpa Tenzing. Ebury Press. ISBN 978-0-09-188467-3.
  2. ^ "Tenzing Norgay and the Sherpas of Everest — Sherpa Tenzing Norgay Nepalese Mountaineer- Information on Tenzing Norgay". tenzingasianholidays.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  3. ^ a b Douglas, Ed (24 December 2000). "Secret past of the man who conquered Everest". The Observer. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  4. ^ Morris, Jan (14 June 1999). "The Conquerors HILLARY & TENZING". TIME. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  5. ^ "TIME 100 Persons of The Century". TIME. 6 June 1999. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Man of Everest. 1955. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help) also published as The Tiger of the Snows
  7. ^ Sonam G. Sherpa (27 August 2013). "Tenzing Norgay Sherpa's interview, in Tibetan, with All India Radio, Kurersong, India". Retrieved 27 March 2018 – via YouTube.
  8. ^ Norgay, Jamling Tenzing; Coburn, Broughton (2002). ""Introduction" written by Jon Krakauer, February 2001". Touching My Father's Soul: a Sherpa's Journey to the Top of Everest. Forward by His Holiness the Dalai Lama. San Francisco, California: HarperSanFrancisco. pp. XV. ISBN 0062516876. OCLC 943113647. Born in Tibet, raised in Nepal, and a resident of India since the age of nineteen, he had become a symbol of hope and inspiration for millions of caste-bound Indians, poverty-stricken Nepalese, and politically oppressed Tibetans- all of whom regard him as a countryman.
  9. ^ Coburn, Broughton (1997). Everest : Mountain Without Mercy. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society. pp. 112. ISBN 0792270142. OCLC 36675993. Jamling pulled out the string of flags he intended to display on the summit: Nepal, India, Tibet, U.S.A. and the United Nations. 'My parents are from Tibet, but lived for long periods in Nepal and India, where I was raised.'
  10. ^ "Tenzing Norgay". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/50064. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  11. ^ Webster, Ed (2000). Snow in the Kingdom : my storm years on Everest. Eldorado Springs, Colorado: Mountain Imagery. ISBN 9780965319911.
  12. ^ Rai, Hemlata (30 May 2003). "The Fortunate Son" (PDF). Nepali Times. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  13. ^ Das, Sujoy (6 April 2014). "Sixty years of the dream conquest". The Telegraph, Calcutta. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  14. ^ "Honours: Honours for Tenzing". 7 October 2014.
  15. ^ "Leadership". Thames Sherpa Fund. 1 March 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  16. ^ Norgay's son (1998). Everest (IMAX ed.).[permanent dead link]
  17. ^ Hunt 1953, pp. 60, 61.
  18. ^ a b c d Hansen, Peter H. (2004). "Tenzing Norgay [Sherpa Tenzing] (1914–1986)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/50064. Retrieved 18 January 2008.
  19. ^ Ortner, Sherry B. (2001). Life and Death on Mt. Everest: Sherpas and Himalayan Mountaineering. Princeton University Press. p. 112. ISBN 0-691-07448-8.
  20. ^ Isserman, Maurice; Weaver, Stewart (2008). Fallen Giants : A History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes (1 ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 236. ISBN 9780300115017.
  21. ^ "Tenzing Norgay GM". Imaging Everest. The Royal Geographical Society. Retrieved 21 June 2007.
  22. ^ The Himalayan Database. n.d. p. ???.
  23. ^ Hunt 1953, pp. 29, 60.
  24. ^ "Sir Edmund Hillary". Telegraph. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  25. ^ Everest 1953, Mick Conefrey, Mountaineers Books, 2014
  26. ^ "Hillary of New Zealand and Tenzing reach the top | World news". theguardian.com. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  27. ^ Gill 2017, p. 188.
  28. ^ "Reaching The Top" (PDF). Royal Geographical Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 13 January 2008.
  29. ^ Hillary, Edmund. High Adventure: The True Story of the First Ascent of Everest.
  30. ^ Hillary, Edmund & Peter (1986). Ascent: Two Lives Explored – The Autobiographies of Sir Edmund and Peter Hillary. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-19831-8.
  31. ^ "Environment & Nature News — Everest not as tall as thought – 10/10/2005". Abc.net.au. 10 October 2005. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  32. ^ "NOVA Online | Everest | First to Summit (2)". Pbs.org. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  33. ^ "Asia-Pacific | Obituary: Sir Edmund Hillary". BBC News. 11 January 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  34. ^ Norgay left chocolates in the snow as an offering, and Hillary left a cross that he had been given.
  35. ^ "The Photographs". Imagingeverest.rgs.org. 29 May 1953. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  36. ^ "No. 39886". The London Gazette. 12 June 1953. p. 3273.
  37. ^ Vallely, Paul (10 May 1986). "Man of the mountains Tenzing dies". The Times.
  38. ^ "Sherpas and the ethics of Everest". NGS. 8 April 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2019. Often overlooked and rarely adequately rewarded, Nepal's 'people of the east' have been helping adventurers up Mount Everest for a century, but at what cost?
  39. ^ Mcfadden, Robert D. (1 January 2008). "Sir Edmund Hillary, 88, a conqueror of Everest". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  40. ^ Gill 2017, pp. 214, 215.
  41. ^ Giles, Kea (4 April 2010). "Dragonfly Wars: "Branding Bhutan" — or the story of a "Trek through Time"". Keagiles.blogspot.com. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  42. ^ a b "Trek through Time". Daily Camera. Boulder, CO. 28 June 1982. pp. 1C, 3C.
  43. ^ "Welcome to the site of Tenzing Norgay Adventures". Tenzing-norgay.com. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  44. ^ "George Medal for Tensing — Award Approved by the Queen". The Times. No. 52663. London. 2 July 1953. p. 6.
  45. ^ Hansen (2004): "In Britain the queen gave Tenzing the George Medal, a comparatively obscure but high civilian award for gallantry"
  46. ^ "Tenzing Norgay photograph". Achievement.org. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  47. ^ "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  48. ^ "Tenzing 'should have been knighted'". 3 News NZ. 30 May 2013. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013.
  49. ^ "Everest anniversary: Tenzing Norgay's grandson calls for 'gesture' from Britain". The Guardian. 29 May 2013.
  50. ^ "Mount Everest: Hillary and Tenzing to have peaks named after them". The Guardian. 6 September 2013.
  51. ^ "International Astronomical Union - IAU". www.iau.org. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  52. ^ After Everest. 1978. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  53. ^ Norgay, Jamling Tenzing; Coburn, Broughton (2002). ""Introduction" written by Jon Krakauer, February 2001". Touching My Father's Soul: a Sherpa's Journey to the Top of Everest. Forward by His Holiness the Dalai Lama. San Francisco, California: HarperSanFrancisco. pp. XVI. ISBN 0062516876. OCLC 943113647. On May 9, 1986, while Jamling was still enrolled at Northland, he received word that his father had abruptly collapsed and died.
  54. ^ "Tenzing Norgay: Interesting facts about the Mountaineer's Life". India Today. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  55. ^ "TENZING NORKAY, 72, IS DEAD: CLIMBED EVEREST WITH HILLARY". The New York Times. 10 May 1986. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  56. ^ "Daku Norgay". orlandosentinel.com. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  57. ^ "Tenzing Norgay — Amar Chitra Katha". Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  58. ^ Cole, William, ed. (1965). The Fireside Book Of Humorous Poetry. Hamish Hamilton. p. 388.
  59. ^ "Introducing Tenzing Hillary Airport — Travel Blog". World Hum. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  60. ^ "Pluto Features Given First Official Names". NASA. 7 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
  61. ^ "(6481) Tenzing = 1950 QK = 1978 UC3 = 1981 SV5 = 1987 DA = 1988 RH2 = 1994 EP2". Minor planet center.
  62. ^ "Knoxville Zoo's Red Panda Cubs Officially Named - City of K..." www.knoxvilletn.gov. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  63. ^ "San Francisco Zoo's Adorable New Red Panda Named "Tenzing"". nbcbayarea.com. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  64. ^ "Tenzing Norgay's family learns of red panda namesake - Hamilton Zoo". hamiltonzoo.co.nz. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  65. ^ "Red pandas now classified as endangered - Hamilton Zoo". hamiltonzoo.co.nz. Retrieved 31 August 2017.

References

  • Tony Astill, Mount Everest The Reconnaissance 1935 (2005)
  • George Band, Everest Exposed (2005), an account of the 1953 expedition
  • Gill, Michael (2017). Edmund Hillary: A Biography. Nelson, NZ: Potton & Burton. ISBN 978-0-947503-38-3.
  • Hunt, John (1953). The Ascent of Everest. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-89886-361-9. (The Conquest of Everest in America)
  • Tashi Tenzing and Judy Tenzing, Tenzing Norgay and Sherpas of Everest (2003)
  • Ed Webster, Snow in the Kingdom (2000)
  • Ed Douglas, Tenzing: Hero of Everest (2003)
  • Jamling Tenzing Norgay, Touching My Father's Soul (2002)
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