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Comic panel from "Gwenpool Strikes Back" #3 featuring Steve Rogers and Bucky Barnes.
An exchange from Gwenpool Strikes Back #3 (2019) interpreted by commentators as a humorous acknowledgement of the Stucky fandom by Marvel[1]

Stucky (also Steve/Bucky or Bucky/Steve[a]) is a term used to denote the pairing of Steve Rogers (Captain America) and James Buchanan "Bucky" Barnes (the Winter Soldier), fictional characters appearing in comic books and related media produced by Marvel Comics. It is a manifestation of shipping, a phenomenon in fandom wherein individuals create fan works that depict a romantic or sexual relationship between two characters; Stucky is an example of slash, a genre of fan works that focus on same-sex characters. Per shipping naming conventions, Stucky is a portmanteau of "Steve" and "Bucky".[3]

Though Rogers and Barnes have appeared in media dating to the 1940s, Stucky fan works grew substantially in popularity in the 2010s following their appearances in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Several individuals associated with Marvel, including Winter Soldier co-creator Ed Brubaker, Barnes' actor Sebastian Stan, and MCU director Joe Russo, have commented positively on Stucky. Critics and commentators have used the popularity of Stucky in fandom to remark on a range of topics, including the lack of LGBT characters in superhero films and the nature of fandom on social media.

Background

Marvel Comics

Steve Rogers and Bucky Barnes first appeared in Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941), which establishes Rogers as Captain America and Barnes as his teenaged sidekick. Barnes would be killed in 1948 and would not re-appear until Captain America (vol. 5) in 2005, where the character is brought back from his previous apparent death as the Winter Soldier, a brainwashed assassin.[4] As a result of Barnes' extended absence from comics, and Rogers' initial characterization as a much older paternal figure to Barnes, the emergence of Stucky as a phenomenon in fandom is a relatively recent development;[5] in pre-social media shipping fandom of the early 2000s, Rogers was most commonly depicted with Tony Stark (Iron Man) in a pairing typically abbreviated as "Stony" or "Superhusbands".[5][6]

While hero-and-sidekick relationships in comics have been interpreted as having a homoerotic subtext,[b] in Marvel canon, the relationship between Rogers and Barnes is strictly platonic, and is not depicted as sexual or romantic.[10] Rogers and Barnes are depicted in-canon as having a deep and meaningful personal bond, some critics likening their relationship as wartime compatriots to Achilles and Patroclus.[10]

Marvel Cinematic Universe

See also: Steve Rogers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)
Actor Chris Evans at a press conference in 2014.
Actor Sebastian Stan at San Diego Comic-Con International in 2019.
Actors Chris Evans (left) and Sebastian Stan (right), who portray Steve Rogers and Bucky Barnes, respectively, in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).

The popularity of Stucky as a ship in fandom rose substantially following the introduction of Rogers and Barnes to the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU),[5] where they have jointly appeared in five films: Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019). The films re-conceptualize the nature of Rogers' and Barnes' relationship, presenting them as same-age lifelong best friends,[5][11] and establish their bond as a key plot element and mutual character motivation.[12][13] As a result, a shipping or "ship" fandom developed in reaction to a supposed homoerotic subtext to Rogers' and Barnes' relationship, wherein individuals create fan works that depict the characters in a romantic or sexual relationship; Stucky is an example of slash, a genre of fan works featuring characters of the same sex.[14][15]

Across the Captain America trilogy of films, Gavia Baker-Whitelaw of The Daily Dot notes that Rogers continually "rebel[s] against authority for the sake of Bucky's wellbeing, escalating from disobeying orders in World War II, to becoming an international fugitive in Civil War."[12] The relationship serves as the driving plot to The Winter Soldier, where Barnes' memory of Rogers causes him to overcome his conditioning as a brainwashed assassin;[15] Barnes recalls his identity through Rogers' declaration of "I'm with you till the end of the line", a phrase repeated by Rogers and Barnes throughout the series as an expression of kinship.[16] Civil War again depicts their relationship as a central plot element, Rogers protecting Barnes after he is wrongly accused of committing a terrorist act, while also developing Sharon Carter as a love interest for Rogers.[17] While Carter has an established history as a canonical love interest for Rogers in the comics, Joanna Robinson wrote in Vanity Fair that the depiction of Carter was the "one flaw in the otherwise great" film, arguing that the film's kiss between Rogers and Carter exists primarily to "put the nail in the coffin of speculation" around a homoerotic interpretation of Rogers' and Barnes' relationship.[18] Rogers and Barnes appear in the next two films, Infinity War and Endgame, but less time is spent on their relationship.[19][20] Robinson and other critics hypothesized that their interactions were minimized to build popularity for Sam Wilson (Falcon) as he assumes the title of Captain America, and to emphasize the canonical love story between Rogers and Peggy Carter.[14][21][22]

Analysis and impact

Stucky as a phenomenon in fandom emerged from online communities that produce fan works. These online communities are typically mostly female, in contrast to the majority male mainstream comics fandom.[23] Fan works featuring Stucky, which have been created in a wide range of media, including fan art, fanfiction, and fan videos, typically give prominence to emotional imagery and romantic subject material, as opposed to the action- and conflict-centered narratives of Marvel's comic and film source material.[23][24] Stucky fan works thus "realize all the un-filmed narrative moments that fans want to see,"[25] with depictions of Rogers' and Barnes' domestic life in 1940s New York – largely unexplored in canonical source material – being a common trope in Stucky fan works.[26] These works are often faithful to the real-world history of pre-war gay culture in New York City; Gay New York, a sociological text by LGBT historian George Chauncey, has been used by some fan creators to accurately depict aspects of this history, including real-life period-specific gay bars that existed in Rogers' canonical Brooklyn neighborhood.[26][27]

Francesca Coppa argues that the Stucky fandom is the result of a "complex mix of objectification and identification with these characters," wherein the desire to see sexual or romantic scenarios involving Rogers and Barnes is based in part on sexual or romantic attraction to these characters that fans themselves possess.[28] Coppa goes on to argue that Stucky represents not merely the objectification of two physically attractive male characters, but also the subjectification of Steve Rogers as character, "with fans writing stories that flesh out his politics, his relationships past and present, his religion, and his sexuality."[29] In Captain America, Masculinity, and Violence: The Evolution of a National Icon, author J. Richard Stevens similarly argues that fans of Captain America use the character "to reconstruct and reconfigure cultural significance in their own lives,"[30] noting that "throughout the character's history, which contains messages from ultranationalist jingoism to a critique of the role of nationalism in the propagation of racism and terrorism, [Captain America's] narratives have provoked incredibly articulate responses."[31] In the specific case of Stucky, Coppa notes that the unlikelihood of Marvel acknowledging a queer reading of Rogers' and Barnes' relationship in canon "means that much fan energy is spent visualizing what a queer superhero relationship might look like."[25] In this regard, Stucky as a phenomenon in shipping is notable in that it devotes significant focus to the characters' imagined gay or bisexual sexual identity,[27] in contrast to slash fan works of the 1970s and 1980s that "distanc[ed] beloved characters from the stereotypes and even the identity of gayness," opting to instead depict the characters as "sharing a great, transcendent love that eliminated the boundaries of gender."[32]

The popularity of Stucky in fandom has been widely commented on by mainstream pop culture and entertainment sources.[16][26][33] In Tumblr's annual rankings of the most popular ships of the year (as measured by number of reblogs), Stucky placed 17th in 2014,[34] 9th in 2015,[35] 8th in 2016,[36] 10th in 2018,[37] and 16th in 2019.[38] As of April 2020, over 45,000 Stucky fan works have been published on Archive of Our Own.[39]

#GiveCaptainAmericaABoyfriend

In May 2016, Twitter user Jess Salerno tweeted "#givecaptainamericaaboyfriend" in response to a similar internet campaign around the hashtag #GiveElsaAGirlfriend, which focused on Elsa from the 2013 film Frozen.[40][41] The hashtag became a viral trending topic on Twitter,[42] and was widely covered by the mainstream press.[40][43][44][45][46] While the hashtag was ostensibly organized around fans who wished to see Stucky made canon, both it and #GiveElsaAGirlfriend were also broadly concerned with the lack of LGBT characters in media properties owned by Disney, of which Marvel is a subsidiary.[47][48] The LGBT rights organization GLAAD commented that the hashtag was "a sign that audiences are eager for significant LGBT characters in their superhero movies."[44]

The Hollywood Reporter cited #GiveCaptainAmericaABoyfriend as an example of how social media has altered the dynamic between creators and audiences, as the medium increases both the visibility of fan discussions and the willingness of creators to respond to these discussions.[49] The outlet further commented that #GiveCaptainAmericaABoyfriend "highlights demographic shifts that have yet to be reflected in the texts audiences are responding to," in reference to the popularity of Stucky relative to the lack of LGBT characters in superhero films.[49]

Response from Marvel

What’s fascinating about the Cap-Bucky story as well is it’s a love story. These are two guys who grew up together, and so they have that same emotional connection to each other as brothers would, and even more so because Bucky was all Steve had growing up.

— Joe Russo,
Marvel Cinematic Universe director[50]

Several individuals affiliated with Marvel have commented on Stucky, frequently in a context that affirms Rogers' and Barnes' canonical heterosexuality while offering support for the broader Stucky fandom.

Rogers' actor Chris Evans has commented positively on romantic interpretations on Rogers' relationship with Barnes, though he said that "it's just never been part of my approach to the character."[13][51] When asked about Stucky in a separate interview with GQ, Barnes' actor Sebastian Stan similarly responded that "I think it's great. Movies are for people to relate to in whatever way they want," adding that "I don't think of the character that way, though. But there's no right or wrong answer."[52] Evans has also remarked that Barnes is "one of the more precious relationships for Steve Rogers [...] it's one of the few relationships that he can identify as anything we would call home,"[53] which has been quoted by outlets in the context of their coverage of Stucky.[14][53][54] An image from a fan photo op of Evans and Stan at Wizard World Philadelphia posing with cosplayers kissing while dressed as Rogers and Barnes went viral in 2016.[48]

Joe Russo, who co-directed four of the five MCU films in which Rogers and Barnes jointly appear, has described their relationship as a love story,[50] later stating that "people have interpreted that relationship all kinds of ways, and it's great to see people argue about it, what that relationship means to them. We will never define it as filmmakers, explicitly, but however people want to interpret it, they can interpret it."[14][15] Screenwriters Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely, who jointly wrote the Captain America film trilogy, Infinity War, and Endgame, likened Rogers and Barnes' relationship to a love story and described the characters as soulmates in the foreword of the trade paperback edition of the comic book series Captain America: White.[55]

Other individuals who have remarked positively on Stucky include writers Ed Brubaker, who co-created the Winter Soldier with artist Steve Epting,[56] and Mark Waid, who remarked in an interview with Marvel regarding his 2016 run on the comic book series Black Widow that both Black Widow and Barnes "have had a crush" on Steve Rogers.[57] A scene in the 2019 comic book Gwenpool Strikes Back #3 in which Gwenpool (a character who is aware she is in a comic book) states that Rogers and Barnes "look good together" was interpreted by commentators as a humorous acknowledgement of the Stucky fandom by Marvel.[1]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The names Wintershield, Starbucks, and Barnes & Noble are also less commonly used.[2]
  2. ^ The suggestion that hero-and-sidekick relationships in comics have a homoerotic subtext was originally made by Frederick Wertham in his 1954 book Seduction of the Innocent, which asserted that Batman and Robin's relationship promotes homosexuality and pederasty. The book was part of his campaign against comics, which he believed caused juvenile delinquency; his research has since been discredited.[7][8][9]

References

  1. ^ a b Dyce, Andrew (10 October 2019). "Captain America/Bucky Fanfic Exists in Marvel's Universe, Too". Screen Rant. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  2. ^ Lachenal, Jessica (22 March 2016). "Joe Russo Calls Captain America: Civil War a "Love Story" Between Cap and Bucky". The Mary Sue. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  3. ^ Ríos, Alen; Rivera, Diego (December 2018). "Vulnerability and Trash: Divisions within the Stucky Fandom" (PDF). Otherness: Essays and Studies. 6 (1): 16. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  4. ^ Hall, Richard (2019). The American Superhero: Encyclopedia of Caped Crusaders in History. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 102. ISBN 978-1440861239.
  5. ^ a b c d Downey, Meg (25 April 2018). "Captain America is best when he's shipped". Polygon. Vox Media. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  6. ^ Coker 2013, 1.8.
  7. ^ Itzkoff, Dave (19 February 2013). "Scholar Finds Flaws in Work by Archenemy of Comics". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  8. ^ Tilley, Carol L. (2012). "Seducing the Innocent: Fredric Wertham and the Falsifications that Helped Condemn Comics". Information & Culture: A Journal of History. 47 (4): 383–413. doi:10.1353/lac.2012.0024. (subscription required)
  9. ^ Heer, Jeet (4 April 2008). "The Caped Crusader: Frederic Wertham and the Campaign Against Comic Books". Slate. Archived from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  10. ^ a b Gillen 2009, p. 109.
  11. ^ Coker 2013, 1.7.
  12. ^ a b Baker-Whitelaw, Gavia (10 May 2019). "How the straight agenda ruined 'Avengers: Endgame'". The Daily Dot. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  13. ^ a b Alexander, Julie (9 April 2018). "Stucky, Tumblr's favorite Avengers pairing, only grows stronger after latest tease". Polygon. Vox Media. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  14. ^ a b c d Robinson, Joanna (26 April 2019). "Avengers: Why Was This Crucial Friendship Sidelined in Endgame?". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  15. ^ a b c Bell, Crystal (28 December 2015). "'Captain America' Director Is Totally Down With Your Steve And Bucky Shipping". MTV. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  16. ^ a b Steele, Amanda (15 August 2019). "10 Times Stucky Was Canon". Screen Rant. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  17. ^ Yamato, Jen (9 May 2016). "'Captain America: Civil War' Star Sebastian Stan on Whether Bucky and Cap Are in Love". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  18. ^ Robinson, Joanna (9 May 2016). "Is This the One Flaw in the Otherwise Great Captain America: Civil War?". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  19. ^ Florio, Angelica (26 April 2019). "The Lack Of Stucky Moments In 'Endgame' Has Steve & Bucky Shippers In Their Feelings". Bustle. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  20. ^ Peters, Megan (11 June 2018). "The Internet Has Lots to Say About Bucky and Captain America's 'Infinity War' Reunion". ComicBook.com. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  21. ^ Burt, Kayti (31 July 2019). "Why Avengers: Endgame's Sidelining of the Steve & Bucky Relationship Matters". Den of Geek. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  22. ^ Steele, Amanda (30 May 2019). "Queer Coding Bucky Barnes: Why the MCU Should Put Up". Comics Beat. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  23. ^ a b Coker 2013, 1.1.
  24. ^ Coppa 2017, p. 220.
  25. ^ a b Coppa 2017, p. 226.
  26. ^ a b c Hale-Stern, Kaila (22 April 2019). "Steve Rogers/Bucky Barnes Is the Most Popular MCU Ship Ever". The Mary Sue. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  27. ^ a b Coppa 2017, p. 224.
  28. ^ Coppa 2017, p. 217.
  29. ^ Coppa 2017, p. 223.
  30. ^ Stevens 2015, p. 10.
  31. ^ Stevens 2015, p. 2.
  32. ^ Coker 2013, 1.9.
  33. ^ Coppa 2017, p. 225.
  34. ^ "Most Reblogged Ships". 2014 Tumblr Year in Review. Tumblr. 17 November 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  35. ^ "Most Reblogged Ships". Tumblr 2015 Year in Review. Tumblr. 7 December 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  36. ^ "2016's Top Ships". Fandom on Tumblr. Tumblr. 3 December 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  37. ^ "2018's Top Ships". Fandom on Tumblr. Tumblr. 28 November 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  38. ^ "2019's Top 100 Ships". Fandom on Tumblr. Tumblr. 2 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  39. ^ "James "Bucky" Barnes/Steve Rogers". Archive of Our Own. Archived from the original on 23 November 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  40. ^ a b Flint, Hannah (24 May 2016). "People are sharing why Marvel should #GiveCaptainAmericaABoyfriend". Metro UK. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2019. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 29 October 2019 suggested (help)
  41. ^ Jackson, Gita (23 August 2018). "Shipping, Explained". Kotaku. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  42. ^ Otterson, Joe (24 May 2016). "A Gay Captain America? Marvel Fans Debate Hashtag Demanding Boyfriend for First Avenger". TheWrap. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  43. ^ Nolfi, Joey (24 May 2016). "#GiveCaptainAmericaABoyfriend campaign goes viral on Twitter". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  44. ^ a b Bahr, Lindsey (25 May 2016). "GLAAD responds to #GiveCaptainAmericaABoyfriend". Associated Press. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  45. ^ Guarino, Ben (25 May 2016). "Some fans want Captain America to have a boyfriend, though it won't be easy to rethink this superhero". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  46. ^ Locker, Melissa (24 May 2016). "Twitter Really Wants Captain America and Bucky Barnes to Be a Couple". Time. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  47. ^ Hayes, Britt (9 April 2018). "New 'Infinity War' Spot Gives Stucky 'Shippers a New Hope". Screen Crush. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  48. ^ a b Whitbrook, James (8 June 2016). "Captain America and Winter Soldier Make Out as Chris Evans and Sebastian Stan Look on Approvingly". io9. G/O Media. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  49. ^ a b McMillan, Graeme (24 May 2016). "Making Sense of Captain America's Boyfriend, Jane Bond and Fans Online Demands". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  50. ^ a b De Semlyen, Phil (22 March 2016). "Captain America: Civil War is a love story, says Joe Russo". Empire. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  51. ^ Davis, Oli (1 May 2016). "Is Captain America in love with Bucky Barnes? Chris Evans talks about Steve Rogers' sexuality". Flickering Myth. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  52. ^ Berlinger, Max (16 May 2016). "Sebastian Stan on Social Media, Style, and Life After Captain America". GQ. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  53. ^ a b Carbone, Gina (15 October 2015). "Chris Evans Clarifies That 'Avengers 4' Tweet, Gives Big Bucky Tease". Moviefone. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  54. ^ Wieselman, Jarett (17 August 2015). "Chris Evans Has A Theory Why Fans Love His Relationship With Bucky So Much". Buzzfeed. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  55. ^ Markus, Christopher; McFeely, Stephen (2016). Introduction. Captain America: White. By Loeb, Jeph. Marvel Comics. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0785133766. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  56. ^ Johnson, Rich (27 May 2016). "Ed Brubaker Talks Captain America. Or Not". Bleeding Cool. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  57. ^ Cooke, Sarah (28 November 2016). "Black Widow: Star-Crossed". Marvel Comics. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
Bibliography

Further reading

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