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List of African dinosaurs

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This is a list of non-avian dinosaurs whose remains have been recovered in Africa. Africa has a rich fossil record. It is rich in Triassic and Early Jurassic dinosaurs. African dinosaurs from these time periods include Megapnosaurus, Dracovenator, Melanorosaurus, Massospondylus, Euskelosaurus, Heterodontosaurus, Abrictosaurus, and Lesothosaurus. In the Middle Jurassic, the sauropods Atlasaurus, Chebsaurus, Jobaria, and Spinophorosaurus, flourished, as well as the theropod Afrovenator. The Late Jurassic is well represented in Africa, mainly thanks to the spectacular Tendaguru Formation in Lindi Region of Tanzania. Veterupristisaurus, Ostafrikasaurus, Elaphrosaurus, Giraffatitan, Dicraeosaurus, Janenschia, Tornieria, Tendaguria, Kentrosaurus, and Dysalotosaurus are among the dinosaurs whose remains have been recovered from Tendaguru. This fauna seems to show strong similarities to that of the Morrison Formation in the United States and the Lourinha Formation in Portugal. For example, similar theropods, ornithopods and sauropods have been found in both the Tendaguru and the Morrison. This has important biogeographical implications.

The Early Cretaceous in Africa is known primarily from the northern part of the continent, particularly Niger. Suchomimus, Elrhazosaurus, Rebbachisaurus, Nigersaurus, Kryptops, Nqwebasaurus, and Paranthodon are some of the Early Cretaceous dinosaurs known from Africa. The Early Cretaceous was an important time for the dinosaurs of Africa because it was when Africa finally separated from South America, forming the South Atlantic Ocean. This was an important event because now the dinosaurs of Africa started developing endemism because of isolation. The Late Cretaceous of Africa is known mainly from North Africa. During the early part of the Late Cretaceous, North Africa was home to a rich dinosaur fauna. It includes Spinosaurus, Carcharodontosaurus, Rugops, Bahariasaurus, Deltadromeus, Paralititan, Aegyptosaurus, and Ouranosaurus.

Criteria for inclusion

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List of African dinosaurs

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Valid genera

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Name Year Formation Location Notes Images
Aardonyx 2010 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Sinemurian)  South Africa Primarily bipedal but also capable of quadrupedal locomotion
Abrictosaurus 1975 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Sinemurian)  Lesotho
 South Africa 		Known from two skulls, one of which possesses tusks, which may be an indication of sexual dimorphism[1]
Adratiklit 2019 El Mers Group (Middle Jurassic, Bathonian)  Morocco The oldest known stegosaur; related to Late Jurassic European forms despite its early age[2]
Aegyptosaurus 1932 Bahariya Formation, Continental intercalaire?, Farak Formation? (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian)  Egypt
 Niger? 		Its holotype specimen was destroyed in World War II
Afromimus 2017 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian)  Niger Originally described as an African ornithomimosaur,[3] but later redescribed as a possible noasaurid[4]
Afrovenator 1994 Tiourarén Formation (Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic, Bathonian to Oxfordian)  Niger Originally thought to hail from the Early Cretaceous
Ajnabia 2020 Ouled Abdoun Basin (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian)  Morocco The first hadrosaur known from Africa; closely related to European lambeosaurines[5]
Algoasaurus 1904 Kirkwood Formation (Early Cretaceous, Berriasian to Valanginian)  South Africa Today known from only a few bones; several more may have been made into bricks before they could be studied[6]
Angolatitan 2011 Itombe Formation (Late Cretaceous, Coniacian)  Angola The first non-avian dinosaur described from Angola
Antetonitrus 2003 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian)  South Africa Had weight-bearing adaptations in all its limbs, although its forelimbs retain adaptations for grasping
Arcusaurus 2011 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Pliensbachian)  South Africa Combines traits of basal and advanced sauropodomorphs
Atlasaurus 1999 Guettioua Formation (Middle Jurassic, Bathonian to Callovian)  Morocco Possessed relatively elongated legs for a sauropod
Australodocus 2007 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian to Tithonian)  Tanzania Potentially an early euhelopodid[7]
Bahariasaurus 1934 Bahariya Formation, Farak Formation? (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian to Turonian)  Egypt
 Niger? 		Large but known from very few remains
Berberosaurus 2007 Azilal Formation (Early Jurassic, Toarcian)  Morocco One of the oldest known ceratosaurs
Blikanasaurus 1985 Elliot Formation (Late Triassic, Norian)  South Africa A "hyper-robust" form that niche partitioned with other Late Triassic Elliot sauropodomorphs[8]
Carcharodontosaurus 1931 Bahariya Formation, Chenini Formation?, Continental intercalaire, Echkar Formation, Elrhaz Formation?, Kem Kem Group, Wadi Milk Formation? (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian)  Algeria
 Egypt
 Morocco
 Niger
 Sudan?
 Tunisia 		One of the longest carnivorous dinosaurs. Two species are known
Chebsaurus 2005 Aïssa Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian)  Algeria Known from two juvenile specimens
Chenanisaurus 2017 Ouled Abdoun Basin (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian)  Morocco Potentially represents a lineage of abelisaurids endemic to Africa
Cristatusaurus 1998 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian)  Niger Usually seen as a synonym of Suchomimus, although some studies consider it to be a valid genus[9]
Deltadromeus 1996 Kem Kem Group (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian)  Morocco Its precise phylogenetic position has been historically unstable, with multiple interpretations being suggested in the scientific literature[10][11][12][13]
Dicraeosaurus 1914 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian to Tithonian)  Tanzania A short-necked, low-browsing sauropod. Two species are known
Dracovenator 2005 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian)  South Africa Only known from fragments of a skull, but those are enough to tell that it was related to Dilophosaurus
Dysalotosaurus 1919 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian)  Tanzania Known from multiple remains that revealed much about its life history,[14] diet,[15] and even disease[16]
Elaphrosaurus 1920 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian)  Tanzania Possessed a relatively shallow chest for a theropod its size
Elrhazosaurus 2009 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian)  Niger Closely related to Valdosaurus
Eocarcharia 2008 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Albian)  Niger Its frontal bone was swollen into a thick band, which gave it a menacing glare
Eocursor 2007 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Pliensbachian)  South Africa One of the most completely-known early ornithischians
Eucnemesaurus 1920 Elliot Formation (Late Triassic, Carnian to Norian)  South Africa Some fossils assigned to this genus were originally interpreted as those of a giant herrerasaurid
Euskelosaurus 1866 Elliot Formation (Late Triassic, Norian to Rhaetian)  Lesotho
 South Africa
 Zimbabwe 		Originally thought to have been bow-legged
Geranosaurus 1911 Clarens Formation (Early Jurassic, Pliensbachian to Toarcian)  South Africa Poorly known but potentially a heterodontosaurid
Giraffatitan 1988 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian to Tithonian)  Tanzania Popularly associated with Brachiosaurus but several differences between the two have been noted[17]
Gryponyx 1911 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Sinemurian)  South Africa Although usually seen as a synonym of Massospondylus, at least one study has found it to be distantly related[18]
Heterodontosaurus 1962 Clarens Formation, Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Pliensbachian)  South Africa Possessed three types of teeth, including analogues of incisors and tusks, as well as a keratinous beak
Igai 2023 Quseir Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian to Maastrichtian)  Egypt More closely related to European titanosaurs than to southern African ones
Ignavusaurus 2010 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian)  Lesotho Only known from a single, mostly articulated juvenile skeleton with a badly crushed skull
Inosaurus 1960 Bahariya Formation?, Eckhar Formation?, Tegama Group? (Early Cretaceous, Albian)?  Niger Very poorly known
Iyuku 2022 Kirkwood Formation (Early Cretaceous, Valanginian)  South Africa Uniquely known from an assemblage of mostly hatchling and juvenile fossils
Janenschia 1991 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Oxfordian to Tithonian)  Tanzania Potentially a close relative of Bellusaurus, Haestasaurus, and Tehuelchesaurus, all of which may form a unique clade of eusauropods with possible turiasaur affinities[7][19][20]
Jobaria 1999 Tiourarén Formation (Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic, Bathonian to Oxfordian)  Niger Known from an almost complete skeleton
Kangnasaurus 1915 Kalahari Deposits Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian)  South Africa Comparisons have been made with dryosaurids[21] but at least two studies suggest a position within Elasmaria[22][23]
Karongasaurus 2005 Dinosaur Beds (Early Cretaceous, Aptian)  Malawi Described from only a mandible and isolated teeth
Kentrosaurus 1915 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian to Tithonian)  Tanzania Possessed two rows of plates that gradually transitioned into spikes towards the tail, as well as a long spike on each shoulder
Kholumolumo 2020 Elliot Formation (Late Triassic, Norian)  Lesotho Before its formal description, it had been informally referred to as "Kholumolumosaurus" and "Thotobolosaurus"; the latter name means "trash heap lizard" in Sesotho, referring to how the holotype was originally found close to a trash heap
Kryptops 2008 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian)  Niger Postcranial remains referred to this abelisaurid may have instead come from a carcharodontosaurid[24]
Ledumahadi 2018 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Sinemurian)  South Africa One of the largest Triassic dinosaurs, estimated as weighing 12 tonnes (26,000 lb) despite lacking columnar limbs like later sauropods[25]
Lesothosaurus 1978 Clarens Formation, Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Pliensbachian)  Lesotho
 South Africa 		Possibly an opportunist omnivore, feeding on meat during seasons when plants are not available[26]
Lurdusaurus 1999 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian)  Niger The proportions of its body and limbs suggest it may have been a semiaquatic herbivore similar to a hippopotamus[27]
Lycorhinus 1924 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Sinemurian)  South Africa Originally misidentified as a cynodont
Malawisaurus 1993 Dinosaur Beds (Early Cretaceous, Barremian to Aptian)  Malawi Known from abundant material, including from the skull and osteoderms, but they may not represent a single taxon[28]
Mansourasaurus 2018 Quseir Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian)  Egypt One of the few terrestrial vertebrates known from the Late Cretaceous of northern Africa[29]
Massospondylus 1854 Bushveld Sandstone, Clarens Formation, Elliot Formation, Forest Sandstone (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Pliensbachian)  Lesotho
 South Africa
 Zimbabwe 		Abundant remains have been discovered. Several specimens were once assigned to their own genera and species
Mbiresaurus 2022 Pebbly Arkose Formation (Late Triassic, Carnian)  Zimbabwe One of the oldest dinosaurs known from Africa; its discovery proves that the earliest dinosaurs were restricted to high latitudes[30]
Melanorosaurus 1924 Elliot Formation (Late Triassic, Norian)  South Africa A robust, quadrupedal herbivore. Some specimens assigned to this genus may not represent the same taxon[8]
Meroktenos 2016 Elliot Formation (Late Triassic, Norian to Rhaetian)  Lesotho Its femur was unusually robust for an animal of its size
Mnyamawamtuka 2019 Galula Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian to Maastrichtian)  Tanzania Its specific name moyowamkia is Kiswahili for "heart tail", which references the heart-shaped cross-section of its caudal vertebrae
Ngwevu 2019 Clarens Formation (Early Jurassic, Pliensbachian to Toarcian)  South Africa Known from a skull originally assigned to Massospondylus; it was assigned to its own genus based on its unique proportions
Nigersaurus 1999 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian)  Niger All of its teeth were at the front of its jaws, which were wider than the rest of its skull, an adaptation to low browsing
Nqwebasaurus 2000 Kirkwood Formation (Early Cretaceous, Berriasian)  South Africa The first non-avian coelurosaur named from mainland Africa
Orosaurus 1867 Elliot Formation? (Late Triassic to Early Jurassic, Norian to Hettangian)  South Africa Probably a synonym of Euskelosaurus
Ostafrikasaurus 2012 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Tithonian)  Tanzania Described from a single tooth as an early spinosaurid[31] but ceratosaurid affinities have also been proposed[32]
Ouranosaurus 1976 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian)  Niger Had long neural spines that projected from its vertebrae, which may have supported a sail or hump in life
Paralititan 2001 Bahariya Formation (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian to Turonian)  Egypt Would have lived in a tidal flat environment dominated by mangroves
Paranthodon 1929 Kirkwood Formation (Early Cretaceous, Berriasian to Valanginian)  South Africa Though only known from fragmentary specimens, they are enough to tell that it was a stegosaur
Pegomastax 2012 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Sinemurian)  South Africa The morphology of its jaws and beak suggests a diet of tough plants
Plateosauravus 1932 Elliot Formation (Late Triassic, Norian)  South Africa Known from multiple specimens, including those of juveniles
Pulanesaura 2015 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Sinemurian)  South Africa A low browser that lacked the extremely long neck of later sauropods
Rebbachisaurus 1954 Kem Kem Group (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian)  Morocco Carried a row of elongated neural spines, which would have supported a ridge or low sail on its back
Rugops 2004 Echkar Formation (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian)  Niger Preserves two rows of holes on the top of its skull, which may have anchored a display structure[33] or an armor-like dermis[34]
Rukwatitan 2014 Galula Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian to Maastrichtian)  Tanzania One of the few titanosaurs known from central Africa, filling in a gap in their evolutionary history
Sauroniops 2012 Kem Kem Group (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian)  Morocco Only known from a single, thickened frontal. Suggested to be a synonym of Carcharodontosaurus[13] but this has been refuted[35]
Sefapanosaurus 2015 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian)  South Africa Had a distinctive cross-shaped astragalus
Shingopana 2017 Galula Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian to Maastrichtian)  Tanzania Most closely related to South American titanosaurs
Spicomellus 2021 El Mers Group (Middle Jurassic, Bathonian to Callovian)  Morocco The oldest ankylosaur known and the first one from Africa. Uniquely, its osteoderms were fused directly to its ribs
Spinophorosaurus 2009 Irhazer Shale (Middle Jurassic, Bathonian)  Niger Originally described as possessing a "thagomizer" similar to those of stegosaurs;[36] these turned out to be misidentified clavicles.[37] A high browser with tall shoulders and an elevated neck[38]
Spinosaurus 1915 Bahariya Formation, Chenini Formation, Kem Kem Group (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian to Turonian)  Algeria
 Egypt
 Morocco
 Tunisia 		Possess a myriad of features that have been suggested to be evidence of a semiaquatic lifestyle, including webbed feet[39] and a paddle-like tail;[40] it is however debated if it was a marine piscivore[41] or a shoreline generalist[42]
Spinostropheus 2004 Tiourarén Formation (Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic, Bathonian to Oxfordian)  Niger Although often considered a close relative of Elaphrosaurus, these inferences are based on a specimen that cannot actually be referred to this genus[43]
Suchomimus 1998 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian to Albian)  Niger Similar to Baryonyx but with a low sail on its back
Tataouinea 2013 Aïn el Guettar Formation (Early Cretaceous, Albian)  Tunisia Its bones were extensively pneumatized, supporting the theory that sauropods had bird-like respiratory systems
Tazoudasaurus 2004 Azilal Formation (Early Jurassic, Toarcian)  Morocco One of the few Early Jurassic sauropods known from reasonably complete remains
Tendaguria 2000 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Tithonian)  Tanzania The first definitive turiasaur known from Africa[7]
Tornieria 1911 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian to Tithonian)  Tanzania Has been assigned to different genera throughout its history
Veterupristisaurus 2011 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian to Tithonian)  Tanzania Known from a few vertebrae somewhat similar to those of Acrocanthosaurus
Vulcanodon 1972 Forest Sandstone (Early Jurassic, Sinemurian to Toarcian)  Zimbabwe Theropod teeth were found associated with the holotype
Wamweracaudia 2019 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Tithonian)  Tanzania The first definitive mamenchisaurid known from outside Asia

Invalid and potentially valid genera

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Timeline

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This is a timeline of selected dinosaurs from the list above. Time is measured in mya along the x-axis.

MesozoicTriassicJurassicCretaceousRugopsChenanisaurusDeltadromeusBahariasaurusAegyptosaurusSigilmassasaurusParalititanCarcharodontosaurusRebbachisaurusSpinosaurusNigersaurusOuranosaurusEocarchariaKryptopsSuchomimusCristatusaurusLurdusaurusJobariaNqwebasaurusValdosaurusParanthodonTendaguriaMalawisaurusGiraffatitanElaphrosaurusTornieriaAustralodocusCeratosaurusKentrosaurusDysalotosaurusJanenschiaDicraeosaurusSpinostropheusAfrovenatorChebsaurusAtlasaurusSpicomellusAdratiklitBerberosaurusGyposaurusDracovenatorMegapnosaurusLesothosaurusLanasaurusLycorhinusHeterodontosaurusAbrictosaurusMassospondylusStormbergiaTazoudasaurusEocursorVulcanodonPlateosauravusMelanorosaurusEuskelosaurusEucnemesaurusBlikanasaurusAntetonitrusMesozoicTriassicJurassicCretaceous

See also

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References

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