Almería

"Almeria" redirects here. For other uses, see Almeria (disambiguation).

Almeria Almería
Flag Seal
Motto(s):  «Muy noble, muy leal y decidida por la libertad: ciudad de Almería» (Very noble, very loyal and determined towards freedom, city of Almeria)
Country	Spain
Region	Andalusia
Province	Almería
Comarca	Comarca Metropolitana de Almería
Founded	955
Founded by	Abd-ar-Rahman III
Government
• Body	Ayuntamiento de Almería
• Mayor	Ramón Fernández-Pacheco (PP)
Area
• Total	296.21 km2 (114.37 sq mi)
Elevation	27 m (8,858 ft)
Population  (2016)
• Total	194,203
Demonym(s)	almerienses, urcitanos
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	04001-04090
Area code	(+34) 950
Vehicle registration	AL
Website	http://www.aytoalmeria.es Template:Es icon

Almería (/ˌælməˈriːə/; Spanish: [almeˈɾi.a], locally [aɾmeˈɾi.a, al-]) is a city in Andalusia, Spain, situated in the southeast of Spain on the Mediterranean Sea. It is the capital of the province of the same name.

Toponym

Almería was founded due to the need for a better defense system for the regional Arab towns. It was Abd-al-Rahman III who founded the Alcazaba (the Citadel), which gave this city its name: Al-Mari'yah (المريّة, the Watchtower).

History

See also: Timeline of Almería

In the first century, Christian documents report that there was a town named Urci, possibly near the current site of Almería, in the Hispania of the Roman Empire. However, this is disputed, as there are several possible sites of the town. However, one Saint Indaletius, a missionary is said to have evangelized Urci and become its first bishop, is officially the patron saint of Almería.

Later, the city was refounded by Calipha Abd-ar-Rahman III of Córdoba in 955 AD. It was to be a principal harbour in his extensive domain to strengthen his Mediterranean defences.

Alcazaba of Almería

Its Moorish castle, the Alcazaba of Almería, is the second largest among the Muslim fortresses of Andalusia, after the Alhambra.

The ancient walls of Jayrán

In this period, the port city of Almería reached its historical peak. After the fragmentation of the Caliphate of Córdoba in 1031, Almería continued to be ruled by powerful local Muslim Taifa emirs like Jairan, the first independent Emir of Almería and Cartagena, and Almotacin, the poet emir. Both Jairan and Almotacin were fearless warriors, but also sophisticated patrons of the arts. A silk industry, based upon plantings of mulberry trees in the hot, dry landscape of the province, supported Almería in the 11th century and made its strategic harbour an even more valuable asset.

The statue of San Cristóbal

Contested by the emirs of Granada and Valencia, Almería experienced many sieges, including one especially fierce siege when Christians, called to the Second Crusade by Pope Eugene III, were also encouraged to attack the Muslim 'infidels' on a more familiar coast. On that occasion Alfonso VII, starting on 11 July 1147, at the head of mixed forces of Catalans, Genoese, Pisans and Franks, led a crusade against the rich city, and Almería was occupied on 17 October 1147.

Within a decade, however, Almería had passed to the control of the puritanical Muslim Almoravid emirs, and not until the late 15th century did it fall permanently into Christian hands. The city surrendered to the Catholic Monarchs, Fernando and Isabel, on December 26, 1489.

The former train station

The 16th century was for Almería a century of natural and human catastrophes; for there were at least four earthquakes, of which the one in 1522 was especially violent, devastating the city. The people who had remained Muslim were expelled from Almería after the War of Las Alpujarras in 1568 and scattered across Spain. Landings and attacks by Berber pirates were also frequent in the 16th century, and continued until the early 18th century. At that time, huge iron mines were discovered and French and British companies set up business in the area, bringing renewed prosperity and returning Almería to a position of relative importance within Spain.

During the Spanish Civil War the city was shelled by the German Navy, with news reaching the London and Parisian press about the "criminal bombardment of Almería by German planes". Almería surrendered in 1939, being the last Andalusian capital city to fall to Francoist forces.

In the second half of the 20th century, Almería witnessed spectacular economic growth due to tourism and intensive agriculture, with crops grown year-round in massive invernaderos – plastic-covered "greenhouses" – for intensive vegetable production.

After Franco's death and popular approval of the new Spanish Constitution, the people of southern Spain were called on to approve an autonomous status for the region in a referendum. While the referendum were approved with 118,186 votes for and 11,092 votes against in Almería province, an absolute majority of all 279,300 registered electors was needed, and the result in Almería was just 42%. The Government impugned the result, and Almería remained part of the present autonomous region of Andalusia.

Main sights

Cable Inglés, at night

• The Alcazaba, a medieval fortress that was begun in the 10th century but destroyed by an earthquake in 1522. It includes a triple line of walls, a majestic keep and large gardens. It commands a city quarter with buildings dressed in pastel colors, of Muslim-age aspect.
• Almería air raid shelters, underground galleries for civilian protection during the Spanish Civil War, nowadays, the longest in Europe open for tourists.
• The Cathedral has a fortress-like appearance due to its towers, merlons and protected paths, created to defend it from Mediterranean pirates. Originally designated as a mosque, it was later converted into a Christian church, before being destroyed in the 1522 earthquake. In the 16th century it was rebuilt in the Renaissance style, whilst keeping some of its defensive features.
• Renaissance church of Santiago, built in 1533, with tower and portal decorated with reliefs.
• Chanca, a group of houses carved into rocks.
• Castle of San Cristobal, now in ruins. It is connected to the Alcazaba by a line of walls.
• Museum of Almería. Includes findings from Prehistoric, Iberic, Roman, Greek ages and Muslim objects, mostly from the Alcazaba.
• Paseo de Coches, a modern seaside promenade with gardens and palms.

Demographics

Almeria has the highest proportion of Muslim population of any Spanish city at 11-20%, depending on source.

Historical population of Almería
(Source: INE (Spain))

Year	1999	2001	2003	2005	2007	2009	2011	2012	2013	2014
Population	169,027	170,994	176,727	181,702	189,798	188,810	190,349	191,443	192,697	193,251

People and culture

House of the Butterflies

Famous natives of Almería include Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso, who in 1873 was the third president of the First Spanish Republic, as well as several musicians, including the composer José Padilla Sánchez, whose music was declared of "universal interest" by Unesco in 1989, the popular folk singer Manolo Escobar, renowned Flamenco guitar player José Tomás "Tomatito" and Grammy Award winner David Bisbal; the champion motorcyclist Antonio Maeso moved to Almería as a child.

The Irish folk-rock group The Pogues paid tribute to Almeria in "Fiesta," a rollicking Spike Jones-flavored song on the band's third album, If I Should Fall From Grace with God.

Sports

Almería hosted the Mediterranean Games in 2005. The city has 2 football teams: UD Almería, which plays in the Spanish Segunda División following relegation from La Liga in 2013 and CP Almería, in regional division.

Economy

City Hall

The economy of Almería is mostly based on agriculture, which is located mainly in the western part of the region. Numerous greenhouses mostly constructed with plasticulture produce tonnes of fruit and vegetables, more than 70% of their product being exported to the rest of Europe.

Transportation

See also: Port of Almeria

Dry Riverbed of Almería

Harbour of Almería

By land, Almería can be reached by the A-7 Mediterranean Highway, which connects the Mediterranean area with the Spanish A-92 that unites it with the rest of Andalusia.

By sea, the port of Almería has connections to Melilla, Algeria and Morocco, and also tourist cruises in the Mediterranean. It also has a marina with moorings for pleasure boats. Currently the port of Almería is being expanded with new docks and transformed into a container port to take large-scale international shipping and thereby increase its freight traffic. It normally connects with the following destinations:

• Acciona: Ghazaouet (Algeria), Oran (Algeria), Nador (Morocco) and Melilla.
• Comarit: Nador.
• Comanav: Nador.

By air, Almería is served by Almería Airport, the fourth largest in Andalusia with domestic and international connections to Amsterdam, Madrid, Barcelona, Melilla, London, Manchester, Birmingham, Brussels, Dublin and Swiss, German and other EU airports.

Geography

Due to its arid landscape, numerous spaghetti westerns were filmed in Almería. According to Christopher Frayling, the author of Once Upon a Time in Italy: The Films of Sergio Leone, some of the sets are still there. These sets are located in the desert of Tabernas. The town and region were also used by David Lean in Lawrence of Arabia (1962), John Milius in The Wind and the Lion (1975) and others.

One of Almería's most famous natural spots is the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park. This park is of volcanic origin, and is the largest and most ecologically significant marine-terrestrial space in the European Western Mediterranean Sea. With one of the most beautiful and ecologically rich coasts of the western Mediterranean and an area of 380 square kilometres it is one of Spain’s natural jewels. The Cabo de Gata Natural Park runs through the municipal areas of Níjar, Almería and Carboneras. Its villages, previously dedicated to fishing, have become tourism spots for those interested in nature. One of the greatest attractions of the Cabo de Gata Natural Park is its beaches.

Panorama of the city taken from La Alcazaba

Climate

Almería
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     24     17 8     25     18 9     16     20 11     17     21 13     12     24 15     5     28 19     1     31 22     1     31 22     14     28 20     27     25 16     28     21 12     30     18 10 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.9     62 47     1     64 48     0.6     67 51     0.7     71 55     0.5     75 60     0.2     82 66     0     87 71     0     88 72     0.6     83 68     1.1     76 61     1.1     69 54     1.2     64 49 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

Almería city is the driest city in Europe and one of the driest on both shores of the Mediterranean coast. According to the Köppen climate classification, it is on the border between a hot semi-arid climate (BSh) and a true hot desert climate (BWh). The latter climate is present in nearby areas of Almería province (like in Cabo de Gata), the only region in Europe to have this climate. With an average annual temperature of above 19 °C it also qualifies as the 2nd warmest city in continental Europe, after Seville, also in Andalusia. The dry season (although there is no real wet season) occurs during the hottest months, as in the Mediterranean climate. This climatic region spreads along the coastline around Almeria, from approximately Almerimar to the west, to Murcia province in the north-east.

Almeria also experiences the warmest winters of any city on the European continent with a population over 100,000, and hot and dry summers with no precipitation between June and September. Almería enjoys about 3000 hours of sunshine annually with over 320 sunny days a year on average (6 hours of sunshine in January and 12 in July). The city has an average of only 26 days with precipitation annually.

Almería is unique, for a city in Continental Europe, for not having any registered temperature under the freezing mark in its recorded weather history. The coldest temperature recorded was 0.2 °C (32.4 °F) on 9 February 1935. The city of Almería has a very warm climate for its latitude, as it has a very similar climate to coastal southern California (although with warmer summers), which is located further south at 32ºN latitude.

During the winter, daily maximum temperatures tend to stay around 18 °C (64 °F). At night, the temperature very rarely drops below 8 °C (46 °F). Precipitation even during the wettest months is rare, this falls in short showers or thunderstorms. Inland areas of the Almería province have reached 50 °C (122 °F).

During the warmest months - July and August, the sky is clear and sunny and no rainfall occurs. The typical daily temperatures are around 33 °C (91 °F) during the heat of the day. This is often influenced by the Levant wind, a hot dry easterly wind that blows from the interior desert that makes temperatures soar to 38 °C (100 °F) or higher. These can also carry dust or sand. The minimum temperatures stay around 24 °C (75 °F) during July and August. Heatwaves in Almería are quite common; Almería reached up to 43 °C (109 °F) in August 2011.

Climate data for Almería (airport 21m) 1981-2010
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	24.4 (75.9)	25.2 (77.4)	32.4 (90.3)	34.2 (93.6)	34.2 (93.6)	40.8 (105.4)	41.2 (106.2)	41.1 (106.0)	37.6 (99.7)	34.4 (93.9)	29.0 (84.2)	27.7 (81.9)	41.2 (106.2)
Mean maximum °C (°F)	18.8 (65.8)	19.4 (66.9)	21.3 (70.3)	23.1 (73.6)	26.0 (78.8)	30.2 (86.4)	32.8 (91.0)	33.0 (91.4)	31.1 (88.0)	26.6 (79.9)	22.9 (73.2)	19.3 (66.7)	33.4 (92.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	16.9 (62.4)	17.6 (63.7)	19.6 (67.3)	21.4 (70.5)	24.1 (75.4)	27.9 (82.2)	30.5 (86.9)	31.0 (87.8)	28.4 (83.1)	24.5 (76.1)	20.5 (68.9)	17.9 (64.2)	23.4 (74.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)	12.6 (54.7)	13.3 (55.9)	15.1 (59.2)	17.0 (62.6)	19.7 (67.5)	23.5 (74.3)	26.1 (79.0)	26.7 (80.1)	24.2 (75.6)	20.4 (68.7)	16.4 (61.5)	13.8 (56.8)	19.1 (66.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	8.3 (46.9)	9.0 (48.2)	10.6 (51.1)	12.5 (54.5)	15.3 (59.5)	18.9 (66.0)	21.7 (71.1)	22.4 (72.3)	20.0 (68.0)	16.3 (61.3)	12.3 (54.1)	9.6 (49.3)	14.7 (58.5)
Mean minimum °C (°F)	5.9 (42.6)	6.5 (43.7)	8.1 (46.6)	10.5 (50.9)	12.0 (53.6)	15.7 (60.3)	19.3 (66.7)	20.0 (68.0)	17.2 (63.0)	13.5 (56.3)	10.6 (51.1)	7.6 (45.7)	5.9 (42.6)
Record low °C (°F)	0.1 (32.2)	1.0 (33.8)	1.0 (33.8)	6.0 (42.8)	8.4 (47.1)	10.4 (50.7)	12.0 (53.6)	14.8 (58.6)	10.1 (50.2)	1.6 (34.9)	3.1 (37.6)	2.0 (35.6)	0.1 (32.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	24 (0.9)	25 (1.0)	16 (0.6)	17 (0.7)	12 (0.5)	5 (0.2)	1 (0.0)	1 (0.0)	14 (0.6)	27 (1.1)	28 (1.1)	30 (1.2)	200 (7.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)	2.9	2.9	2.6	2.6	1.9	0.6	0.3	0.3	1.5	2.8	3.6	3.3	25.4
Average relative humidity (%)	67	67	65	62	63	61	60	63	65	68	67	67	65
Mean monthly sunshine hours	194	191	232	261	297	325	342	315	256	218	183	178	2,994
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología

Crystal Cave

In 2000, a team of geologists found a cave filled with giant gypsum crystals in an abandoned silver mine near Almería. The cavity, which measures 1.8x1.7 metres, would be the largest geode ever found. The entrance of the cave has been blocked by five tons of rocks, and is under police protection (to prevent looters from entering). According to geological models, the cave was formed during the Messinian salinity crisis 6 million years ago, when the Mediterranean sea evaporated and left thick layers of salt sediments (evaporites). The cave is currently not accessible to tourists.

List of people from Almeria

• José Tomás "Tomatito", Flamenco guitar player
• David Bisbal, Grammy Award winner
• Nieves Navarro, actress
• Vania Millán, model, Miss Spain 2002

Films

Main article: List of films shot in Almería

See also

• Solar Almeria Platform

Sources

• Rogers, Clifford J. (2010). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology: Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195334036. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)