Antakirinja people

The Antakirinja, otherwise spelt Antakarinya, and alternatively spoken of as the Ngonde, are an indigenous Australian people of South Australia.

Name

Their tribal ethnonym generally signifies "westerners", from andakara /antakiri, apparently meaning 'west,' with the suffix -nja denoting 'name'.

Language

Antakirinya is a Western Desert language belonging to the Wati language family of the Pama-Nyungan languages.

Country

Norman Tindale estimated the total range of lands to extend over roughly 24,500 square miles (63,000 km²). They lived around the headwaters of four rivers, the Hamilton, Alberga, Wintinna, and Lora, and northwards over the modern border as far as Kulgera in the Northern Territory. Their southern frontiers, just before the start of the gibber desert terrain, ran down to Mount Willoughby, Arckaringa, and the Stuart Range, close to the Kokata territory at Coober Pedy. The line separating them from the Matuntara tribe roughly coincides with the northern reaches of the bluebush plains.

Social organization

The Antakarinya were composed of several hordes.

• Walarangunja. (eastern Everard Ranges).
• Kadjilaranda. (clan north of the eastern Everard Ranges).

According to Christopher Giles, a Telegrapoh Stationmaster as Charlotte Waters, writing in 1875, they had four class names:

• Parroola
• Panungka
• Booltara
• Koomurra

The marriage relations of the four were tabulated in the following manner:

Male	Marries	Children are
Parroola	Panungka	Koomurra
Panungka	Parroola	Booltara
Booltara	Koomurra	Poonungka (sic)
Koomurra	Booltara	Parroola

Alternative names

• Antakarinja, Antakerinya, Antakerrinya, Andagirinja,Andagarinja, Andekerinja (Arrernte pronunciation), Andekarinja, Antekarinja, Andigarinya.
• Andigirinji, Antingari,Andigari, Andgari
• Andegilliga, Andigarina, Antigari, Andigiri, Anjirigna
• Anterrikanya, Antegarinya, Antigerinya, Andjirigna
• Untergerrie
• Aldolinga
• Ngonde
• Tangara
• Yandairunga
• Njuntundjara. (Yankuntjatjarra exonym).
• Walarangunja
• Walarenunga
• Kadjilaranda
• Aluna. (language name for southern bands).

Sources

• "Aboriginal South Australia". Government of South Australia.
• "AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia". AIATSIS.
• Bates, Daisy (1918). "Aborigines of the West Coast of South Australia; vocabularies and ethnological notes". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 42. Adelaide: 152–167. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Berndt, R. M.; Johnston, T. Harvey (March 1942). "Death, Burial, and Associated Ritual at Ooldea, South Australia". Oceania. 12 (3): 189–208. JSTOR 40327948. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Berndt, R. M.; Berndt, Catherine (June 1942). "A Preliminary Report of Field Work in the Ooldea Region, Western South Australia". Oceania. 12 (4): 305–330. JSTOR 40327957. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Condon, H. T. (July 1955a). "Aboriginal bird names -South Australia Part 1" (PDF). South Australian Ornithologist. 21 (6/7). Adelaide: 74–88. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Elkin, A. P. (September 1931). "The Social Organization of South Australian Tribes". Oceania. 2 (1): 44–73. JSTOR 40327353. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Elkin, A. P. (March 1940a). "Kinship in South Australia (Continued)". Oceania. 10 (3): 295–349. JSTOR 40327772. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Elkin, A. P. (June 1940b). "Kinship in South Australia (Continued)". Oceania. 10 (4): 369–388. JSTOR 40327864. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Giles, Christopher; Taplin, George (1879). Folklore, manners, customs and languages of the South Australian aborigines (PDF). Adelaide: E Spiller, Acting Government Printer. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Giles, Christopher; Fison, Lorimer; Howitt, Alfred William (1880). Kamilaroi and Kurnai (PDF). Melbourne: G Robinson. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Helms, Richard (1896). "Anthropology of the Elder Exploring Expedition. 1871-1872". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 16. Adelaide: 237–332. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Howitt, Alfred William (1904). The native tribes of south-east Australia (PDF). Macmillan. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Krichauff, F. E. H. W. (1886). "Customs, Religious Ceremonies etc., of the Aldolinga or Mbenderinga tribe in Krichauff Ranges, Central Australia" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia, S.A. Branch. 2: 32–37, 77–80. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Antakirinja (SA)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)