Air France Flight 4590

Coordinates: 48°59′08″N 2°28′20″E / 48.98556°N 2.47222°E / 48.98556; 2.47222
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Air France Flight 4590
Flight 4590 during takeoff. Fuel from the ripped tanks is already burning.
Accident
Date25 July 2000 (2000-07-25)
SummaryForeign object damage caused by mechanical failure on DC-10
SiteGonesse, France
Total fatalities113
Total survivors0
First aircraft

Concorde F-BTSC – Charles de Gaulle (CDG Airport) – 5 July 1985
OperatorAir France
RegistrationF-BTSC
Flight originCharles de Gaulle Airport
DestinationJohn F. Kennedy International Airport
Passengers100
Crew9
Fatalities113 (all, including 4 on ground)
Survivors0
Second aircraft

The DC-10 involved, seen here operated by Eastern Airlines at London Gatwick Airport
TypeMcDonnell Douglas DC-10-30
OperatorContinental Airlines
RegistrationN13067
Flight originCharles de Gaulle Airport
DestinationNewark International Airport

Air France Flight 4590 was an Aérospatiale-BAC Concorde, registration F-BTSC, on a scheduled international flight from Paris, France, to New York City. On 25 July 2000, local time 16:43 CET, it picked up a titanium alloy strip on takeoff. All one hundred passengers and nine crew members aboard the Concorde died when it crashed into a hotel in nearby Gonesse, while on the ground, four people were killed and one was critically injured.

The flight was chartered by German company Peter Deilmann Cruises; the passengers were on their way to board the cruise ship MS Deutschland in New York City for a 16-day cruise to Manta, Ecuador.[1][2] This was the only fatal Concorde accident during its 27-year operational history.

Event summary

Post-accident investigation revealed that the aircraft was at or over the maximum takeoff weight for ambient temperature and other conditions, and 810 kilograms (1,790 lb)* over the maximum structural weight.[BEA 1][BEA 2][3][4] As it left the gate, it was loaded such that the centre of gravity was aft of the take-off limit.[BEA 3] Fuel transfer during taxiing left the number five wing tank 94% full.[BEA 4] A twelve-inch spacer that normally keeps the left main landing gear in alignment had not been replaced after recent maintenance; however, the French Bureau for Accident Investigation concluded that this did not contribute to the accident.[5][BEA 5] The wind at the airport was light and variable that day, and was reported to the cockpit crew as an eight knot tailwind as they lined up on runway 26R.[BEA 6]

Five minutes before the Concorde, a Continental Airlines DC-10 departing for Newark, New Jersey, had lost a titanium alloy strip (part of the engine cowl, identified as a wear strip), 435 millimetres (17.1 in) long, 29 to 34 millimetres (1.1 to 1.3 in) wide and about 1.4 millimetres (0.055 in) thick,[BEA 7] during takeoff from the same runway. A runway inspection, scheduled for an hour and a half before the Continental airplane took off, had not been carried out.[BEA 8][6]

During the Concorde's takeoff run, this piece of debris still lying on the runway, was run over, cutting a tyre and rupturing it. A large chunk of tyre debris (4.5 kilograms or 9.9 pounds) struck the underside of the aircraft's wing at an estimated speed of 140 metres per second (310 mph).[BEA 9] Although it did not directly puncture any of the fuel tanks, it sent out a pressure shockwave that ruptured the number five fuel tank at the weakest point, just above the undercarriage. Leaking fuel gushing out from the bottom of the wing was most likely ignited by an electric arc in the landing gear bay or through contact with hot parts of the engine.[BEA 10] At the point of ignition, engines one and two both surged and lost all power, but engine one slowly recovered over the next few seconds.[BEA 11] A large plume of flame developed; the Flight Engineer then shut down engine two, in response to a fire warning and the Captain's command.[BEA 12] Air traffic controller Gilles Logelin noticed the flames before the Concorde was airborne, however with only 2 km (1.2 mi) of runway remaining and travelling at a speed of 328 km/h (204 mph), its only option was to take off. The Concorde would have needed at least 3 km (1.9 mi) of runway to abort safely.[citation needed]

Having passed V1 speed, the crew continued the takeoff, but the plane did not gain enough airspeed with the three remaining engines,[citation needed] because damage to the landing gear bay door prevented the retraction of the undercarriage.[BEA 13] The aircraft was unable to climb or accelerate, maintaining a speed of 200 knots (370 km/h; 230 mph) at an altitude of 60 metres (200 ft). The fire caused damage to the port wing, which began to disintegrate—melted by the extremely high temperatures. Engine number one surged again, but this time failed to recover. Due to the asymmetric thrust, the starboard wing lifted, banking the aircraft to over 100 degrees. The crew reduced the power on engines three and four in an attempt to level the aircraft, but with falling airspeed they lost control and the aircraft stalled, crashing into the Hôtelissimo Les Relais Bleus Hotel near the airport.[1][7][8][9]

The crew was trying to divert to nearby Le Bourget Airport, but accident investigators stated that a safe landing, given the aircraft's flight path, would have been highly unlikely.

As the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) transcript recorded it,[10] the last intelligible words in the cockpit (translated into English) were:

Co-pilot: "Le Bourget, Le Bourget, Le Bourget."
Pilot: "Too late (unclear)."
Control tower: "Fire service leader, correction, the Concorde is returning to runway zero nine in the opposite direction."
Pilot: "No time, no (unclear)."
Co-pilot: "Negative, we're trying Le Bourget" (four switching sounds).
Co-pilot: "No (unclear)."

Fatalities

Passenger and crew

All the passengers and crew were killed in the incident. Most of the passengers were German tourists en route to New York for a cruise.[11][12][13]

The cockpit crew consisted of pilot Captain Christian Marty, 54, First Officer Jean Marcot, 50, and Flight Engineer Gilles Jardinaud, 58.
Nationality Passengers Crew Total
 Germany 96 1 97
 France 0 8 8
 Denmark 2 0 2
 Austria 1 0 1
 United States 1 0 1
Total 100 9 109

On ground

Four employees of the Hotelissimo hotel were killed in the incident.[11][12]

Nationality Total
 Poland 2
Mauritius 1
 Algeria 1
Total 4

Concorde grounded

Up until the crash of Air France Flight 4590 in 2000, the Concorde SST had been considered among the world's safest planes.[14] The crash of a Concorde contributed to the end of the aircraft's career.[15]

A few days after the crash, all Concordes were grounded, pending an investigation into the cause of the crash and possible remedies.[16]

Air France's Concorde operation had been a money-losing venture, but it is claimed that the airplane had been kept in service as a matter of national pride;[17] British Airways, however, claimed to make a profit on its Concorde operations.[18][19] According to Jack Lowe, a Concorde pilot, up until the crash of Air France Flight 4590 at Paris, the British Airways Concorde operation made a net average profit of about £30m a year.[20] Commercial service was resumed in November 2001 after a £17m safety improvement service, until the remaining aircraft were retired in 2003.[20][21]

Accident investigation

A DC-10 similar to the one that dropped the metal piece

The official investigation was conducted by France's accident investigation bureau, the BEA, and it was published on 16 January 2002.[BEA 14][22]

Conclusions

The investigators concluded that:

  • The aircraft was overloaded by 810 kilograms (1,790 lb)* above the maximum safe takeoff weight. Any effect on takeoff performance from this excess weight was negligible.[BEA 15]
  • After reaching takeoff speed, the tyre of the number 2 wheel was cut by a metal strip (a wear strip) lying on the runway, which had fallen from the thrust reverser cowl door of the number 3 engine of a Continental Airlines DC-10 which had taken off from the same runway five minutes previously.[BEA 16][23] This wear strip had been replaced at Tel Aviv, Israel, during a C check on 11 June 2000. Further maintenance work had been performed at Houston, Texas, but the strip had been neither manufactured nor installed in accordance with the procedures as defined by the manufacturer.[BEA 17]
  • The aircraft was airworthy and the crew were qualified. The landing gear that later failed to retract had not shown serious problems in the past. Despite the crew being trained and certified, no plan existed for the simultaneous failure of two engines on the runway, as it was considered highly unlikely.
  • Aborting the takeoff would have led to a high-speed runway excursion and collapse of the landing gear, which also would have caused the aircraft to crash.
  • While two of the engines had problems and one of them was shut down, the damage to the plane's structure was so severe that the crash would have been inevitable, even with the engines operating normally.

Previous tyre incidents

The DC-10 involved, N13067,[24] was scrapped at Mojave, California in 2002


In November 1981, the American National Transportation Safety Board sent a letter of concern to the French BEA that included safety recommendations for Concorde. This communiqué was the result of the NTSB's investigations of four Air France Concorde incidents during a 20-month period from July 1979 through to February 1981. The NTSB described those incidents as "potentially catastrophic," because they were caused by blown tyres during takeoff. The NTSB also expressed concern about the lack of adequate remedies on the part of the French, as well as improper crew responses to those incidents.[failed verification] During its 27 years in service, Concorde had about 70 tyre- or wheel-related incidents, 7 of which caused serious damage to the aircraft or were potentially catastrophic.[25]

  • 13 June 1979: The number 5 and 6 tyres blew out during a takeoff from Washington Dulles International Airport. Fragments thrown from the tyres and rims damaged number 2 engine, punctured three fuel tanks, severed several hydraulic lines and electrical wires, and tore a large hole on the top of the wing over the wheel well area
  • 21 July 1979: Another blown tyre incident during takeoff from Dulles Airport. After that second incident the "French director general of civil aviation issued an air worthiness directive and Air France issued a Technical Information Update, each calling for revised procedures. These included required inspection of each wheel and tyre for condition, pressure and temperature prior to each takeoff. In addition, crews were advised that landing gear should not be raised when a wheel/tyre problem is suspected."
  • October 1979: Tyres number 7 and 8 failed during a takeoff from New York's JFK Airport. In spite of the well-publicized danger from the previous incidents, the crew ignored the new safety recommendations and raised the landing gear and continued to Paris. There was no subsequent investigation by the French BEA or the NTSB of that incident.[failed verification]
  • February 1981: While en route from Mexico City to Paris, Air France (F-BTSD) blew more tyres during another takeoff at Dulles Airport. Once again, the crew disregarded the new procedures by raising the landing gear. The blown tyre caused engine damage that forced the flight to land at New York JFK Airport. The NTSB's investigation found that there had been no preparation of the passengers for a possible emergency landing and evacuation. The CVR was also found to have been inoperative for several flights, including one which followed a layover in Paris.[26][27]
  • August 1981: British Airways (BA) plane taking off from New York suffered a blow-out, damaging landing gear door, engine and fuel tank.[25]
  • November 1985: Tyre burst on a BA plane leaving Heathrow, causing damage to the landing gear door and fuel tank. Two engines were damaged as a result of the accident.[25]
  • January 1988: BA plane leaving Heathrow lost 10 bolts from its landing gear wheel. A fuel tank was punctured.[25]
  • July 1993: Tyre burst on a BA plane during takeoff at Heathrow, damaging the landing gear, wing, fuselage and wiring.[25]
  • October 1993: Tyre burst on a BA plane during takeoff at Heathrow, puncturing wing, damaging fuel tanks and causing a major fuel leak.[28]

To save on weight, Concorde was designed to take off without the assistance of flaps or slats. That required a significantly higher air and tyre speed during the takeoff roll. That higher speed increased the risk of tyre explosion during takeoff. When the tyres did explode, much greater kinetic energy was carried by the resulting fragments, increasing the risk of serious damage to the aircraft. A thicker skin on the bottom side of the wings could have prevented serious damage from an exploding tyre, but that would have added too much weight, cancelling out most of the advantage of not having flaps or slats.[citation needed]

Modifications and revival

The accident led to modifications being made to Concorde, including more secure electrical controls, Kevlar lining to the fuel tanks, and specially developed, burst-resistant tyres.[citation needed] The new-style tyres would be another contribution to future aircraft development.[citation needed]

The crash of the Air France Concorde nonetheless proved to be the beginning of the end for the type.[29] Just before service resumed, the 11 September attacks took place, resulting in a marked drop in passenger numbers, and contributing to the eventual end of Concorde flights.[30] Air France stopped flights in May 2003, while British Airways ended its Concorde flights in October 2003.[citation needed]

In June 2010, two groups attempted, unsuccessfully, to revive Concorde for "Heritage" flights in time for the 2012 Olympics. The British Save Concorde Group, SCG, and French group Olympus 593 were attempting to get four Rolls-Royce Olympus engines at Le Bourget Air and Space Museum in France.[31]

Criminal investigation

French authorities began a criminal investigation of Continental Airlines, whose plane dropped the debris on the runway, in March 2005,[32] and in September of that year, Henri Perrier, the former chief engineer of the Concorde division at Aérospatiale at the time of the first test flight in 1969 and the programme director in the 1980s and early 90s, was placed under formal investigation.[33]

In March 2008, Bernard Farret, a deputy prosecutor in Pontoise, outside Paris, asked judges to bring manslaughter charges against Continental Airlines and two of its employees - John Taylor, the mechanic who replaced the wear strip on the DC-10, and his manager Stanley Ford - alleging negligence in the way the repair was carried out.[34] Continental denied the charges,[35] and claimed in court that the aircraft was already on fire when it passed over the titanium strip.[36]

At the same time charges were laid against Henri Perrier, head of the Concorde program at Aérospatiale, Jacques Hérubel, Concorde's chief engineer, and Claude Frantzen, head of DGAC, the French airline regulator.[34][37][38] It was alleged that Perrier, Hérubel and Frantzen knew that the plane's fuel tanks could be susceptible to damage from foreign objects, but nonetheless allowed it to fly.[39]

The trial ran from February to December 2010. Continental Airlines was found criminally responsible for the disaster by a Parisian court and was fined €200,000 ($271,628) and ordered to pay Air France €1 million. Taylor was given a 15-month suspended sentence, while Ford, Perrier, Hérubel and Frantzen were cleared of all charges. The court ruled that the crash resulted from a piece of metal from a Continental jet that was left on the runway; the object punctured a tyre on the Concorde and then ruptured a fuel tank.[40][41][42] The convictions were overturned by a French appeals court in November 2012, thereby clearing Continental and Taylor of criminal responsibility.[41]

The Parisian court also ruled that Continental would have to pay 70% of any compensation claims. As Air France has paid out €100 million to the families of the victims, Continental could be made to pay its share of that compensation payout. The French appeals court, while overturning the criminal rulings by the Parisian court, affirmed the civil ruling and left Continental liable for the compensation claims.[41]

Legacy

Gonesse memorial

One monument in honour of the crash victims was established at Gonesse. The Gonesse monument consists of a piece of transparent glass with a piece of an aircraft wing jutting through.[43] Another monument, a 6,000-square-metre (65,000 sq ft) memorial topiary in the shape of a Concorde, was established in 2006 at Mitry-Mory.[44][45]

In media

References

  1. ^ a b "Concorde Crash", The Canadian Encyclopedia. Template:Wayback
  2. ^ "'Black boxes' recovered at Concorde crash site." CNN. 25 July 2000. Retrieved on 3 June 2009.
  3. ^ "Concorde: For the Want of a Spacer". Iasa.com.au. 24 June 2001. Archived from the original on 7 February 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Brookes, Andrew, Destination Disaster, page 22, Ian Allan, ISBN 0-7110-2862-1
  5. ^ Brookes, Andrew, Destination Disaster, page 19, Ian Allan, ISBN 0-7110-2862-1
  6. ^ "Metal Part Maybe Came From Continental Jet". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  7. ^ "Concorde crash kills 113". BBC News. 25 July 2000.
  8. ^ The damaged hotel and the scorched field show the impact of the crash, CBS News
  9. ^ French police and rescue service workers inspect the debris of the hotel and the crashed jet., CBS News
  10. ^ "ANNEXE 2 Transcription de l'enregistreur phonique". BEA. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
  11. ^ a b "2000: Concorde crash kills 113". BBC. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  12. ^ a b "What Went Wrong". Newsweek. 13 March 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  13. ^ "Mori to send messages to Chirac, Schroeder over Concorde." Japan Policy & Politics. 31 July 2000. Retrieved on 3 June 2009.[dead link]
  14. ^ Ruppe, David. "Concorde's Stellar Safety Record". abcnews.go.com. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  15. ^ "Caption to image #16 of set."
  16. ^ Lichfield, John (18 October 2010). "Air France grounds Concorde until cause of crash is known". The Independent. London. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  17. ^ Suzanne Scotchmer, Innovation and Incentives, MIT Press, 2004, p. 55.
  18. ^ "The Concorde belies those who foresaw its extinction". Philadelphia Inquirer. 26 January 1986.
  19. ^ Arnold, James (10 October 2003). "Why economists don't fly Concorde". BBC News.
  20. ^ a b Westcott, Richard. "Could Concorde ever fly again? No, says British Airways". bbc.com. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  21. ^ "Concorde grounded for good". BBC News. 10 April 2003.
  22. ^ "Press release, 16 January 2002 Issue of the final report into the Concorde accident on 25 July 2000" (English edition). BEA. 16 January 2012.
  23. ^ "'Poor repair' to DC-10 was cause of Concorde crash". Flight Global. 24 October 2000. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  24. ^ "N13067 Continental Air Lines McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 - cn 47866 / 149". Planespotters.net. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  25. ^ a b c d e Jon Henley (17 August 2000). "Concorde crash 'a disaster waiting to happen'". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  26. ^ Safety Recommendation(s) (PDF), Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board, 9 November 1981, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2009 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ "Concorde Incidents & Fatal Accident". Airguideonline.com. Archived from the original on 19 November 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ Air Accidents Investigation Branch (1994). "AAIB Bulletin No: 3/94" (PDF). Cabinet Office. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  29. ^ "Perception of Risk in the Wake of the Concorde Accident", Issue 14, Airsafe Journal, Revised 6 January 2001.
  30. ^ "LATEST NEWS Archive". ConcordeSST.com. Archived from the original on 6 February 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "Iconic Concorde Could Return for 2012 Olympics"
  32. ^ "Judge places Continental under investigation in Concorde crash". USA Today. 10 March 2005. Retrieved 2 March 2010. A French magistrate on Thursday opened a formal investigation of Continental Airlines for manslaughter for the suspected role played by one of its jets in the July 2000 crash of the supersonic Concorde that killed 113 people. Investigating judge Christophe Regnard placed Continental under investigation — a step short of being formally charged — for manslaughter and involuntary injury, judicial officials said.
  33. ^ "Ex-Concorde head quizzed on crash". BBC News. 27 September 2005. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
  34. ^ a b "Prosecutor seeks Concorde charges". BBC News. 12 March 2008. Archived from the original on 6 February 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ "Continental denies responsibility for crash as Concorde trial begins". Deutsche Welle. 2 March 2010. Archived from the original on 5 February 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ "Concorde crash manslaughter trial begins in France". BBC News. 2 February 2010. Archived from the original on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ Bremner, Charles (12 March 2008). "Continental Airlines faces manslaughter charges over Paris Concorde crash". The Times. London.
  38. ^ "Five to face Concorde crash trial". BBC News. 3 July 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2010. The five accused are: John Taylor, the Continental mechanic who allegedly fitted the metal strip to the DC-10, and Stanley Ford, a maintenance official from the airline; Henri Perrier, a former head of the Concorde division at Aerospatiale, now part of the aerospace company EADS, and Concorde's former chief engineer Jacques Herubel; Claude Frantzen, a former member of France's civil aviation watchdog
  39. ^ Clark, Nicola (1 February 2010). "Trial to Open in Concorde Disaster". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  40. ^ Fraser, Christian (6 December 2010). "Continental responsible for Concorde crash in 2000". BBC. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 6 December 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ a b c "Concorde crash: Continental Airlines cleared by France court". BBC News. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
  42. ^ "Paris Court Finds Continental Responsible for Concorde Crash". Voice of America. 6 December 2010. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
  43. ^ Families mark 10 years since Concorde crash. Associated Press at the USA Today. 25 July 2010. Retrieved on 27 September 2013.
  44. ^ Un mémorial pour les victimes du crash du Concorde La zone commerciale s'agrandit Participez au concours Pep's Star La mairie propose de parler de tout Débattez du logement avec Marie-Noëlle Lienemann. Le Parisien. 25 April 2006. Retrieved on 27 September 2013.
  45. ^ Mémorial AF4590 à Roissy CDG
  46. ^ "The Concorde SST Web Site: History of the aircraft that would become Air France Flight 4590". Concordesst.com. Retrieved 2 October 2011.

BEA

Accident on 25 July 2000 at La Patte d'Oie in Gonesse (95) to the Concorde registered F-BTSC operated by Air France (PDF), BEA

  1. ^ Page 32: "The maximum structural weight on takeoff being 185,070 kg, it appears that the aircraft was slightly overloaded on takeoff".
  2. ^ Page 159 "14h40m01s [...] it can be deduced that, for the crew, the aircraft weight at which the takeoff was commenced was 185,880 kg, for a MTOW of 185,070 kg".
  3. ^ Page 159.
  4. ^ Section 1.16.7.3 "The Fuel in Tank 5" (page 118): "Taking into account these calculations, we may consider that the quantity of fuel in tank 5 was practically that which was loaded on the apron, which represents around 94% of the total volume of the tank".
  5. ^ Page 155: "In conclusion, nothing in the research undertaken indicates that the absence of the spacer contributed in any way to the accident on 25 July 2000"
  6. ^ Pages 17 and 170.
  7. ^ Section 1.16.6.4 "Examination of the Wear Strip" (page 107).
  8. ^ Section 1.10.2.2 "The inspections on 25 July 2000" (page 41): "Between 14 h 35 and 15 h 10, an exercise with several fire brigade vehicles took place on runways 26 right and 26 left. Taking into account this exercise, the runway inspection planned for 15 h 00 was put back. It had not been carried out at the time the Concorde took off (16 h 42 min 30s)".
  9. ^ Section 1.16.7.2.1.4 "Possible Energy Sources " (page 115).
  10. ^ Section 1.16.8.3 "Ignition and Propagation of the Flame" (pages 120-123).
  11. ^ Section 1.1 "History of the Flight" (page 17).
  12. ^ Section 2.2 "Crew Actions" (page 166): "The exceptional environment described above quite naturally led the FE to ask to shut down the engine. This was immediately confirmed by the Captain's calling for the engine fire procedure".
  13. ^ Section 1.16.10 "Origin of the Non-retraction of the Landing Gear" (pages 134-135).
  14. ^ Page 14.
  15. ^ Page 159 (14h40m01s): "(...) the aircraft weight at which the takeoff was commenced was 185,880 kg, for a MTOW of 185,070 kg. The investigation confirmed these figures and showed that this excess weight had no significant effect on the takeoff and acceleration distances".
  16. ^ Section 1.16.6 "Metallic Strip found on the Runway" (page 102).
  17. ^ Sections 1.16.6.2 "Manufacturer’s Documentation" and 1.16.6.3 "Maintenance on N 13067" (pages 105-107), and section 2.6 "Maintenance at Continental Airlines" (page 171).

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Air France Flight 4590.

48°59′08″N 2°28′20″E / 48.98556°N 2.47222°E / 48.98556; 2.47222

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