List of municipalities in Connecticut
Towns of Connecticut | |
---|---|
![]() Towns (light grey) and cities (dark grey) of Connecticut | |
Location | State of Connecticut |
Number | 169 |
Populations | 854 (Union) – 144,229 (Bridgeport) |
Areas | 4.98 square miles (12.9 km2) (Derby) – 61.59 square miles (159.5 km2) (New Milford) |
Government |
The U.S. state of Connecticut is divided into 169 towns, which are grouped into eight counties.
Towns traditionally have a town meeting form of government; under the Home Rule Act, however, towns are free to choose their own government structure. Nineteen of the towns in Connecticut are consolidated city-towns, and one (Naugatuck) is a consolidated borough-town.
City incorporation requires a Special Act by the Connecticut General Assembly. All cities in Connecticut are dependent municipalities, meaning they are located within and subordinate to a town. However, except for one, all currently existing cities in Connecticut are consolidated with their parent town. Former cities are listed in a separate table below.
Towns in Connecticut are allowed to adopt a city form of government without the need to re-incorporate as a city. Connecticut state law also makes no distinction between a consolidated town/city and a regular town. Bolded city names indicate the state's largest cities, with the most populated being Bridgeport. Population is from the 2010 United States Census where available. Currently, Tolland County and Windham County are the only counties in Connecticut without a single city in them.
List of municipalities in Connecticut
Number | Town | Designation | Date established |
Land area (square miles) |
Population (in 2010) |
Form of government |
County | Council of Governments | Native American name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Andover | Town | 1848 | 15.46 | 3,303 | Town meeting | Tolland County | Capitol Region | |
2 | Ansonia | City | 1889 | 6.03 | 19,249 | Mayor-council | New Haven County | Naugatuck Valley | |
3 | Ashford | Town | 1714 | 38.79 | 4,100 | Town meeting | Windham County | Northeast CT | |
4 | Avon | Town | 1830 | 23.12 | 18,098 | Council-manager | Hartford County | Capitol Region | |
5 | Barkhamsted | Town | 1779 | 36.22 | 3,620 | Town meeting | Litchfield County | Northwest Hills | |
6 | Beacon Falls | Town | 1871 | 9.78 | 6,049 | Town meeting | New Haven County | Naugatuck Valley | |
7 | Berlin | Town | 1785 | 26.45 | 19,866 | Council-manager | Hartford County | Capitol Region | |
8 | Bethany | Town | 1832 | 20.97 | 5,563 | Town meeting | New Haven County | South Central | |
9 | Bethel | Town | 1855 | 16.79 | 18,584 | Town meeting | Fairfield County | Western CT | |
10 | Bethlehem | Town | 1787 | 19.36 | 3,607 | Town meeting | Litchfield County | Naugatuck Valley | |
11 | Bloomfield | Town | 1835 | 26.01 | 20,486 | Council-manager | Hartford County | Capitol Region | |
12 | Bolton | Town | 1720 | 14.41 | 4,980 | Town meeting | Tolland County | Capitol Region | |
13 | Bozrah | Town | 1786 | 19.97 | 2,627 | Town meeting | New London County | Southeastern CT | |
14 | Branford | Town | 1685 | 21.98 | 28,026 | Representative town meeting | New Haven County | South Central | Totoket |
15 | Bridgeport | City | 1821 | 16 | 144,229 | Mayor-council | Fairfield County | CT Metropolitan | Pequonock |
16 | Bridgewater | Town | 1856 | 16.23 | 1,727 | Town meeting | Litchfield County | Western CT | |
17 | Bristol | City | 1785 | 26.51 | 60,477 | Mayor-council | Hartford County | Naugatuck Valley | |
18 | Brookfield | Town | 1788 | 19.8 | 16,452 | Town meeting | Fairfield County | Western CT | |
19 | Brooklyn | Town | 1786 | 28.97 | 8,210 | Town meeting | Windham County | Northeast CT | |
20 | Burlington | Town | 1806 | 29.8 | 9,301 | Town meeting | Hartford County | Northwest Hills | |
21 | Canaan | Town | 1739 | 32.95 | 1,234 | Town meeting | Litchfield County | Northwest Hills | |
22 | Canterbury | Town | 1703 | 39.9 | 5,132 | Town meeting | Windham County | Northeast CT | Peagscomsueck |
23 | Canton | Town | 1806 | 24.57 | 10,292 | Town meeting | Hartford County | Capitol Region | |
24 | Chaplin | Town | 1822 | 19.43 | 2,305 | Town meeting | Windham County | Northeast CT | |
25 | Cheshire | Town | 1780 | 32.91 | 29,261 | Council-manager | New Haven County | Naugatuck Valley | |
26 | Chester | Town | 1836 | 16.03 | 3,994 | Town meeting | Middlesex County | Lower CT River | |
27 | Clinton | Town | 1838 | 16.28 | 13,260 | Town meeting | Middlesex County | Lower CT River | |
28 | Colchester | Town | 1698 | 49.06 | 16,068 | Town meeting | New London County | Southeastern CT | |
29 | Colebrook | Town | 1779 | 31.47 | 1,485 | Town meeting | Litchfield County | Northwest Hills | |
30 | Columbia | Town | 1804 | 21.36 | 5,485 | Town meeting | Tolland County | Capitol Region | |
31 | Cornwall | Town | 1740 | 46.01 | 1,420 | Town meeting | Litchfield County | Northwest Hills | |
32 | Coventry | Town | 1712 | 37.72 | 12,435 | Council-manager | Tolland County | Capitol Region | |
33 | Cromwell | Town | 1851 | 12.39 | 14,005 | Town meeting | Middlesex County | Lower CT River | |
34 | Danbury | City | 1687 | 42.11 | 80,893 | Mayor-council | Fairfield County | Western CT | Pahquioque |
35 | Darien | Town | 1820 | 12.86 | 20,732 | Representative town meeting | Fairfield County | Western CT | |
36 | Deep River | Town | 1635 | 13.55 | 4,629 | Town meeting | Middlesex County | Lower CT River | Pattaquasset |
37 | Derby | City | 1675 | 4.98 | 12,902 | Mayor-council | New Haven County | Naugatuck Valley | Paugasset |
38 | Durham | Town | 1708 | 23.6 | 7,388 | Town meeting | Middlesex County | Lower CT River | Coginchaug |
39 | East Granby | Town | 1858 | 17.48 | 5,148 | Town meeting | Hartford County | Capitol Region | |
40 | East Haddam | Town | 1734 | 54.33 | 9,126 | Town meeting | Middlesex County | Lower CT River | Macki-moodus |
41 | East Hampton | Town | 1767 | 35.59 | 12,959 | Council-manager | Middlesex County | Lower CT River | |
42 | East Hartford | Town | 1783 | 18.02 | 51,252 | Mayor-council | Hartford County | Capitol Region | Podunk[1] |
43 | East Haven | Town | 1785 | 12.26 | 29,257 | Mayor-council | New Haven County | South Central | |
44 | East Lyme | Town | 1839 | 34.03 | 19,159 | Town meeting | New London County | Southeastern CT | |
45 | East Windsor | Town | 1768 | 26.29 | 11,162 | Town meeting | Hartford County | Capitol Region | |
46 | Eastford | Town | 1847 | 28.89 | 1,749 | Town meeting | Windham County | Northeast CT | |
47 | Easton | Town | 1845 | 27.42 | 7,490 | Town meeting | Fairfield County | CT Metropolitan | |
48 | Ellington | Town | 1786 | 34.05 | 15,602 | Town meeting | Tolland County | Capitol Region | |
49 | Enfield | Town | 1683 | 33.38 | 44,654 | Council-manager | Hartford County | Capitol Region | |
50 | Essex | Town | 1852 | 10.36 | 6,683 | Town meeting | Middlesex County | Lower CT River | Patapoug |
51 | Fairfield | Town | 1666 | 30.03 | 59,404 | Representative town meeting | Fairfield County | CT Metropolitan | Uncoway |
52 | Farmington | Town | 1645 | 28.06 | 25,340 | Council-manager | Hartford County | Capitol Region | |
53 | Franklin | Town | 1786 | 19.51 | 1,922 | Town meeting | New London County | Southeastern CT | |
54 | Glastonbury | Town | 1690 | 51.37 | 34,427 | Council-manager | Hartford County | Capitol Region | |
55 | Goshen | Town | 1739 | 43.66 | 2,976 | Town meeting | Litchfield County | Northwest Hills | |
56 | Granby | Town | 1786 | 40.69 | 11,282 | Council-manager | Hartford County | Capitol Region | |
57 | Greenwich | Town | 1665 | 47.83 | 61,171 | Representative town meeting | Fairfield County | Western CT | Patuquapaen |
58 | Griswold | Town | 1815 | 34.95 | 11,951 | Town meeting | New London County | Southeastern CT | |
59 | Groton | Town | 1705 | 31.3 | 40,115 | Representative town meeting | New London County | Southeastern CT | |
60 | Guilford | Town | 1639 | 47.05 | 22,375 | Town meeting | New Haven County | South Central | Menunkatuck |
61 | Haddam | Town | 1662 | 44.03 | 8,346 | Town meeting | Middlesex County | Lower CT River | |
62 | Hamden | Town | 1786 | 32.78 | 60,960 | Mayor-council | New Haven County | South Central | |
63 | Hampton | Town | 1786 | 25 | 1,863 | Town meeting | Windham County | Northeast CT | |
64 | Hartford | City | 1635 | 17.31 | 124,775 | Mayor-council | Hartford County | Capitol Region | Suckiag |
65 | Hartland | Town | 1761 | 33.03 | 2,114 | Town meeting | Hartford County | Northwest Hills | |
66 | Harwinton | Town | 1737 | 30.75 | 5,642 | Town meeting | Litchfield County | Northwest Hills | |
67 | Hebron | Town | 1708 | 36.9 | 9,686 | Town meeting | Tolland County | Capitol Region | |
68 | Kent | Town | 1739 | 48.47 | 2,979 | Town meeting | Litchfield County | Northwest Hills | Scatacook |
69 | Killingly | Town | 1708 | 48.52 | 17,370 | Council-manager | Windham County | Northeast CT | Aspinock |
70 | Killingworth | Town | 1667 | 35.33 | 6,525 | Town meeting | Middlesex County | Lower CT River | Hammonasset |
71 | Lebanon | Town | 1700 | 54.11 | 7,308 | Town meeting | New London County | Southeastern CT | |
72 | Ledyard | Town | 1836 | 38.14 | 15,051 | Mayor-council | New London County | Southeastern CT | |
73 | Lisbon | Town | 1786 | 16.26 | 4,338 | Town meeting | New London County | Southeastern CT | |
74 | Litchfield | Town | 1719 | 56.06 | 8,466 | Town meeting | Litchfield County | Northwest Hills | Bantam |
75 | Lyme | Town | 1667 | 31.85 | 2,406 | Town meeting | New London County | Lower CT River | |
76 | Madison | Town | 1826 | 36.2 | 18,269 | Town meeting | New Haven County | South Central | |
77 | Manchester | Town | 1823 | 27.26 | 58,241 | Council-manager | Hartford County | Capitol Region | |
78 | Mansfield | Town | 1702 | 44.46 | 26,543 | Council-manager | Tolland County | Capitol Region | Noubesetuck |
79 | Marlborough | Town | 1803 | 23.28 | 6,404 | Town meeting | Hartford County | Capitol Region | |
80 | Meriden | City | 1806 | 23.75 | 60,868 | Council-manager | New Haven County | South Central | |
81 | Middlebury | Town | 1807 | 17.75 | 7,575 | Town meeting | New Haven County | Naugatuck Valley | |
82 | Middlefield | Town | 1866 | 12.7 | 4,425 | Town meeting | Middlesex County | Lower CT River | |
83 | Middletown | City | 1651 | 40.9 | 47,648 | Mayor-council | Middlesex County | Lower CT River | Mattabeset |
84 | Milford | City | 1639 | 22.56 | 52,759 | Mayor-council | New Haven County | South Central | Wepawaug |
85 | Monroe | Town | 1823 | 26.13 | 19,479 | Town meeting | Fairfield County | CT Metropolitan | |
86 | Montville | Town | 1786 | 42.02 | 19,571 | Mayor-council | New London County | Southeastern CT | |
87 | Morris | Town | 1859 | 17.19 | 2,388 | Town meeting | Litchfield County | Northwest Hills | |
88 | Naugatuck | Borough | 1844 | 16.39 | 31,862 | Mayor-council | New Haven County | Naugatuck Valley | |
89 | New Britain | City | 1850 | 13.34 | 73,206 | Mayor-council | Hartford County | Capitol Region | |
90 | New Canaan | Town | 1801 | 22.13 | 19,738 | Mayor-council | Fairfield County | Western CT | |
91 | New Fairfield | Town | 1740 | 20.46 | 13,881 | Town meeting | Fairfield County | Western CT | |
92 | New Hartford | Town | 1738 | 37.03 | 6,970 | Town meeting | Litchfield County | Northwest Hills | |
93 | New Haven | City | 1638 | 18.85 | 129,779 | Mayor-council | New Haven County | South Central | Quinnipiac |
94 | New London | City | 1646 | 5.54 | 27,620 | Mayor-council | New London County | Southeastern CT | Nameaug |
95 | New Milford | Town | 1712 | 61.59 | 28,142 | Mayor-council | Litchfield County | Western CT | Weantinogue |
96 | Newington | Town | 1871 | 13.18 | 30,562 | Council-manager | Hartford County | Capitol Region | |
97 | Newtown | Town | 1711 | 57.76 | 27,560 | Town meeting | Fairfield County | Western CT | Quonapague |
98 | Norfolk | Town | 1758 | 45.31 | 1,709 | Town meeting | Litchfield County | Northwest Hills | |
99 | North Branford | Town | 1831 | 24.92 | 14,407 | Council-manager | New Haven County | South Central | |
100 | North Canaan | Town | 1858 | 19.45 | 3,315 | Town meeting | Litchfield County | Northwest Hills | |
101 | North Haven | Town | 1786 | 20.77 | 24,093 | Town meeting | New Haven County | South Central | |
102 | North Stonington | Town | 1807 | 54.31 | 5,297 | Town meeting | New London County | Southeastern CT | |
103 | Norwalk | City | 1651 | 22.81 | 85,603 | Mayor-council | Fairfield County | Western CT | Naramauke |
104 | Norwich | City | 1662 | 28.33 | 40,493 | Council-manager | New London County | Southeastern CT | Mohegan |
105 | Old Lyme | Town | 1855 | 23.1 | 7,603 | Town meeting | New London County | Lower CT River | |
106 | Old Saybrook | Town | 1854 | 15.04 | 10,242 | Town meeting | Middlesex County | Lower CT River | |
107 | Orange | Town | 1822 | 17.19 | 13,956 | Town meeting | New Haven County | South Central | |
108 | Oxford | Town | 1798 | 32.89 | 12,683 | Town meeting | New Haven County | Naugatuck Valley | |
109 | Plainfield | Town | 1699 | 42.27 | 15,405 | Town meeting | Windham County | Northeast CT | |
110 | Plainville | Town | 1869 | 9.76 | 17,716 | Council-manager | Hartford County | Capitol Region | |
111 | Plymouth | Town | 1795 | 21.72 | 12,243 | Mayor-council | Litchfield County | Naugatuck Valley | |
112 | Pomfret | Town | 1713 | 40.3 | 4,247 | Town meeting | Windham County | Northeast CT | Mashamoquet |
113 | Portland | Town | 1841 | 23.4 | 9,508 | Town meeting | Middlesex County | Lower CT River | |
114 | Preston | Town | 1687 | 30.9 | 4,726 | Town meeting | New London County | Southeastern CT | |
115 | Prospect | Town | 1827 | 14.32 | 9,405 | Mayor-council | New Haven County | Naugatuck Valley | |
116 | Putnam | Town | 1855 | 20.29 | 9,584 | Town meeting | Windham County | Northeast CT | Quinebaug |
117 | Redding | Town | 1767 | 31.5 | 9,158 | Town meeting | Fairfield County | Western CT | |
118 | Ridgefield | Town | 1709 | 34.43 | 24,638 | Town meeting | Fairfield County | Western CT | Caudatowa |
119 | Rocky Hill | Town | 1843 | 13.45 | 19,709 | Representative town meeting | Hartford County | Capitol Region | |
120 | Roxbury | Town | 1796 | 26.23 | 2,262 | Town meeting | Litchfield County | Northwest Hills | Shepaug |
121 | Salem | Town | 1819 | 28.95 | 4,151 | Town meeting | New London County | Southeastern CT | |
122 | Salisbury | Town | 1741 | 57.32 | 3,741 | Town meeting | Litchfield County | Northwest Hills | Weatogue |
123 | Scotland | Town | 1857 | 18.61 | 1,726 | Town meeting | Windham County | Northeast CT | |
124 | Seymour | Town | 1850 | 14.57 | 16,540 | Town meeting | New Haven County | Naugatuck Valley | Naugatuck |
125 | Sharon | Town | 1739 | 58.7 | 2,782 | Town meeting | Litchfield County | Northwest Hills | |
126 | Shelton | City | 1789 | 30.57 | 39,559 | Mayor-council | Fairfield County | Naugatuck Valley | Quorum |
127 | Sherman | Town | 1802 | 21.8 | 3,581 | Town meeting | Fairfield County | Western CT | |
128 | Simsbury | Town | 1670 | 33.88 | 23,511 | Town meeting | Hartford County | Capitol Region | |
129 | Somers | Town | 1734 | 28.34 | 11,444 | Town meeting | Tolland County | Capitol Region | |
130 | South Windsor | Town | 1845 | 27.96 | 25,709 | Council-manager | Hartford County | Capitol Region | |
131 | Southbury | Town | 1787 | 39.06 | 19,904 | Town meeting | New Haven County | Naugatuck Valley | |
132 | Southington | Town | 1779 | 35.99 | 43,069 | Council-manager | Hartford County | Capitol Region | |
133 | Sprague | Town | 1861 | 13.21 | 2,984 | Town meeting | New London County | Southeastern CT | |
134 | Stafford | Town | 1719 | 57.96 | 12,087 | Town meeting | Tolland County | Capitol Region | |
135 | Stamford | City | 1641 | 37.75 | 122,643 | Mayor-council | Fairfield County | Western CT | Rippowam |
136 | Sterling | Town | 1794 | 27.23 | 3,830 | Town meeting | Windham County | Northeast CT | |
137 | Stonington | Town | 1662 | 38.69 | 18,545 | Town meeting | New London County | Southeastern CT | Pawcatuck, Mistack |
138 | Stratford | Town | 1639 | 17.59 | 51,384 | Mayor-council | Fairfield County | CT Metropolitan | Cupheag |
139 | Suffield | Town | 1674 | 42.21 | 15,735 | Town meeting | Hartford County | Capitol Region | |
140 | Thomaston | Town | 1875 | 12.01 | 7,887 | Town meeting | Litchfield County | Naugatuck Valley | |
141 | Thompson | Town | 1785 | 46.94 | 9,458 | Town meeting | Windham County | Northeast CT | |
142 | Tolland | Town | 1715 | 39.71 | 15,052 | Council-manager | Tolland County | Capitol Region | |
143 | Torrington | City | 1740 | 39.79 | 36,383 | Mayor-council | Litchfield County | Northwest Hills | |
144 | Trumbull | Town | 1797 | 23.29 | 36,018 | Mayor-council | Fairfield County | CT Metropolitan | |
145 | Union | Town | 1734 | 28.71 | 854 | Town meeting | Tolland County | Northeast CT | |
146 | Vernon | Town | 1808 | 17.73 | 29,179 | Mayor-council | Tolland County | Capitol Region | |
147 | Voluntown | Town | 1721 | 38.92 | 2,603 | Town meeting | New London County | Northeast CT | |
148 | Wallingford | Town | 1670 | 39.02 | 45,135 | Mayor-council | New Haven County | South Central | Quinnipiac |
149 | Warren | Town | 1786 | 26.31 | 1,461 | Town meeting | Litchfield County | Northwest Hills | |
150 | Washington | Town | 1779 | 38.19 | 3,578 | Town meeting | Litchfield County | Northwest Hills | |
151 | Waterbury | City | 1686 | 28.57 | 110,366 | Mayor-council | New Haven County | Naugatuck Valley | Mattatuck |
152 | Waterford | Town | 1801 | 32.75 | 19,517 | Representative town meeting | New London County | Southeastern CT | |
153 | Watertown | Town | 1780 | 29.15 | 22,514 | Council-manager | Litchfield County | Naugatuck Valley | |
154 | West Hartford | Town | 1854 | 21.98 | 63,268 | Council-manager | Hartford County | Capitol Region | |
155 | West Haven | City | 1921 | 10.84 | 55,564 | Mayor-council | New Haven County | South Central | |
156 | Westbrook | Town | 1840 | 15.72 | 6,938 | Town meeting | Middlesex County | Lower CT River | Pochaug |
157 | Weston | Town | 1787 | 19.8 | 10,179 | Town meeting | Fairfield County | Western CT | Aspetuck |
158 | Westport | Town | 1835 | 20.01 | 26,391 | Representative town meeting | Fairfield County | Western CT | Saugatuck |
159 | Wethersfield | Town | 1634 | 12.39 | 26,668 | Council-manager | Hartford County | Capitol Region | Pyquag |
160 | Willington | Town | 1727 | 33.27 | 6,041 | Town meeting | Tolland County | Capitol Region | |
161 | Wilton | Town | 1802 | 26.95 | 18,062 | Town meeting | Fairfield County | Western CT | |
162 | Winchester | Town | 1771 | 32.28 | 11,242 | Council-manager | Litchfield County | Northwest Hills | |
163 | Windham | Town | 1692 | 27.07 | 25,268 | Town meeting | Windham County | Southeastern CT | |
164 | Windsor | Town | 1633 | 29.63 | 29,044 | Council-manager | Hartford County | Capitol Region | |
165 | Windsor Locks | Town | 1854 | 9.03 | 12,498 | Town meeting | Hartford County | Capitol Region | |
166 | Wolcott | Town | 1796 | 20.43 | 16,680 | Mayor-council | New Haven County | Naugatuck Valley | |
167 | Woodbridge | Town | 1784 | 18.83 | 8,990 | Town meeting | New Haven County | South Central | |
168 | Woodbury | Town | 1673 | 36.47 | 9,975 | Town meeting | Litchfield County | Naugatuck Valley | Pomperaug |
169 | Woodstock | Town | 1686 | 60.54 | 7,964 | Town meeting | Windham County | Northeast CT | |
|
Total: | 4,844.80 | 3,573,701 | |
Cities
City | County | Population | Date chartered as city | Date consolidated with town |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ansonia | New Haven | 18,531 | 1893 | 1893 |
Bridgeport | Fairfield | 144,229 | 1836 | 1889 |
Bristol | Hartford | 61,353 | 1911 | 1911 |
Danbury | Fairfield | 80,893 | 1889 | 1965 |
Derby | New Haven | 12,903 | 1893 | 1893 |
Groton | New London | 10,010 | 1964 | Not consolidated |
Hartford | Hartford | 124,775 | 1784 | 1896 |
Meriden | New Haven | 59,653 | 1867 | 1922 |
Middletown | Middlesex | 47,481 | 1784 | 1924 |
Milford | New Haven | 52,759 | 1959 | 1959 |
New Britain | Hartford | 71,254 | 1870 | 1906 |
New Haven | New Haven | 129,779 | 1784 | 1897 |
New London | New London | 27,620 | 1784 | 1874 |
Norwalk | Fairfield | 85,603 | 1893 | 1913 |
Norwich | New London | 40,493 | 1784 | 1952 |
Shelton | Fairfield | 39,559 | 1915 | 1915 |
Stamford | Fairfield | 122,643 | 1893 | 1949 |
Torrington | Litchfield | 36,383 | 1923 | 1923 |
Waterbury | New Haven | 110,366 | 1853 | 1902 |
West Haven | New Haven | 52,721 | 1961 | 1961 |
WinstedAdministered by the town of Winchester | Litchfield | 7,321 | 1917 | 1915 |
Former cities
Former city | County | Date chartered as city | Date of disestablishment | Disposition |
---|---|---|---|---|
South Norwalk | Fairfield | 1871 | 1913 | Consolidated with Town and City of Norwalk in 1913.
Now a neighborhood and a taxing district |
Rockville | Tolland | 1889 | 1965 | Consolidated with the Town of Vernon. Now a CDP. |
Willimantic | Windham | 1893 | 1983 | Now a CDP in the town of Windham |
Putnam | Windham | 1895 | 1984 | Now a CDP in the town of Putnam |
Gallery
- Connecticut cities
See also
References
- ^ Nick Bacon. "Podunk After Pratt: Place and Placelessness in East Hartford, CT.” In Confronting Urban Legacy: Rediscovering Hartford and New England’s Forgotten Cities. Xiangming Chen and Nick Bacon (eds). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2013.
- Connecticut State Register and Manual, Sec. VII